Opinion
24-cv-410 (CRC)
02-23-2024
LATIKA GIRI, Plaintiff, v. THE NATIONAL BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS, Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
This case is about the National Board of Medical Examiners' (“NBME” or “the Board”) efforts to uphold the integrity of medical licensing examinations in the face of allegations of organized cheating. In early 2023, NBME received multiple tips concerning a cheating ring centered in Nepal. After an investigation verified these allegations, NBME performed a statistical analysis of recent test results from individuals who either graduated from a Nepali medical school, sat for an examination at a test center in Nepal, or self-reported as a citizen of Nepal. Based on that analysis, in early 2024, NBME invalidated scores of 832 examinees (or nearly forty percent of the sample group) whose test results were highly irregular, suggesting the test-takers may have had prior access to exam questions.
One of the individuals whose exam results were invalidated, Dr. Latika Giri, filed suit under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., and 42 U.S.C. § 1981, alleging that NBME unlawfully discriminated against examinees of Nepali ethnicity and national origin by targeting them for special treatment. With the 2024 National Resident Matching Program (“the Match”) around the corner, Dr. Giri filed an emergency motion for a preliminary injunction to reinstate her scores. And not just her own: Dr. Giri seeks to provisionally certify a class of all 832 test-takers who had their scores invalidated through this “irregular” process that broke from the Board's ordinary course of performing an individualized evaluation, including consideration of any explanation from the test-taker, before invalidating scores.
Weighing the four relevant factors, the Court concludes that such extraordinary relief is not warranted. Dr. Giri has not shown that she is likely to succeed on the merits of her claims because the current record demonstrates that NBME took action against the putative class because of credible reports of cheating, not discriminatory animus against Nepalis. The balance of equities and public interest also weigh against permitting potentially unqualified doctors from matriculating to residency programs and administering care to patients. The Court will, accordingly, deny Dr. Giri's motion for a preliminary injunction and deny the corresponding motion for class certification without prejudice to renewal at an appropriate time should the case proceed in this Court.
I. Background
After a brief overview of the medical-examination and residency-application processes, the Court turns to the facts at hand. In doing so, it will credit only factual allegations supported by the record and allegations in Dr. Giri's verified Complaint that are within her personal knowledge. See Grimes v. District of Columbia, 794 F.3d 83, 94 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 2015).
A. The USMLE and the Match Program
The United States Medical Licensing Exam (“USMLE”) is a standardized test administered every year by NBME and the Federation of State Medical Boards to aspiring doctors who wish to practice medicine in the United States. See Opp'n, Ex. 3 (“Mechaber Decl.”) ¶¶ 4, 10. The test consists of three steps: Step One is a written exam consisting of around 280 multiple-choice questions that measure students' grasp of various scientific concepts. Opp'n, Ex. 1 (“Ward Decl.”), Attach. D (“2023 Bulletin of Information”) at 5. Step Two is another written exam, with over 300 multiple-choice questions, assessing students' ability to apply “medical knowledge, skills, and understanding of clinical science essential for the provision of patient care under supervision.” Mechaber Decl. ¶ 8; see also 2023 Bulletin of Information at 5. Step Three “provides a final assessment of physicians assuming independent responsibility for delivering general medical care.” Mechaber Decl. ¶ 9. One portion consists of a multiple-choice examination, and the other involves computer-based clinical simulations. See 2023 Bulletin of Information at 5. Although no preset percentage of examinees will pass or fail any of these steps, examinees typically must answer roughly 60% of questions correctly to pass. Id. at 17.
Medical school graduates who have completed at least the first two steps of the USMLE are eligible to apply for residency through the Match program. See Opp'n, Ex. 4 (“Feddock Decl.”) ¶ 28. Before the Match process begins, applicants first apply to their chosen residency programs, which will, in turn, invite applicants of interest for interviews. Id. ¶ 23. To participate in the process, applicants register with the Match program and then rank their target residency programs in order of preference. Id. ¶¶ 14, 16. Residency programs, meanwhile, rank applicants of interest (who will, in all likelihood, be a subset of those applicants they chose to interview). Id. ¶¶ 16, 26. The Match program then uses an algorithm to place applicants with residency programs and unveils initial results on Match Day. Id. ¶ 16. The deadline this year for both applicants and residency programs to submit their rank-order lists is February 28. Id. ¶ 36.
Many state medical boards also require passing scores on the USMLE before issuing full or temporary licenses. See id. ¶ 7; Opp'n, Ex. 5 (“Johnson Decl.”) ¶ 12. And for graduates of foreign medical schools, passing scores on the USMLE are also a prerequisite to receive final certification by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (“ECFMG”), which is required to participate in the Match. See Feddock Decl. ¶ 24.
The USMLE is administered multiple times during the year, and some questions are recycled from one test administration to the next. See Mechaber Decl. ¶ 13. That repetition creates some risk that examinees may memorize and disseminate such questions to future test-takers-a risk NBME has foreseen. Its default procedure when the validity of any particular exam result is called into question is to delay reporting the result (if the score has not yet been released) or suspend further distribution of the score and inform the examinee (if the score has already been distributed). Id., Attach. A (“USMLE Score-Validity Policy”) ¶¶ B.3-B.5. The score is cancelled only if the examinee fails to timely respond to an inquiry by NBME staff or provides an inadequate explanation. Id. The Board, however, reserves the right to apply alternative procedures in some circumstances-particularly those “involving multiple examinees.” Id. ¶ A.5.
B. Investigation into Exams Associated with Nepal
By early 2023, the Board had received several tips claiming that groups of examinees in certain countries had distributed exam questions in advance of testing. See Ward Decl. ¶ 6. One tip, for example, alleged that test-takers in India and Nepal were relying on banks containing live USMLE questions to attain high scores. Id. Another stated that, in those two countries, testtakers were “purchasing last six months question papers.” Id. Another, still, reported “concern” that “USMLE graduates from Nepal have been scoring really high scores . . . [because] almost all questions are out and [they get] repeated question[s] in their exam[s].” Id. ¶ 8. This tipster also reported that there were “preparation libraries/reading rooms in Nepal where students gather and go through these volumes of question[s].” Id.
The Board also discovered posts on social media and online chat rooms “suggesting that groups of individuals in Nepal were collecting and sharing large amounts of secure exam material in private groups.” Id. ¶ 7. Notably, it dispatched an individual to access an online messaging group on an app called “Telegram,” where some participants claimed to have seen questions on their exams that were identical to “Past Questions” (or “PQs”) shared within the group. Id. ¶¶ 10-13. That undercover operative was required to furnish a USMLE testing permit and documents showing some nexus to Nepal before being admitted to the group. Id. ¶ 10.
Access to the Telegram group confirmed the initial tips: Individuals were sharing “recalls” from examinees of prior USMLE questions that were still in active use. Id. ¶ 12. Multiple of the nearly 1,300 group members boasted that many of the questions they encountered on their Step One exams were “PQs” shared within the group. Id. “I had my exam on 16th October,” one poster wrote. “I had around 75% pqs even though most of our friends had around 90-95%.” Id. ¶ 13. “New question takes our time but PQs are our real SAVIOUR,” the poster crowed. Id. Others echoed that sentiment. “I had my exam today,” another wrote. Id. “Most of the questions were PQ or around PQ. I request all to go through 1000 pages (saviour). No words can describe how grateful I am for this group. See you all on the other side. Complete set loading soon . . . .” Id. At the same time, some group members expressed unease about the rate at which test-takers were racing through their exams and answering questions that they had already encountered. “No one is with that type of super power to finish that exam this much early,” one member presciently observed after warning of the “consequences of talking about pq.” Id. ¶ 14. “Really guys! [A]re you that much dumb or what?” Id. “[I] have been told that people [taking] step 1 are finishing their exams 2-3 hours early and are coming out of the prometric centre talking about pq,” another added. Id. “If you have friends or know the admin of step 1 please forward a message requesting them to take their time during exams.” Id.
In response to this information and other anonymous tips, the USMLE program asked the Board's Psychometrics and Data Analysis (“PADA”) department to “analyze examinee performance data for test centers in Jordan, Nepal, and Pakistan.” Opp'n, Ex. 2 (“Jurich Decl.”) ¶ 6. The results from Nepal were the most extreme. Id. ¶ 7. The country's sole test center produced the highest average scores in the world on the 2021 Step One and 2022 Step Two exams. Id. Individuals who attended medical school there also received top marks globally on all three steps in 2023-by a long shot. Jurich Decl., Attach. A. For Step One, for instance, which is scored on a 300-point scale, the average score for a student who attended medical school in Nepal was around 15 points higher than the average score of students from schools in the next best performing country. Id. In other words, the home of Everest scaled equal heights when it came to exam results. And its students moved at turbo speed. In 2022, examinees who tested at the center in Nepal were among the fastest 5% for the Step One exam and 10% for Step Two, out of all test-takers worldwide. Jurich Decl. ¶ 7. Further, the number of people taking the Step One and Step Two exams at the Nepal test center had more than doubled in the span of three years. Id.
Around April 2023, PADA ran an “agreement analysis” focused on all test centers in Jordan, Nepal, Pakistan, and two in India to ascertain which examinees may have shared or accessed secure exam content in advance of testing. Id. ¶ 8. That analysis was designed to identify sets of exams that contained a “statistically improbable number of the same incorrect response options to the same questions,” which could be indicative of prior, shared access to those questions. Id. The results-which focused on Step One and Step Two exam data from 2021 and 2022-showed that “the vast majority of examinees with statistically significant number of matching incorrect answers tested at the Nepal test center.” Id. ¶ 9. A re-run of that analysis in July 2023, which “focused on examinees who tested at the Nepal test center and/or were citizens of Nepal (based on information self-disclosed in their application to test),” yielded similar results. Id. ¶¶ 11-12. As did an analysis of Step Three exams completed by individuals who attended medical school in Nepal or self-reported as a citizen of Nepal. Id. ¶ 13. (Because Step Three is offered only in the United States, there were no exams from the Nepali test center.)
PADA later developed criteria for identifying passing exam results of dubious validity, including the results of incorrect-response agreement analysis, median response times, and substantial differences in performance on different steps of the exam, among other factors. Id. ¶¶ 15, 17. Such criteria did not necessarily identify “irregular behavior” or intentional “cheating,” but it provided a basis to question whether the test results genuinely reflected the knowledge and skills of the examinees. Id. ¶ 16. After applying this analysis to test-score data from the Nepal test center, self-reported citizens of Nepal, and graduates of Nepali medical schools, NBME identified 832 examinees (or roughly forty percent of the sample group) from 2021 through 2023 with at least one exam result of questionable validity. Id. ¶¶ 18-19. As a prophylactic measure-and in a departure from its usual procedures-the Board immediately invalidated the suspect scores and notified the affected examinees. See Mechaber Decl. ¶¶ 1920.
C. Dr. Giri's Case
Dr. Giri is a citizen and current resident of Nepal who graduated from the Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences in 2022. See Compl ¶ 27. In the hope of applying for residency in the United States, she took the Step One exam in Kathmandu in February 2023, Step Two in India three months later, and Step Three in Connecticut last September. Id. ¶ 28. She has since received passing scores on all three and avers that she did not cheat. Id. ¶¶ 29-30.
On January 31, 2024, NBME notified her by email that all three of her Step scores were “invalidated” based on “highly irregular patterns found in [her] exam data that are indicative of prior and substantial unauthorized access to secure exam content.” Id. ¶ 32; Mot. Prelim. Inj., Ex. 1 (“Deb Decl.”), Attach. 1 (“USMLE Email”) at 2. More specifically, the Board found all three exams displayed “[e]xtremely improbable answer similarity with other examinees testing on the same form at similar times” and “[a]bnormal question response times.” USMLE Email at 2. Her Step One exam also displayed “[u]nusually high performance.” Id. The email indicated that the likelihood of observing Dr. Giri's data results “during normal testing conditions” was roughly 1 in 100 million. See USMLE Email at 3.
The Board offered Dr. Giri three alternative forms of recourse. First, she could choose to retake each step of the USMLE free of charge beginning in mid- to late-2024. See id. at 4. Second, she could request reconsideration of its decision to invalidate her scores, which could take ten weeks or longer to evaluate. Id. Third, she could take no action, in which case her access to USMLE would be suspended for three years. Id. In any event, she was required to report her choice within fifteen calendar days. Id. at 3.
That same day, the Board released a statement on the USMLE website explaining that it had invalidated certain examinees' test scores (Dr. Giri's among them). It read, in part:
The USMLE program regularly monitors and analyzes examinees' test performances for unusual score patterns or variations, and other information that could raise questions about the validity of an examinee's results. As part of an ongoing investigation, the USMLE program has identified a pattern of anomalous exam performance associated with Nepal, which challenges the validity of test results for a group of examinees. Highly irregular patterns can be indicative of prior unauthorized access to secure exam content.
Examinees with results in question are being notified by the USMLE Secretariat's Office that their previous Step scores have been invalidated and that they will be required to take a validation exam(s). The USMLE program is working to notify examinees who need to schedule validation exam(s) and to support score users and other stakeholders impacted by the validation exam requirements.Mechaber Decl., Attach. C. A week later, ECFMG sent a letter informing Dr. Giri that, without valid USMLE scores, she no longer met the requirements for certification and was required to destroy any previously issued ECFMG Certificate. See Deb Decl., Attach. 3 (“ECFMG Ltr.”) at 1.
Dissatisfied with these limited options, Dr. Giri filed a putative class action on February 12 on behalf of the 832 Nepal-associated examinees whose USMLE scores were invalidated. See Compl. ¶¶ 57, 60. She alleges that NBME discriminated against her and other putative class members on the basis of their Nepali national origin and ethnicity, in violation of Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Id. ¶¶ 73-80. Alongside her Complaint, she filed the instant Motion for a Preliminary Injunction ordering NBME to reinstate class members' test scores in time for the February 28 rank-order list deadline for residency matching. See Mot. Prelim. Inj. NBME subsequently agreed to extend the deadline for putative class members to state which of the three options they intend to pursue until the Court rules on the Motion. See Joint Stipulation ¶ 1; ECF No. 10 (“Order Adopting Stipulation”).
The parties briefed the motion, as well as the accompanying class-certification motion, on an expedited basis. The Court heard argument on February 21, after which it summarily denied the motion from the bench. This opinion elaborates on the Court's reasoning.
II. Legal Standards
“A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy that should be granted only when the party seeking the relief, by a clear showing, carries the burden of persuasion.” Cobell v. Norton, 391 F.3d 251, 258 (D.C. Cir. 2004). To obtain a preliminary injunction, the moving party must show: (1) that she is likely to succeed on the merits of her claim; (2) that she is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief; (3) that the balance of equities tips in her favor; and (4) that a preliminary injunction is in the public interest. Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008).
Historically, these factors have “been evaluated on a ‘sliding scale.'” Davis v. Pension Ben. Guar. Corp., 571 F.3d 1288, 1291 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Davenport v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 166 F.3d 356, 361 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). In other words, if the movant makes an “unusually strong showing on one of the factors, then it does not necessarily have to make as strong a showing on another factor.” Id. at 1291-92. This Circuit has hinted, though not held, that Winter-which overturned the Ninth Circuit's “possibility of irreparable harm” standard- establishes that “likelihood of irreparable harm” and “likelihood of success” are “independent, free-standing requirements]” Sherley v. Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 392-93 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Davis, 571 F.3d at 1296 (Kavanaugh, J., concurring)); see League of Women Voters v. Newby, 838 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (declining to address whether the “sliding scale” approach is valid after Winter). In any event, this Court need not resolve the viability of the sliding-scale approach today, as it determines that “a preliminary injunction is not appropriate even under the less demanding sliding-scale analysis.” Sherley, 644 F.3d at 393.
III. Analysis
Dr. Giri seeks an injunction ordering the Board to restore all class members' USMLE scores and maintain them as valid during the pendency of this litigation (and any further investigation the Board may conduct). She wishes, additionally, to compel the Board to notify all impacted parties-including affected test-takers, medical schools, and hospitals-that it has done so and refrain from applying score-invalidation procedures to test-takers associated with Nepal that differ from those generally applied to other test-takers. See Mot. Prelim. Inj. at 1; id., Ex. 3 (“Proposed Order”). The Court concludes that such extraordinary relief is not merited under the Winter factors.
A. Likelihood of Success
Dr. Giri brings discrimination claims under Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. The former makes it unlawful for an employer to “discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Section 1981 similarly prohibits discrimination but affords its protections in the context of “making, performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981(b). Section 1981 also, as relevant here, proscribes only discrimination on the basis of “race,” id. § 1981(a), which includes discrimination on the basis of “ancestry or ethnic characteristics,” Saint Francis Coll. v. Al-Khazraii, 481 U.S. 604, 613 (1987). The Court briefly notes two preliminary issues concerning whether these statutes are an appropriate vehicle for Dr. Giri's claims: extraterritoriality and applicability to professional-licensing authorities. Then, assuming both statutes apply here for present purposes, the Court explains why the Board likely did not violate either.
1. Extraterritoriality and Applicability
NBME first protests that the statutes Dr. Giri seeks relief under cannot be stretched so far as to reach the conduct at issue here. To start, it submits that denying employment to a job seeker who applies from abroad constitutes extraterritorial conduct to which the statutes do not extend. Opp'n at 32-33 (citing Nakhid v. Am. Univ., No. 19-cv-3268, 2021 WL 4169355 (D.D.C. Sept. 14, 2021), aff'd on other grounds, 2022 WL 2678742 (D.C. Cir. July 12, 2022)). The Board also reserves any argument it may have that Title VII cannot form the basis of Dr. Giri's claim because there is no employment relationship between the parties to speak of. Id. at 32 n.9. The Court need not say any more on these topics. Because another problem with Dr. Giri's case proves fatal to her claim at this stage, the Court will assume without deciding that the statutes provide for liability in this context and march forward. See Morrison v. Nat'l Australia Bank, Ltd., 561 U.S. 247, 254 (2010) (classifying extraterritorial application as “a merits question” rather than one going to “a tribunal's power to hear a case”) (cleaned up)).
2. Inference of Discrimination
The primary stumbling block to Dr. Giri's claims-under both Title VII and § 1981-is that the current record does not indicate that the Board's actions were motivated by ethnicity or national origin. Dr. Giri's purported evidence of discriminatory treatment takes two forms. The first is the group of people to which the Board's actions applied. In NBME's own words, it invalidated the scores of “[e]xaminees with results in question” because of “a pattern of anomalous exam performance associated with Nepal.” Compl. ¶ 41 (emphasis added). As the Board has since spelled out, examinees “associated with Nepal” include those who self-identified on exams as having Nepali citizenship. Opp'n at 13. As a result, Dr. Giri insists, NBME said “the quiet part out loud” and acknowledged that its conduct was “facially discriminatory.” Mot. Prelim. Inj. at 19, 21. Dr. Giri's second source of evidence is the Board's decision to focus on cheating in Nepal over cheating that it suspects is ongoing in other countries, arguing that the Board's single-mindedness exposes its discriminatory purpose. Reply at 10. The Court will take these pieces of evidence one at a time.
NBME's statements do not amount to an admission of facial discrimination. To start, the Board's action applied, at least in theory, to test-takers who do not belong to the protected group that was purportedly targeted. Recall that the Board conducted a statistical analysis of the following examinees: (1) Step One and Two test-takers who sat for the exam in Nepal or selfidentified as a citizen of Nepal, and (2) Step Three test-takers who attended medical school in Nepal or self-identified as a citizen of Nepal. Jurich Decl. ¶ 18. Conspicuously lacking from these criteria is a limitation to those of Nepali ethnicity or national origin. Of course, Dr. Giri alleges that the “overwhelming majority of these people-if not all of them-are Nepali by citizenship, origin, ethnicity or all three.” Compl. ¶ 45. But even taking this unsupported allegation as true, such overlap is not enough, on its own, to confirm that discriminatory animus explains NBME's decision. See Ky. Ret. Sys. v. EEOC, 554 U.S. 135, 142 (2008) (noting that policies differentiating on the basis of pension status do not discriminate on the basis of age absent additional “evidence of intent” even though age and pension status “typically go hand in hand”). The overlap is especially insufficient to show that the Board took action on the basis of ethnicity, as distinct from national origin, which Dr. Giri must do to make out her § 1981 racediscrimination claim. See Ndondji v. InterPark Inc., 768 F.Supp.2d 263, 273 (D.D.C. 2011).
Nor is the bare fact that citizenship was one of the inputs in defining the class of those “associated with Nepal” enough to bring this case within the ambit of facial discrimination. Cf, Ky. Ret. Sys., 554 U.S. at 143 (employer action discriminating on basis of pension status, where advanced age was one of two ways to become pension eligible, did not “automatically discriminate[] because of age”). NBME's use of citizenship information, moreover, is readily explained by the fact that an online group responsible for disseminating past test questions to large numbers of people restricted its membership to test-takers who could show a “nexus to Nepal,” which would include Nepali citizenship. Ward Decl. ¶ 10. The Board thus did not target Nepalese people for heightened scrutiny. It analyzed the scores of the group of test-takers who had physical and digital access to the locations in which “Past Questions” from prior exams were being distributed.
What is more, the Board did not indiscriminately cancel the scores of every examinee meeting its criteria. Only forty percent of test-takers associated with Nepal had scores stricken- namely, the ones whose scores were individually flagged by NBME's statistical analysis for signs of invalidity based on metrics like answer-similarity agreement, performance differences across different Step exams, and median answer response times. Jurich Decl. ¶¶ 17, 19. That an allegedly discriminatory policy skips over many of its would-be targets can be good evidence that discrimination is not, in fact, afoot. That is particularly so when the alleged discriminator selects the subset of those affected according to a nondiscriminatory rationale. In short, because the Board's decision both swept in people who do not belong to the protected group and excluded significant numbers of them in a way that bespeaks a nondiscriminatory motive, it cannot be called “facially discriminatory,” at least on the current record.
Dr. Giri's second contention-that NBME's neglect of similar cheating outside of Nepal belies its nondiscriminatory intent-falls flat as well. In fact, the Board's entirely reasonable and nondiscriminatory rationale for taking aim at examinees associated with Nepal counts as a point in its favor. See Ky. Ret. Sys., 554 U.S. at 144 (noting “non-age-related rationale for the disparity” as reason for rejecting charge of facial discrimination). Nothing in the present record suggests that NBME went looking for a problem in Nepal out of ethnicity- or national-originbased suspicion; it followed the trail of evidence, including tips about organized cheating taking place in medical schools and at a testing center located in Nepal, and on an online forum for which a “nexus to Nepal” was a ticket to admission. Ward Decl. ¶¶ 7-10. In other words, location was the crux of the Board's investigation. Having received tips about several countries, moreover, the Board investigated all of them. Jurich Decl. ¶¶ 6, 9. In narrowing and prioritizing its efforts to test-takers associated with Nepal, NBME again relied on neutral inputs: Of the places that had been the subject of tips, Nepal presented the clearest and most significant site of potential organized cheating according to metrics such as the prevalence of statistically anomalous answer similarity. Id. ¶¶ 6-13. NBME's investigative process thus reflected a desire to zero in on test-takers for their connection to a locus of cheating, not due to their ethnicity or national origin.
Dr. Giri sees things differently. She contends that the Board has improperly singled Nepalis out despite its awareness of a pervasive cheating problem worldwide and despite confirmation that “similar conduct” occurred in India, Pakistan, and Jordan. Reply at 10-13. No doubt, Dr. Giri is correct that the Board's own behavior, such as setting up a tip line, signifies its appreciation of cheating untethered to any particular place. Ward Decl. ¶ 4. But, according to NBME's declarants, that general knowledge is far afield from the specific tips and evidence of organized, systematic, group-level cheating that prompted the Board to scrutinize test-takers associated with Nepal. There is nothing unreasonable or untoward about choosing to expend resources on a particular area of concern against the backdrop of more diffuse problems elsewhere.
As for India, Pakistan, and Jordan, Dr. Giri is again right that the Board had reason to investigate those locales in addition to Nepal. It did just that. But the investigation did not reveal nearly as much cause for concern about cheating in those other countries as it did with respect to Nepal. Jurich Decl. ¶ 3 (noting the “significantly larger magnitude” of statistical abnormality in Nepal). Dr. Giri twists NBME's words too far when she suggests that it identified a “similar” problem in India, Pakistan, and Jordan. See Reply at 9-10. True, the Board found a statistically significant level of suspicious answer similarity when comparing all four countries to a baseline comparison group. Jurich Decl. ¶ 9. But it also discovered that “the vast majority of examinees with a statistically significant number of matching incorrect answers” within that combined group had “tested at the Nepal test center.” Id. That difference, along with evidence that test scores in Nepal were dramatically higher than in any other country in the world justifies a focus on examinees associated with Nepal over other possible sites of cheating. Id. ¶¶ 7, 9, 12. And although Dr. Giri would prefer the Board to act all at once with respect to any suspected cheating it catches a whiff of, see Reply at 15-16, its decision to tackle the most severe problem first holds up to scrutiny at this point.
Nor does the Board's decision to implement a so-called “very punitive” appeal process different from its usual approach indicate animus. Reply at 11. Indeed, NBME says, it has not deviated from the norm because its policy always has stated that bespoke procedures may be necessary for situations “involving multiple examinees.” USMLE Score-Validity Policy ¶ A.5; cf. Walker v. Johnson, 798 F.3d 1085, 1092 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (listing “deviation[s] from established procedures” as possible basis for inference of discrimination). This scenario, implicating over 800 test-takers, is clearly such a situation calling for a procedure geared towards efficiency. And there is no evidence in the record that the Board would not take similarly swift and stringent action if confronted with evidence of cheating on a comparable scale elsewhere. The Board's Vice President represents, moreover, that to “the extent that issues have been or are identified reflecting similar conduct by large numbers of examinees in other countries, [he] expect[s] that those examinees will be subject to the same policies and procedures that have been applied to the examinees at issue” here. Mechaber Decl. ¶ 23. Far from admitting that “similar conduct” has in fact been identified elsewhere and simply ignored, as Plaintiff reads it, see Reply at 10-11, this statement merely references the possibility of uncovering comparable conduct. Nepal may have been the first. But until Dr. Giri can offer evidence of a similarly situated example of mass localized cheating handled under the default procedure, that is not so remarkable.
The aspect of the procedure to which Dr. Giri most strongly objects-the invalidation of already-released scores pending further investigation-also appears sensible under the circumstances. The Board reasonably sought to mitigate the risk involved in allowing these testtakers to participate in the upcoming Match, which would, in its view, endanger patients by allowing unqualified individuals to practice in residency programs while investigation proceeds. Mechaber Decl. ¶ 22. That aim is as laudable as it is nondiscriminatory.
Dr. Giri does not attack that justification head-on, but several of her allegations indicate her belief that invalidating first and asking questions later is not so wise for another reason: the chances of canceling a perfectly innocent score. She uses her own circumstances as an example. If given the opportunity to respond prior to the cancellation of her scores, Dr. Giri says, she would have informed the Board that her high degree of answer similarity was explained by her and her fellow Nepali test-takers' exposure to the same (legitimate) preparation materials and medical school curriculum. Compl. ¶ 49. In addition, she posits that her suspiciously quick answer times were the product of either an innocent test-taking strategy of guessing on difficult questions or the fact that she encountered technical difficulties during Step Three. Id. ¶¶ 50-51. Dr. Giri thus maintains that NBME's score invalidations are hopelessly underinformed before an examinee has the chance to fill in gaps.
The Board knocks down these explanations one by one, effectively demonstrating that a pre-invalidation response from examinees is not the be-all, end-all guardrail Dr. Giri suggests. Begin with her answer-similarity theory. NBME retorts that its analysis included examinees who had attended the same medical school as part of the baseline control group, eliminating the possibility that the observed answer similarity was attributable to studying closely together in a small environment. Jurich Decl. ¶ 29. Giri's explanations for her faster-than-normal response times fare no better. If she had employed a strategy of guessing on hard questions to save time, the Board explains, one would expect her performance on faster answers to fall in the 20-25% correct range. Id. ¶ 31. Instead, she answered correctly on between 85% and 100% of such questions across the three exams. Id. As for Dr. Giri's technical problems during the computerbased case simulation portion of Step Three, the Board explains that this segment was not included within its review (which encompassed only single-best answer multiple-choice questions) and therefore would not have impacted her score-validity results. Id. ¶ 33. Preferable as it may be to consider an examinee's explanations prior to invalidation, then, Dr. Giri has not shown it was so crucial and that the Board's prioritization of a timely and efficient resolution of these scores was unreasonable or, more importantly, indicative of pretext for animosity towards Nepalis.
Finally, contrary to Dr. Giri's suggestion, NBME's actions here bear little resemblance to the racial profiling found unconstitutional in Floyd v. City of New York, 959 F.Supp.2d 540 (S.D.N.Y. 2013). That case involved the singling out of members of particular racial groups for deprivation of a constitutionally protected privacy right, through police “stop and frisks.” Id. at 558. The antidiscrimination statutes employed here, by contrast, protect against discriminatory “adverse employment action[s].” Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1196 (D.C. Cir. 2008). As Dr. Giri does not, and could not, claim that the Board took an adverse action when deciding to analyze its own exam data-the point at which it allegedly considered ethnicity and national origin to narrow its field of vision-her theory of liability is quite distinct from that in Floyd.
In addition, Floyd's own logic suggests that there is insufficient evidence of discriminatory motive in this case. Floyd's basic insight was that “it is impermissible to subject all members of a racially defined group to heightened police enforcement because some members of that group appear more frequently in criminal complaints.” 959 F.Supp.2d at 603. But as discussed previously, the Board's decisions did not rely on a propensity inference based on ethnicity or national origin. Rather, its decisions differentiated on the basis of test-takers' connection to a geographic region where organized cheating occurred, an approach that Floyd expressly sanctioned. Id. at 562-63 (recognizing the constitutionality of police “deploying] their limited resources to high crime areas” where “the need for policing is greatest,” so long as race does not enter the picture when officers determine who to stop within those areas). And although NBME's criteria included examinees with Nepali citizenship, that decision was also tied to a neutral consideration: whether the examinee could have proved the nexus with Nepal necessary for gaining admission into the Telegram group where secured answers were being distributed. Floyd was careful to leave room for such neutral decision making as well. See id. at 663-64 (distinguishing Brown v. City of Oneonta, 221 F.3d 329 (2d Cir. 2000), which held that a police search focusing on Black suspects because the perpetrator was known to be Black was not facially discriminatory).
In sum, the Court cannot say at this point that the record portends a likelihood of success on Dr. Giri's discrimination claims based on either Title VII or § 1981. Rather, it seems that NBME relied on criteria that, while coinciding with national origin to a large extent, were used to root out location-based cheating, a perfectly permissible and nondiscriminatory goal.
B. Irreparable Harm
Dr. Giri's arguments regarding the likelihood of irreparable harm fare somewhat better. Under this factor, the movant must show that “the injury complained of is of such imminence that there is a ‘clear and present' need for equitable relief to prevent irreparable harm.” Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches v. England, 454 F.3d 290, 297 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (citation and quotation marks omitted). That injury, put another way, must be “certain, great, actual, imminent, and beyond remediation.” Save Jobs USA v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 105 F.Supp.3d 108, 112-13 (D.D.C. 2015). Here, Dr. Giri alleges that the proposed class “will suffer inevitable harm to their employment opportunities, residency, and immigration status.” Mot. Prelim. Inj. at 23. While she has offered no evidence that she or any other putative class member has lost or would lose their visas because their Step exam scores were cancelled, the harm to their ability to seek residency is obvious enough. A passing score on Steps One and Two of the USMLE is required to apply for residency programs through Match. Compl. ¶¶ 11, 16, 42. The final Match application deadline is February 28. Id. ¶ 18. If class members do not have valid exam scores by then, they will be ineligible to participate in the Match program this year. Id. ¶ 54. While their scores are invalid, moreover, they will remain ineligible for a medical license in many jurisdictions. See Johnson Decl. ¶ 12.
The loss of opportunity to pursue one's chosen profession due to alleged discrimination is widely recognized as constituting an irreparable injury. See, e.g., Ramsay v. Nat'l Bd. of Med. Examiners, 968 F.3d 251, 254, 262-63 (3d Cir. 2020) (agreeing, partly for that reason, that the Board's refusal to provide extra time on an upcoming exam to accommodate plaintiff's ADHD and dyslexia was irreparable); Enyart v. Nat'l Conf, of Bar Examiners, Inc., 630 F.3d 1153, 1165-66 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[Plaintiff] demonstrated irreparable harm in the form of the loss of opportunity to pursue her chosen profession.... If she fails the Bar Exam or scores too low on the MPRE to qualify for admission, [she] cannot be licensed to practice law in California.”); Maczaczyj v. State of New York, 956 F.Supp. 403, 408 (W.D.N.Y. 1997) (exclusion from masters program “will most likely affect plaintiff's ability to engage in the future employment of his choice”); see also Tanner v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 433 F.Supp.2d 117, 125 (D.D.C. 2006) (citing Carson v. Am. Brands, Inc., 450 U.S. 79, 89 n.16 (1981), for the similar proposition that “[t]he loss of specific job opportunities, training and competitive advantages can constitute irreparable harm”).
This is true even where, as here, the barrier to the plaintiff's pursuit is only temporary. In Bonnette v. District of Columbia Court of Appeals, for example, a legally blind aspiring lawyer was denied certain assistive technology she requested to take the July 2011 Multistate Bar Exam (“MBE”). 796 F.Supp.2d 164, 167 (D.D.C. 2011). She moved for a preliminary injunction to avoid having to either take the exam “under discriminatory conditions” or “wait until at least the February 2012 administration while her claim is litigated.” Id. at 186. The Court found that she faced irreparable harm because “any delay in taking the MBE deprives her of time to practice her chosen profession,” and the “substantial time and effort” she expended in preparing for the July 2011 exam would have been “effectively wasted if she must wait to take the test at a later date.” Id. at 186-87. Similarly, in Doe v. Pennsylvania State University, a student in a seven-year premed program was temporarily barred from participating after another student accused him of sexual assault, and he moved to preliminarily enjoin the sanction. 276 F.Supp.3d 300, 302 & n.1, 306 (M.D. Pa. 2017). The court concluded that, even if his suspension “were limited to two years,” as the University had argued, “this gap would constitute irreparable harm as he would forever be forced to explain his lengthy tenure within this program and, ultimately, his delayed entry in the professional workforce.” Id. at 315. So too here. That Dr. Giri may pursue the Board's appeal procedures or retake the exam at a later date does not eliminate the harm of being unable to participate in this year's Match or pursue the practice of medicine in the interim.
NBME's contrary arguments do not persuade the Court that it should break ranks from this steady line of precedent. First, while it is true that purely economic harms that may later be compensated monetarily are not irreparable, see Opp'n at 36, “[t]he lost opportunity to engage in one's preferred occupation goes beyond monetary deprivation,” Bonnette, 796 F.Supp.2d 186. Second, the Board marshals several reasons why it is somewhat speculative whether Dr. Giri or any class member would ultimately match with a residency program-including that no evidence suggests they received residency interviews or that any program would rank them. See Opp'n at 36-37. But Dr. Giri attests that she “was preparing to enter the Match [in January 2024] and hoping to enter residency in the summer of 2024,” Compl. ¶ 31, and her lack of USMLE scores guarantees that she will be ineligible for this year's Match. That lost eligibility and opportunity to compete is a cognizable and irreparable harm in itself. See Tanner, 433 F.Supp.2d at 125 (finding loss of eligibility to participate in vocational training program was irreparable, though the benefits of participation itself and any job opportunities to be derived therefrom were too speculative). Third, the Board suggests that Dr. Giri may apply for U.S. residency programs directly, outside of the Match process, or seek licensure in other countries. See Opp'n at 37. But the former path still requires valid USMLE scores, see Feddock Decl. ¶ 27; Compl. ¶ 16, and is available to a “relatively small number of medical school graduates” in any event, Feddock Decl. ¶ 21. And the latter option is no substitute for practicing medicine in the United States, which Dr. Giri clearly wishes to do-that, after all, is why she took the United States Medical Licensing Exam.
NBME's cases concerning professional harm do not warrant a different conclusion. Doe v. Ohio State University, for example, is easily distinguished. No. 15-cv-2830, 2016 WL 692547 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 22, 2016), adopted and aff'd, 2016 WL 1578750 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 20, 2016). There, a student was dismissed from the Ohio State University College of Medicine following accusations of sexual assault, and he subsequently enrolled in a foreign medical school. Id. at *5. Hoping to apply for residency in his final year at that new institution, and fearful that his prior dismissal would undermine his candidacy, the plaintiff moved for a preliminary injunction ordering Ohio State to reinstate him as a student in good standing. Id. at *1, 5. In finding no likelihood of irreparable harm, the court noted that plaintiff “may well obtain residency” despite his record, and that it was “far from clear that . . . he will be unable to complete his education or to pursue his chosen profession.” Id. at *11. Here, by contrast, the cancellation of class members' scores goes well beyond diminishing their competitiveness. It makes them ineligible for the Match and medical licensure this go around.
Mahmood v. National Board of Medical Examiners is slightly more in tension with Dr. Giri's irreparable-harm arguments, but it too is distinguishable, and its reasoning is less persuasive in any event. No. 12-cv-1544, 2012 WL 2368462 (E.D. Pa. June 21, 2012). There, a test-taker was suspended from the USMLE for three years after starting a fire in the restroom during a test administration, id. at *1, and she later sought to enjoin that punishment on the ground that it “preclude[d] her ability to graduate from medical school within seven years,” id. at *5. The court did not consider the consequences for her ability to apply for residency or obtain medical licenses-the harms at issue here. Rather, it merely noted the absence of evidence that she could not transfer schools or obtain a graduation-deadline extension. Id. It further reasoned categorically that “delays in testing or education services do not constitute irreparable harm.” Id. However, that notion conflicts with subsequent Third Circuit case law. See Ramsey, 968 F.3d at 262 (favorably citing a district court case for the principle that a “gap in medical school education and likelihood that the student could not gain acceptance to another school constituted irreparable harm”). Consequently, Mahmood's persuasiveness within that jurisdiction, let alone outside of it, is in doubt.
In short, the likely harm that Dr. Giri and the putative class will face absent an injunction is sufficient to satisfy the irreparable-injury requirement. This factor alone, however, does not carry the day.
C. Balance of the Equities
Even if Dr. Giri has met her burden of demonstrating irreparable injury, that harm must be weighed against NBME's competing interests. The balance of equities does not clearly weigh in favor of granting the preliminary injunction here.
On Dr. Giri's side of the ledger, the equities of the putative class members vary. For Dr. Giri herself, while her injury may be “irreparable” for the reasons stated above, it is nonetheless speculative. Many applicants who participate in the Match are not placed with a program. Last year's match rate was 59.4% for non-U.S. citizen graduates of international medical schools. Feddock Decl. ¶ 38. But that number is not evenly distributed. The application portal opens in September, and programs review applications and interview candidates from then until the end of January. Id. ¶ 36. “If a residency program applicant is not invited to interview with a residency program, it is a virtual certainty that the applicant will not be listed on the program's Rank Order List for the Main Residency Match.” Id. ¶ 26. At no point has Dr. Giri claimed that she interviewed with any program-even though NBME expressly raised this point in its opposition. See Opp'n at 25, 27. The only fair inference, then, is that Dr. Giri has not been invited for an interview. Her purported injury from being excluded from the Match this go around is therefore conjectural.
Other putative class members appear to be differently situated. Surely some have received interviews, and, of that segment, it is fair to assume a fraction would have matched if their scores had not been invalidated given that over half of foreign applicants are paired with a program. At the same time, though, it is questionable whether those figures would hold true for individuals who already have had their scores scratched. The residency programs are almost certainly aware that these applicants' exams have been flagged as suspect, and no decision from this Court would change that fact or prevent the Board from invalidating these scores again at a later date pursuant to proper procedures. Accepting these applicants would therefore be a risky proposition-one that a great many programs may not be willing to wager.
The segment with the most at stake, by far, are any putative class members who already matched in a prior year and are at risk of being removed from their programs. Beyond disrupting their education, if removed from their programs, these individuals are at risk of losing their J1 or HB1 visas, both of which require the person maintain participation in an educational program. See Compl. ¶ 20. For now, though, no named plaintiff falls into this category. And the Court lacks any visibility into just how many people might fit this mold.
Turning to the Board, Dr. Giri gives short shrift to its interest in this action when asserting that the emergency relief would not harm the group's pocketbook or impose real administrative burdens. See Mot. Prelim. Inj. at 24-26. The Board has something much more valuable at stake, however: ensuring the integrity of the results that it reports to residency programs and licensing authorities. These entities rely on the Board to provide accurate assessments of applicants' knowledge and abilities. To perform this “valuable service,” the Board must be able to “assure itself of the validity of students' scores through internal review procedures.” Murray v. Educ. Testing Serv., 170 F.3d 514, 517 (5th Cir. 1999); see also San Mateo Union High Sch. Dist. v. Educ. Testing Servs., No. C 13-3660 SBA, 2013 WL 4711611, at *15 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 30, 2013) (“Forcing Defendants to validate AP exam scores resulting from improperly administered tests would place them in the untenable position of having to act contrary to their obligations in the AP Bulletin, and also would result in colleges and universities being less likely to rely on the integrity of such scores.”). A judicial order interfering with the Board's review procedures and forcing it to validate tainted scores that may not reflect the testtakers' actual medical acumen would risk severe damage to the organization's brand-a harm that could not be remedied after the fact. It is often said that reputation arrives on foot but leaves on horseback. Once the test results exit the stable and are relied upon by residency programs for matching, any subsequent effort to correct the records may be too little, too late for NBME's reputation. The damage will have been done. Cf, Rothberg v. L. Sch. Adm. Council, 102 Fed. App'x 122, 125 (10th Cir. 2004) (noting “the LSAC cannot hope for relief once the injunction issues”).
To be sure, the strength of the Board's equities oscillates depending on the category of putative class member. Its interest reaches its highest peak when it comes to applicants who are likely to match with resident programs this cycle because swift action on the front end saves the Board the embarrassment and reputational hit of having to invalidate exam results after a match has been made and a residency program has tendered an irretrievable investment. By contrast, the Board's stake in the matter is at its lowest ebb when it comes to individuals who will not match regardless, either because they never applied or were never interviewed, because no program is likely to rely on the exam scores in the interim. Putative class members who have matched in past cycles and are in residency fall somewhere in the middle. But even then, the Board has a considerable interest in correcting the record as soon as possible while programs wait in limbo pending a final resolution of this matter and implicated residents continue treating patients.
Weighing these varied interests, the Court cannot conclude that the balance categorically and unequivocally falls in favor of Dr. Giri. She certainly has not carried her burden when it comes to her personally, and a more fine-grained analysis is required for other putative class members. This lack of uniformity only underscores the troubles with provisionally certifying a class for emergency relief where the putative class is splintered into different categories and the equities for each group diverge.
D. Public Interest
Beyond the interests of the two parties in this litigation, the public interest plainly weighs against granting the request for emergency relief. Indeed, this factor alone justifies denying the preliminary injunction because the Court must give due weight to the vital interests of patients who might receive health care from unqualified residents; other residency applicants who may be rejected in favor of persons whose scores will later be invalidated again; residency programs that will devote resources to the aspiring doctors they supervise; and hospitals that will be left in a lurch if scores are cancelled once residents already have started on the job. See Winter, 555 U.S. at 376-77 (“In exercising their sound discretion, courts of equity should pay particular regard for the public consequences in employing the extraordinary remedy of injunction.” (quoting Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 312 (1982)).
First and foremost is the overriding interest in public safety. This is a case about the credentials of doctors applying to medical residency programs. Resident physicians provide medical care and prescribe drugs. See Feddock Decl. ¶¶ 12-13; Johnson Decl. ¶ 15. In doing so, they take patients' lives into their hands. Granting the preliminary injunction would create an unacceptable risk that individuals who lack the requisite knowledge and skills they purport to possess because they achieved their exam scores fraudulently will be administering medical care to unsuspecting patients across the nation. See Feddock Decl. ¶ 35.a. That is a danger the public should not be forced to shoulder. And, in addition to the immediate peril to patients' health, the perception alone that the licensing process is not functioning properly could erode confidence in the medical profession, further jeopardizing public safety.
Aside from the grave risks to the public writ large, granting the requested relief would saddle third parties with unwarranted burdens. Other residency candidates would be the first collateral damage. The Match is a competitive, zero-sum process in which there are many more qualified candidates than open slots. Anyone who matches based on fraudulent exam results is necessarily taking a spot from a student who honestly earned his or her marks. See id. ¶¶ 29-33, 35.c. That is the furthest thing from fair or equitable. And the damage does not stop there. Medical residency programs invest considerable resources recruiting and training residents. See id. ¶¶ 34, 35.d. If a resident's scores are later invalidated due to cheating, all of that time, money, and effort will have been wasted. Hospitals and health care facilities, meanwhile, would have to pick up the slack for staff members whose scores have been invalidated while reviewing all past patient encounters handled by the unqualified resident. See id. ¶¶ 35.b, 35.d. As any doctor could tell you, though, there is hardly any slack in the first place. The natural result would be staffing shortfalls, longer shifts, and morale problems in the facilities where the discredited residents once worked. See id. ¶ 35.e.
Dr. Giri “acknowledge[s that] there is a public interest in ensuring doctors treating patients are well-trained, and that residency programs and resident applicants are not disadvantaged by cheaters.” Reply at 22. However, she contends that it is antithetical to the public interest to address these issues by targeting a protected class of test-takers given the paramount importance of vanquishing invidious discrimination. See id. at 22; Mot. Prelim. Inj. at 26. But there is scant evidence here that NBME discriminated against anyone. As explained above, the record instead indicates that NBME took appropriate action when responding to well-documented allegations of cheating centered in one country and invalidated scores only after conducting individualized statistical analyses. The public interest is not well served by requiring NBME to ignore this evidence of a concentrated problem, and the creed “like cases should be treated alike” has limited purchase where the record shows that there was nowhere like Nepal when it came to concerns about cheating. Nor is the common welfare furthered by reinstituting suspect scores and allowing unqualified candidates to match with programs and begin practicing medicine. Any vision of antidiscrimination law that suggests otherwise has taken a wrong turn somewhere.
Finally, despite her prior acknowledgment, Dr. Giri also attempts to discount the exorbitant public costs detailed above. In her telling, any concerns that ill-equipped doctors who cheated on their exams may match with residency programs is muted by the fact that “residents are likely supervised in practice and there will be many opportunities to prevent incompetent practitioners from harming patients.” Reply at 23. She takes solace in the fact that NBME long has suspected some test-takers may be cheating but, despite never taking such stringent action before, cannot identify “a single . . . harm.” Id. The Court finds little comfort in this contention, and it doubts many patients would either. Medical licensing exams are not pointless acts of paper pushing and scantron penciling: Almost every jurisdiction in the United States relies on them to ensure that prospective doctors have the requisite competencies to administer safe and effective health care before practicing medicine. See Johnson Decl. ¶ 12. To permit those who have fraudulently achieved their marks to provide direct care to patients poses a safety risk that is as obvious as it is intolerable.
In sum, Dr. Giri has not shown that she is likely to succeed on the merits of her claims, and the balance of equities and public interest both weigh against granting this extraordinary relief. The Court will accordingly deny Dr. Giri's request for a preliminary injunction. Because the motion for provisional class certification was trained at the request for emergency relief, which the Court has denied, the Court will also deny that motion, without prejudice to renewal at an appropriate time should the case proceed in this Court.
Before wrapping up, there are two additional items that the Court must address. At the close of the motion hearing on this matter, Dr. Giri requested the Court grant an injunction pending appeal pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 8(a). In determining whether to grant such an injunction, courts consider four factors: (1) likelihood of success on the merits of the appeal; (2) irreparable injury; (3) substantial harm to other parties; and (4) the public interest. See Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S. 770, 776 (1987). If those four factors ring a bell, that's because the “standards for evaluating a motion for injunction pending appeal are substantially the same as those for issuing a preliminary injunction.” Republican Nat'l Comm. v. Pelosi, No. 22-cv-659 (TJK), 2022 WL 1604670, at *2 (D.D.C. May 20, 2022) (quotation marks omitted). Unsurprisingly, then, the Court will deny the motion for an injunction pending appeal for the reasons above.
Dr. Giri also asked the Court to extend the deadline for putative class members to respond to the Board's email by selecting one of the three available options: request reconsideration, retake the exams free-of-charge, or stand pat. At a minimum, Dr. Giri requests that the Court enter an order waiving the requirement that applicants forfeit their right to sue if they select the first or second options. Yet she cites no authority empowering the Court to enter such relief, and the Court is aware of no such authorization. The parties previously stipulated that the Board would push the deadlines for responding until after the Court's decision on the preliminary-injunction motion. See Joint Stipulation at 1. The Board, of course, did not have to agree to that deal. And now that the Court has entered its decision and the stipulation has terminated, the Court lacks power to extend its terms.
IV. Conclusion
For these reasons, it is hereby
ORDERED that [Dkt. No. 3] Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Injunction is DENIED; it is further
ORDERED that [Dkt. No. 11] Plaintiff's Motion to Certify Class is DENIED without prejudice to renewal; it is further
ORDERED that Plaintiff's motion for an injunction pending appeal is DENIED; it is further
ORDERED that Plaintiff's motion to continue the deadlines for responding to the Board's score-invalidation notice or, alternatively, waive the requirement that individuals forfeit their right to sue if they choose to appeal their invalidation or retake the exams for free is hereby DENIED.
SO ORDERED.