Opinion
Docket No. 66865.
Decided February 21, 1984.
Paul C. Pratt, for plaintiff.
Foster, Swift, Collins Coey, P.C. (by William R. Schulz), for MegaMedia, Incorporated.
George H. Denfield and John W. Cotner, for Robert L. Black.
Plaintiff filed a defamation action against defendants Robert Runyon and MegaMedia, Incorporated, on March 6, 1980. On January 16, 1981, plaintiff filed his first amended complaint in which he added Robert Black as a defendant.
This action arises out of the following factual situation. On October 31, 1979, defendant Black, an assistant to the Mayor of Lansing, allegedly told Arlo Earegood, a deputy county sheriff, that plaintiff, a county commissioner, had been indicted or charged with criminal tax evasion. Defendant Runyon, an employee of the Ingham County News, purportedly obtained the story either directly or indirectly from Earegood or Sharon Whipple, the county sheriff's personal secretary. Whipple or Earegood referred defendant Runyon to defendant Black for confirmation of the story. On October 31, 1979, defendant Runyon called defendant Black, who allegedly confirmed to Runyon that plaintiff was being investigated on tax charges and would appear in court on those charges on the following day. Plaintiff contends that by this statement defendant Black meant, and was understood to mean, that plaintiff was being charged with criminal tax evasion. In any event, as a result of the above events, on October 31, 1979, defendant Runyon called the following report into MegaMedia's WFMK radio station:
"Two Democratic County Commissioners have been indicted in Ingham County District Court on charges of not having paid their federal, state and Lansing City income tax for the past three years. The Commissioners, Pat Ryan and Mark Grebner, the targets of recent recall movements by organizations charging them with being against law enforcement, had no comment today although Ryan has called for a press conference Friday, at which time he is expected to submit his resignation from the board. Ryan is also under indictment for operating a junkyard in his home in Lansing. Grebner, who lives in East Lansing, works in Lansing, and is therefore liable for Lansing income tax provisions. This is Bob Runyon, reporting for WFMK."
On November 1, 1979, WFMK's news director, David Downing, broadcast the above report, verbatim, over the public airway. Subsequently, plaintiff requested that WFMK broadcast the following retraction:
"WFMK regrets that it previously reported that County Commissioner Mark Grebner had been indicted for failure to pay income taxes. We have now learned that Mr. Grebner is neither under indictment nor under investigation on any tax charges.
"As to city income taxes, Lansing City Attorney Steve Sawyer confirms that Mr. Grebner, who neither works nor lives in Lansing, owes no city taxes and is not obligated to file a return.
"WFMK regrets its error."
While the record is not entirely clear, it seems that, in lieu thereof, a report qualifying the original story was broadcast:
"It was reported earlier today, on WFMK, that County Commissioner, Mark Grebner of East Lansing, was indicted on income tax charges yesterday. In fact, he was not. However, Ingham County Commissioner, Pat Ryan, did appear in Ingham County Circuit Court yesterday to answer charges of income tax evasion. Another County Commissioner has admitted that he has not paid his 1978 taxes, and State Tax sources say that Commissioner Mark Grebner of East Lansing did not file a 1977 tax return either.
"Those Commissioners living outside of Lansing, but being paid by the County for holding meetings in Lansing may be subjected to the Lansing income tax provisions."
Thereafter, plaintiff filed the instant suit.
On September 1, 1981, defendant Black filed a motion for accelerated judgment, GCR 1963, 116.1(5). On September 16, 1981, defendant MegaMedia, Inc., filed a motion for summary judgment, GCR 1963, 117.2(3). After hearing arguments on the motions, the trial court granted both motions. Trial proceeded against defendant Runyon, following which the jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff for $7,500. Plaintiff appeals only from the orders granting defendant Black's motion and defendant MegaMedia's motion.
We first address plaintiff's claim that the trial court erred by granting MegaMedia's motion for summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(3). The trial court found that Runyon was not an agent or employee of MegaMedia and that there was no genuine issue of fact as to MegaMedia's actual malice.
Plaintiff does not contest the trial court's ruling that he was a public official, and, in fact, plaintiff argues from that premise. Hence, plaintiff also concedes that the New York Times Co v Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254; 84 S Ct 710; 11 L Ed 2d 686 (1964), actual malice standard applies to the situation herein. Actual malice is an element which a plaintiff must prove in order to recover when the plaintiff is a public official or public figure. See Postill v Booth Newspapers, Inc, 188 Mich. App. 608, 618-619; 325 N.W.2d 511 (1982). See also Curtis Publishing Co v Butts, 388 U.S. 130; 87 S Ct 1975; 18 L Ed 2d 1094 (1967); Hayes v Booth Newspapers, Inc, 97 Mich. App. 758; 295 N.W.2d 858 (1980).
Actual malice is defined as knowledge that the published statement was false or as reckless disregard as to whether the statement was false or not. New York Times Co v Sullivan, supra; Zachrick v Booth Newspapers, 119 Mich. App. 72; 325 N.W.2d 630 (1982). Reckless disregard for the truth is not established merely by showing that the statements were made with preconceived objectives or insufficient investigation. Johnson v The Herald Co, 116 Mich. App. 523, 526; 323 N.W.2d 468 (1982). Furthermore, ill will, spite or even hatred, standing alone, do not amount to actual malice. Postill v Booth Newspapers, Inc, supra, p 626. "Reckless disregard" is not measured by whether a reasonably prudent man would have published or would have investigated before publishing, but by whether the publisher in fact entertained serious doubts concerning the truth of the statements published. Postill v Booth Newspapers, Inc, supra, pp 624-625.
Plaintiff first contends that Runyon possessed the required malice and this malice should have been imputed to MegaMedia because Runyon was MegaMedia's agent.
The general rule as to the liability of corporations for defamatory utterances of their agents was set forth in Poledna v Bendix Aviation Corp, 360 Mich. 129, 139-140; 103 N.W.2d 789 (1960), as follows:
"`There is no longer any doubt that a corporation may be held liable for slander uttered by an agent while in the discharge of his duty as agent and in relation to the matter about which his duty as agent permits or requires him to act, in the same way and to the same extent as an individual could be held liable for the same slander.' Priest v Central States Fire Ins Co, 223 Mo App 122, 124; 9 S.W.2d 543 (1928)."
After reviewing the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, and other documentary evidence, and giving the benefit of any reasonable doubt as to the existence of an issue of fact to plaintiff, we conclude that there was no error on the part of the trial court in finding that Runyon was not an agent of MegaMedia.
The evidence indicated that the Ingham County News executed an agreement with defendant MegaMedia, which provided that MegaMedia would broadcast advertisements for the Ingham County News, in exchange for which the Ingham County News would provide news stories to MegaMedia for radio broadcasting. Runyon was an employee of the Ingham County News. According to Runyon and two other affiants, Runyon was acting pursuant to the above agreement when he called in the news report in question. In addition, the evidence indicated that MegaMedia had no control over Runyon, nor did it otherwise direct his work. MegaMedia did not compensate Runyon for his work and did not have any right to discipline or fire him. MegaMedia's only control over the situation was to decide whether to broadcast Runyon's report. Plaintiff presented no evidence to the contrary. In light of the above facts, Runyon was not an agent of MegaMedia, and Runyon's malice cannot be imputed to MegaMedia.
In the alternative, plaintiff contends that, even if Runyon's malice cannot be imputed to MegaMedia, plaintiff's allegations were sufficient to present a genuine issue of material fact as to whether there was actual malice on the part of MegaMedia. A review of the record reveals that the trial court improperly granted summary judgment in favor of MegaMedia because plaintiff's allegations are sufficient to raise a question of fact as to whether there was actual malice on the part of MegaMedia.
In Steadman v Lapensohn, 408 Mich. 50, 55; 288 N.W.2d 580 (1980), the Supreme Court stated:
"It is clear that the actual malice necessary to defeat a conditional privilege can be established by inference. Indeed, given the very subjective nature of the test for actual malice, circumstantial evidence may be the only kind available on the issue. In this case, we do not know whether a factfinder would infer actual malice from the present record. However, it is clear that the record was sufficient to create a genuine issue of fact as to that question." (Footnotes omitted.)
The person having responsibility for the broadcast at WFMK was MegaMedia's news director, David Downing. In his affidavit, plaintiff alleged the following:
"3. Plaintiff will also be able to show at trial that David Downing, WFMK's news director, knew or had reason to believe that the broadcast was false in that:
"A. Mr. Downing knew or should have known that an `indictment' as reported, would require a grand jury, and there was no grand jury sitting in the county.
"B. Mr. Downing knew or should have known that an indictment is done by a grand jury and not by the district court.
"C. Mr. Downing knew or should have known that the Ingham County District Court has no jurisdiction over either Lansing or federal tax charges, and would not be a proper venue as to state tax charges against Mr. Grebner.
"D. Mr. Downing knew that the report that Grebner `had no comment today' was false because he knew that the recording had been made October 31 for broadcast November 1, and that plaintiff could not, by October 31 have declined comment `today' (the date of the broadcast).
"E. Mr. Downing knew or should have known that plaintiff was an East Lansing commissioner and was not employed in Lansing and that defendant's report that he was so employed in Lansing was false.
"F. Mr. Runyon's use of the word `Democrat' as an adjective (instead of `Democratic') is a use practiced only by highly partisan Republicans who refuse to call the Democratic Party by its proper name for fear of conceding that Democrats are democratic. Mr. Downing knew from that usage in report that Mr. Runyon was a partisan opponent of Mr. Grebner's, and had reason to suspect the veracity of the report.
"G. Mr. Downing further knew or should have known of Mr. Runyon's partisan bias against plaintiff in that: (A) Mr. Runyon was a former public official elected as a Republican and (B) Mr. Runyon had recently stated, in a publicly printed column (attached hereto as exhibit A), that plaintiff Grebner `will have to go'.
"H. Plaintiff is informed and believes and alleges on information and belief that defendant Runyon had never provided any similar news stories for broadcast. Because defendants' affidavits do not specify any particular news stories, and because only defendant knows what stories they refer to, plaintiff cannot at this time present material facts to oppose defendant's claim in this respect because such facts are known only to persons whose affidavits plaintiff cannot procure, that is the defendants.
"I. As shown by defendant MegaMedia's answer to the complaint (¶¶ 30-31), defendant MegaMedia acted with reckless disregard for the truth when, in spite of all the above, it ran the story without any attempt to confirm it whatsoever.
"J. Plaintiff cannot present facts showing the actual state of mind of defendant Runyon or defendant MegaMedia's other agents and employees or what knowledge they actually held for the reason that their actual state of mind is known only to defendant Runyon and agents and employees of MegaMedia, Inc., whose affidavits plaintiff cannot procure because plaintiff is suing defendant Runyon and defendant MegaMedia, Inc., and defendant Runyon and defendant MegaMedia, Inc.'s, employees are hostile to plaintiff."
MegaMedia responded to the plaintiff's allegations with affidavits stating that prior to October 31, 1979, Runyon had supplied WFMK with news stories for broadcast and these stories proved correct. Thus, MegaMedia never had any reason to believe that the content of the broadcasts Runyon provided on October 31, 1979, was anything but completely truthful. Relying upon MegaMedia's assertion that MegaMedia had been given no reason to question the truth of Runyon's statements, the trial court found that plaintiff had not alleged actual malice on the part of MegaMedia. However, because MegaMedia's bare allegation that Runyon was accurate in the past does not answer plaintiff's allegations that MegaMedia's broadcast of this news report was made with reckless disregard as to whether the news report was false or not, we find that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether MegaMedia had reason to question the truth of Runyon's statements in this particular news report. More particularly, there was a genuine issue as to whether MegaMedia, in fact, entertained serious doubts concerning the truth of the statements published and whether the failure to make a phone call verifying the report amounted to reckless disregard as to the truthfulness of the report. We find that this matter should have been left to the trier of fact. Where the credibility of a witness or deponent is crucial, summary judgment should not be granted. Plaintiff's allegations were sufficient to withstand a motion for summary judgment.
We next address plaintiff's claim that the trial court erred by granting accelerated judgment in favor of defendant Black on the basis that plaintiff did not file his complaint naming Black as a defendant within the applicable period of limitations. GCR 1963, 116.1(5). Although plaintiff agrees that the one-year statute of limitations applicable to libel and slander actions, MCL 600.5805, subds (1), (7); MSA 27A.5805, subds (1), (7), had run against Black by the time plaintiff's amended complaint was filed adding Black as a defendant, plaintiff contends that the limitation period was extended because Black fraudulently concealed his identity and the claim which plaintiff had against him.
In reviewing motions for accelerated judgment, courts must accept all well-pled allegations of the nonmoving party as true. It is improper to grant a motion for accelerated judgment where factual issues exist. Tonegatto v Budak, 112 Mich. App. 575, 579; 316 N.W.2d 262 (1982).
On October 31, 1979, Black allegedly confirmed information given to Runyon that plaintiff had been charged with criminal tax evasion. Based upon this, and information from other sources, on October 31, 1979, Runyon called into WFMK the defamatory news report in question. The report was broadcast the next day, November 1, 1979. On March 6, 1980, plaintiff filed this defamation action against Robert Runyon and MegaMedia, Inc., owner of WFMK. On January 16, 1981, plaintiff filed his first amended complaint, dated December 10, 1980, in which he added Robert Black as a defendant. In that complaint plaintiff alleged that Black originally told Arlo Earegood the defamatory story on October 31, 1979. Subsequently, Earegood told Runyon the story, and later on the same day, October 31, 1979, Black confirmed to Runyon that plaintiff was being investigated on tax charges and would appear in court on those charges the following day. Plaintiff contends that by this statement, Black meant, and was understood to mean, that plaintiff was being charged with criminal tax evasion. The complaint further alleged that Black told plaintiff's counsel that he had not talked to Runyon on October 31, 1979, and that Black failed to appear at a scheduled deposition on October 20, 1980. Black asserted that he failed to appear at the deposition because of an illness. Finally, the amended complaint stated that Black and others fraudulently concealed the existence of plaintiff's claim against him and his identity for purposes of that claim pursuant to MCL 600.5855; MSA 27A.5855. Plaintiff contended that he did not discover the existence of his claim against Black and the latter's identity until December 1, 1980, when plaintiff's attorney received the amended answers to certain interrogatories dated November 24, 1980.
We find that the trial court properly granted Black's motion for accelerated judgment. There were no disputed questions of fact presented. Plaintiff's reliance upon MCL 600.5855; MSA 27A.5855 is misplaced. MCL 600.5855; MSA 27A.5855 states:
"If a person who is or may be liable for any claim fraudulently conceals the existence of the claim or the identity of any person who is liable for the claim from the knowledge of the person entitled to sue on the claim, the action may be commenced at any time within 2 years after the person who is entitled to bring the action discovers, or should have discovered, the existence of the claim or the identity of the person who is liable for the claim, although the action would otherwise be barred by the period of limitations."
In the context of this statute: "Fraudulent concealment means employment of an artifice, planned to prevent inquiry or escape investigation, and mislead or hinder acquirement of information disclosing a right of action. The acts relied on must be of an affirmative character and fraudulent." De Haan v Winter, 258 Mich. 293, 296; 241 N.W. 923 (1932). See Burton Twp v Speck, 378 Mich. 213; 144 N.W.2d 347 (1966); International Union United Automobile Workers of America v Wood, 337 Mich. 8; 59 N.W.2d 60 (1953). In the instant case, plaintiff has failed to allege any facts that would support such a conclusion. Black's mere silence or inaction does not amount to fraudulent concealment. McNaughton v Rockford State Bank, 261 Mich. 265, 268-269; 246 N.W. 84 (1933). It has been repeatedly held that a delay in instituting suit cannot be excused on the ground of fraudulent concealment where the failure to discover is attributable to plaintiff's own neglect. See Kroes v Harryman, 352 Mich. 642; 90 N.W.2d 444 (1958); Janiszewski v Behrmann, 345 Mich. 8; 75 N.W.2d 77 (1956); Tonegatto v Budak, 112 Mich. App. 575; 316 N.W.2d 262 (1982).
Plaintiff, by his own deposition testimony, admitted that he obtained information on the day of the broadcast, or soon thereafter, that indicated that defendant Black was the source of the defamatory newscast. In fact, according to plaintiff's deposition testimony, Runyon told plaintiff that he received his information from Black. Surely this information should have, at the very least, provided a sufficient reason for further investigation. Consequently, not only has plaintiff failed to establish the existence of any affirmative acts that would amount to fraudulent concealment, but also the facts show that plaintiff knew of Black's existence, and of the likelihood that he had a claim against Black, as early as the day of the broadcast.
Summary judgment in favor of MegaMedia is reversed, and we remand to the trial court for a trial on the merits. Accelerated judgment in favor of Black is affirmed. We do not retain jurisdiction.