Summary
In Hallett v. Contributory Retirement Appeal Bd., 431 Mass. 66, 68-70 (2000), the Supreme Judicial Court agreed with CRAB that hourly wages paid to a teacher for teaching driver education before and after normal school hours were not "regular compensation," but the court's conclusion was based entirely on the fact that the hourly wages in question were not "salary" as that term is used in the portion of G.L.c. 32, § 1, applicable to additional services by teachers.
Summary of this case from Varella v. Contributory R. A. BOpinion
SJC-08006
December 7, 1999.
March 16, 2000.
Present: MARSHALL, C.J., ABRAMS, LYNCH, GREANEY, IRELAND, SPINA, COWIN, JJ.
Contributory Retirement Appeal Board. Teachers' Retirement Board. School and School Committee, Retirement benefits. Statute, Construction. Words, "Regular compensation," "Salary."
The plain language of G.L.c. 32, § 1, provides that, for teachers, only "salary" for "additional services" is part of regular compensation; as a consequence, hourly wages paid to a teacher for teaching driver education before and after school hours were not includable as part of regular compensation for purposes of the calculation of retirement benefits. [68-70]
CIVIL ACTION commenced in the Superior Court Department on October 14, 1997.
The case was heard by David M. Roseman, J.
The Supreme Judicial Court on its own initiative transferred the case from the Appeals Court.
Matthew D. Jones for the plaintiff.
Pierce O. Cray, Assistant Attorney General, for the defendants.
This case presents the question whether a teacher who was paid a fixed salary for both his regular teaching duties and his additional services as director of driver education is entitled to have the hourly wages he also earned teaching driver education before and after normal school hours count toward calculating his retirement allowance pursuant to G.L.c. 32, § 5. A Superior Court judge affirmed the decision of the Contributory Retirement Appeal Board (CRAB), ruling that the plaintiff's hourly pay is not included as part of "[r]egular compensation" pursuant to G.L.c. 32, § 1. We transferred the case here on our own motion, and now affirm the judge's decision but on different grounds.
Under G.L.c. 32, § 5 (2) ( a), an employee's retirement allowance is based on the average annual "regular compensation" for the three years of creditable service preceding retirement.
1. Facts and procedural history. The facts are undisputed. The plaintiff taught in the Swampscott public schools for thirty-five years. In addition to his regular teaching duties, he was appointed as the director of the driver education program in 1982, and served in that capacity until his retirement. During that time he also taught driver education with both a classroom component that took place before school hours and road instruction that took place after school hours. According to the collective bargaining agreement, the plaintiff was paid a specific sum for his service as the director of driver education, but was paid an hourly rate for the classroom and road instruction.
The plaintiff also taught driver education during the summer months, but does not contend that the money earned for that service is included in his calculation for retirement. Payments for certain summer school employment are explicitly excluded by regulation. See 807 Code Mass. Regs. § 6.02(2)(b) (1994).
The pertinent statute, G.L.c. 32, § 1, states, in relevant part:
"`Regular compensation' . . . shall mean the full salary, wages or other compensation in whatever form. . . . In the case of a teacher employed in a public day school who is a member of the teachers' retirement system, salary payable under the terms of an annual contract for additional services in such a school and also compensation for services rendered by said teacher in connection with a school lunch program or for services in connection with a program of instruction of physical education and athletic contests . . . shall be regarded as regular compensation rather than as bonus or overtime and shall be included in the salary on which deductions are to be paid [to the retirement fund] . . ." (emphases added).
"[A]nnual contract" means collective bargaining agreement. See 807 Code Mass. Regs. § 6.01 (1994).
When the plaintiff retired, the teachers' retirement board (board) counted the fixed stipend the plaintiff earned as the director of driver education as regular compensation for purposes of calculating his retirement but ruled that " hourly payments made for classroom and on the road instruction . . . performed before school, after school, on weekends, during the summer vacation as well as other vacations" were not counted as regular compensation (emphasis added). CRAB and the judge each affirmed the board's decision.
2. Discussion. In affirming CRAB's decision, the judge relied, as did CRAB, on Roberts vs. Contributory Retirement Appeal Board, Plymouth Superior Court, No. 93-1217 (Jan. 12, 1995), which turned on the meaning of the words "in a public day school" in G.L.c. 32, § 1. Here we conclude that the plain language of the statute provides a more straightforward solution to this case and does not require us to decide either the meaning of the phrases "public day school" and "in such a school" or whether the Roberts case controls.
The statute provides that, for teachers, only "salary" for "additional services" is part of regular compensation. There is no disagreement that the plaintiff's driver education classroom and road instruction constituted "additional services." Therefore, the issue is whether the plaintiff's hourly payments constitute "salary" for those additional services. Unless it is a technical term, "words and phrases [in a statute] shall be construed according to [their] common and approved usage." G.L.c. 4, § 6, Third. See Coco v. School Comm. of Boylston, 392 Mass. 221, 224 (1984) (absent contrary legislative intent, words in statute should be accorded their plain and ordinary meaning). Although a common use of the word "salary" is "[a] reward or recompense for services performed," Black's Law Dictionary 1337 (6th ed. 1990), the term "salary" has another common use that is more limited — "A fixed periodical compensation paid for services rendered. A stated compensation paid periodically as by the year, month, or other fixed period, in contrast to wages which are normally based on an hourly rate" (emphasis added). Id. See S.C. Moriearty, J.F. Adkins, S.L. Lipsitz, Employment Law § 14.1, at 493 (1995 Supp. 1999) (discussing overtime exemption rules as applied to "salary rather than an hourly rate"). Furthermore, in Coco v. School Comm. of Boylston, supra at 224, and cases cited, where the meaning of the word "salary" in G.L.c. 71, § 43, was at issue, we said, "[t]here is considerable authority from other jurisdictions, and some guidance from Massachusetts precedent, for interpreting the term salary' to refer to a fixed annual or periodic amount of pay depending upon the period of employment rather than upon the number of days or hours worked within that period." This interpretation of the word "salary" also comports with the statutory definition provided in G.L.c. 4, § 7, Twenty-seventh: "`Salary' shall mean annual salary."
In Coco v. School Comm. of Boylston, 392 Mass. 221, 224-226 (1984), we stated that a school committee's decision to transfer a tenured physical education teacher to part-time status with a reduction in salary was prohibited by G.L.c. 71, § 43.
It is the common, but more limited, fixed payment definition that applies to the term "salary" in this case. The definition of "[r]egular compensation" in G.L.c. 32, § 1, starts with three terms: "salary, wages or other compensation in whatever form." However, when the Legislature addressed teachers, it provided that only "salary" for additional services is part of regular compensation.
By contrast, in the language addressing police officers, fire fighters, and certain employees of municipal departments, the statute uses "money paid for holidays" and "salary" when discussing what is to be included as "regular compensation."
All words, clauses, and parts of a legislative enactment should be given force and effect and no part is to be brushed aside unless no other rational course is open. Hinckley v. Retirement Bd. of Gloucester, 316 Mass. 496, 500 (1944). Where words in a statute are used in one part of a statute in a definite sense, they should be given the same meaning in another part of the statute. Beeler v. Downey, 387 Mass. 609, 617 (1982), and cases cited. Where "the Legislature has carefully employed specific language in one paragraph of a statute . . . but not in others which treat the same topic . . . the language should not be implied where it is not present." First Nat'l Bank v. Judge Baker Guidance Ctr., 13 Mass. App. Ct. 144, 153 (1982). See Murphy v. Department of Correction, 429 Mass. 736, 744 (1999); Beeler v. Downey, supra at 616; Boylston Water Dist. v. Tahanto Regional Sch. Dist., 353 Mass. 81, 83-84 (1967). The statute uses the words "salary, wages or other compensation" within their common meaning to connote the distinct ways individuals are paid for services. As discussed, wages are usually a different form of payment from salary. See Coco v. School Comm. of Boylston, supra. If we were to include the plaintiff's hourly payments as part of his "salary," we would not be giving force to all the words of the statute. Furthermore, the board's regulation uses only the word "salary" where it defines "regular compensation." See 807 Code Mass. Regs. § 6.02 (1994).
The plaintiff argues that the words "shall be included in the salary" at the end of the definition of "[r]egular compensation" in G.L.c. 32, § 1, show that the word "salary" is meant in its broadest sense of a reward for services performed. Although this argument has some facial appeal, we conclude that, in context, the term is used to describe what has become regular compensation by specific statutory provisions. Moreover, the statutory intent is clearly to exempt irregular payments of compensation from the retirement base. (In G.L.c. 32, § 1, the definition of "[r]egular compensation" excludes bonus, overtime, or severance pay.) Hourly compensation paid on an irregular basis is more akin to overtime payments than to annual salary.
In analyzing the meaning of "regular compensation" in another context, this court stated: "The expression seems to us to point to recurrent or repeated amounts of compensation not inflated by extraordinary ad hoc payments." Boston Ass'n of Sch. Adm'rs Supervisors v. Boston Retirement Bd., 383 Mass. 336, 341 (1981). Regular compensation "refers to remuneration geared to work or services performed; moreover `regular,' as it modifies `compensation,' imports the idea of ordinariness or normality as well as the idea of recurrence." Id. Nothing in the text or the title of the act persuades us that the Legislature intended to include periodic hourly payments as part of regular compensation for teachers for the purpose of determining retirement benefits.
Judgment affirmed.