Summary
In Giddings v. City of Detroit, 444 N.W.2d 242 (Mich.Ct.App. 1989), the plaintiff, a volunteer teacher, was attacked and raped at a high school.
Summary of this case from Pearl Public School Dist. v. GronerOpinion
Docket No. 95571.
Decided August 7, 1989.
Meklir, Schreier, Nolish Friedman, P.C. (by Mark E. Weiss), for plaintiff.
Patterson, Phifer Phillips, P.C. (by Trisha J. Arndt and Nancy M. Rade), for defendants Detroit Board of Education, Arthur Jefferson, Robert Boyce, Ben Crane, Robert Marshall, Eleazar Shepherd, Beverly Gray and Hiram McKee.
Before: MacKENZIE, P.J., and HOOD and BRENNAN, JJ.
Defendants Detroit Board of Education, Arthur Jefferson, Robert Boyce, Ben Crane, Robert Marshall, Eleazar Shepherd, Beverly Gray and Hiram McKee appeal by leave granted from an opinion and order of the Wayne Circuit Court granting partial summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (C)(7) on issues related to governmental immunity. Plaintiff brought this action to recover for injuries suffered on May 13, 1983, when she was attacked and raped at a Detroit high school while a volunteer teaching assistant there. Plaintiff basically alleged that the school building was unsafe and that the individual defendants had failed to make adequate security provisions, including inadequacies in the hiring, training and supervising of the school security guards.
The motion for summary disposition was brought by the Detroit Board of Education and the individual defendants Jefferson (superintendent), Boyce (school principal), Crane (head of security at the school), and the security guards Gray and McKee.
The circuit court granted summary disposition on the following issues:
1. The public building exception does not apply.
2. The decision to hire security personnel was discretionary and therefore immune from liability.
3. Decisions establishing security procedures and equipment requirements were discretionary and therefore immune from liability.
The following issues were decided in favor of plaintiff and survived the motion:
1. Sufficient facts were pled on a theory of intentional nuisance to avoid governmental immunity.
2. Decisions to instruct, train, supervise and control the guards were ministerial and not protected by governmental immunity.
3. The guards basically followed directions and therefore their actions were ministerial.
4. Decisions regarding the following of security procedures were ministerial.
5. The board could be vicariously liable.
Defendants' challenges basically require consideration of three issues: (1) the intentional nuisance claim; (2) the determination of which acts were discretionary and which were ministerial; and (3) the availability of vicarious liability.
I
We begin with a review of the intentional nuisance claim.
The governmental tort liability act provides that governmental agencies shall be immune from tort liability in all cases where they are exercising or discharging a governmental function. MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107). That same section further provides that any modifications or restrictions to immunity that existed prior to July 1, 1965, will continue to be recognized. Under this section, defendant board would be immune in this suit unless a prior exception to immunity can be found.
Our Supreme Court in Hadfield v Oakland Co Drain Comm'r, 430 Mich. 139; 422 N.W.2d 205 (1988), recognized that there is a nuisance exception to immunity. However, the variety of opinions in that case have left open which specific claims are included in that "nuisance exception." At the very least, it appears to recognize an exception for trespass-nuisance and nuisance per se. See Garcia v Jackson (On Remand), 174 Mich. App. 373, 378-379; 435 N.W.2d 796 (1989) (MacKENZIE, J., dissenting).
That there is a lack of specific guidance in Hadfield as to the existence of an intentional nuisance exception is demonstrated by the conflicting opinions that have resulted from this Court. Compare Garcia, supra, pp 374-376, in which the majority opinion held that a claim of intentional nuisance is not banned by governmental immunity, and the opposite opinion reached in Scott v Dep't of Natural Resources, 169 Mich. App. 205; 425 N.W.2d 518 (1988).
In the lead opinion in Hadfield, Justice BRICKLEY noted that there was no pre-1964 case law recognizing an intentional nuisance exception. Hadfield, supra, p 170. Those pre- Hadfield cases which recognized an intentional tort exception appear to have done so after having analyzed Rosario v Lansing, 403 Mich. 124; 268 N.W.2d 230 (1978), and Gerzeski v Dep't of State Highways, 403 Mich. 149; 268 N.W.2d 525 (1978), two Supreme Court cases in which no clear majority view emerged. See, e.g., Ford v Detroit, 91 Mich. App. 333; 283 N.W.2d 739 (1979). Justice BRICKLEY notes however that neither Rosario nor Gerzeski represent pre-1964 case law. As such, they are not necessarily included as recognized exceptions under MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107). We are not aware of any other opinion which has addressed this issue or which has cited pre-1964 authority for the viability of the intentional nuisance exception. In the absence of relevant precedent or a statement from our Supreme Court specifically recognizing the exception, we are constrained to find there is no exception to immunity under the statute where, as here, the claim is for intentional nuisance. See Scott, supra; Garcia, supra, (MacKENZIE, J., dissenting).
This finding is consistent with the general rule that there is no intentional tort exception to governmental immunity as long as the alleged torts were committed in the performance of a governmental function. See Smith v Dep't of Public Health, 428 Mich. 540, 544; 410 N.W.2d 749 (1987); Eichhorn v Lamphere School Dist, 166 Mich. App. 527, 547; 421 N.W.2d 230 (1988).
Furthermore, on the facts of this case, it is not clear that plaintiff pled sufficient facts to sustain an intentional nuisance claim. In order to establish an intentional nuisance claim against a governmental agency, a plaintiff must show both that there is a condition which is a nuisance and that the agency intended to create that condition. Guilbault v Dep't of Mental Health, 160 Mich. App. 781, 788; 408 N.W.2d 558 (1987).
We are aware that there is a conflict in this Court on the standard necessary to establish intent. While the Supreme Court has noted the conflict, it has not addressed the issue. See Hadfield, supra, p 172, n 14. The first standard, noted above, requires that the defendant must have intended to bring about the condition alleged to be a nuisance. The second requires that the defendant who created or continued the nuisance knew or must have known that harm to the plaintiff was substantially certain to follow as a result of the defendant's actions. Ford, supra, p 336. This standard has been described as the more difficult to meet. See Scameheorn v Bucks, 167 Mich. App. 302, 314; 421 N.W.2d 918 (1988) (concurring opinion of SAWYER, J.). No matter which standard is applied, however, the complaint does not indicate that defendants acted intentionally. While we agree that the complaint used all the appropriate terms to plead an intentional tort, we cannot agree that the facts actually pled are a sufficient basis on which to sustain a claim for purposes of this motion.
While plaintiff alleges knowledge on the part of defendants — that they knew or should have known that a dangerous condition existed in the school — outside of conclusory statements, the complaint does not indicate that defendants acted so as to create danger and inflict injury or with knowledge that harm was substantially certain to follow. It thus fails under the more stringent Ford standard. Moreover, the complaint does not indicate that defendants intended to create an unsafe building. Therefore, summary disposition should have been granted in favor of defendants on plaintiff's intentional nuisance claim.
II
We agree with the trial court that Superintendent Jefferson is not absolutely immune from liability. The fact that he is the highest ranking official of his governmental unit does not mean that he is involved in the type of broad, essential governmental decision-making that is protected by absolute immunity. See Ross v Consumers Power Co (On Rehearing), 420 Mich. 567, 632-633; 363 N.W.2d 641 (1984).
We agree with the Court in Kirschner v Carney-Nadeau Public Schools, 174 Mich. 642, 645-646; 436 N.W.2d 416 (1989), that a superintendent of schools is not entitled to absolute immunity.
However, government employees not absolutely immune from tort liability may still be protected from liability when they are:
(1) acting during the course of their employment and acting, or reasonably believe they are acting, within the scope of their authority;
(2) acting in good faith; and
(3) performing discretionary, as opposed to ministerial acts. [ Ross, supra, pp 633-634.]
The only element which was disputed below was whether the individuals' activities were discretionary or ministerial.
An employee performs a protected "discretionary-decisional" act when the act requires personal deliberation, decision and judgment. This includes significant decision-making on whether to engage in a particular activity and how best to carry it out. A "ministerial-operational" act is one that may include minor decision-making, but that is basically the execution of a decision where the individual has little or no choice. Ross, supra, pp 634-635.
Decisions regarding the setting of policy or the failure to do so have been found to be discretionary, including decisions regarding the establishment of safety procedures and equipment standards. Ross, supra, p 651; Kirschner, supra, p 647.
In school situations, the hiring, training, instructing, supervision and monitoring of personnel have been found to be types of decisions that would be described as discretionary-decisional. See Ross, supra, p 640; Eichhorn, supra, p 541; Willoughby v Lehrbass, 150 Mich. App. 319, 348; 388 N.W.2d 688 (1986).
The claims against Superintendent Jefferson, as well as those against the principal, Boyce, and the head of security, Crane, appear to concern the selection and screening of security personnel, decisions regarding their subsequent supervision and training, and the provision of security equipment and procedures.
In some situations, instruction and supervision have been found to be ministerial-operational activities. However, those cases involved adults supervising the activities of children. See Ross, supra, pp 640, 651. In those instances, the Court found that the direct supervision or oversight of minors at a swimming outing and in a building trades class merely involved the execution of other discretionary decisions regarding the care of the students. Here, plaintiff's claim regarding supervision and instruction goes to the decision to provide those activities and would be a discretionary-decisional activity and therefore immunity would apply.
In the context of this case, all the above actions require the deliberation, decision-making and judgment of the defendants. As such, they are discretionary-decisional acts and immunity is available.
As to the security personnel, Gray and McKee, the complaint does not allege and there is no indication that these individuals were in supervisory or decision-making roles similar to the other defendants. The relevant claims against them appear to be that they failed to follow or implement security procedures. Although the task of patrolling the school may involve some decision-making, the essence of their tasks appears to have been the execution of decisions and to have involved only minor decision-making. Accordingly, the activities of these defendants appear to have been ministerial and not immune from tort liability. Ross, supra, p 635.
Defendants' reliance upon Zavala v Zinser, one of the cases decided with Ross, is misplaced in that the activities of the police officers in that case involved discretionary decisions made in the context of a potentially dangerous altercation. See Ross, supra, p 659. Such discretionary activity does not appear to be present in the instant case. On the basis of the record before us, it does not appear that individual immunity is available to the defendants Gray and McKee.
The only remaining claim concerns the following of security procedures, which would be ministerial acts. We agree with the trial court that these would not be immune from liability.
III
As to the vicarious liability claim, in general, we agree that the board of education can be vicariously liable. Ross made it clear that respondeat superior liability can be imposed under specific conditions. See discussion in Ross, supra, pp 624-625. With these guidelines, of the claims that are currently before this Court, the only remaining claim is the one against the individual security guards. We believe the parties would agree that these employees were acting during the course of their employment and within the scope of their duty in patrolling the school. However, this determination does not make the agency automatically liable. The activity the officers were involved in must also be nongovernmental or fall within a statutory exception for the agency to be vicariously liable. Id., p 625. In making this determination, we look at the general activity the defendants were involved in rather than the alleged tortious act. See Ross, supra, p 625; Smith, supra, pp 606-610. Here, it was patrolling the school, an activity which would appear to come under the board's responsibilities to provide for the safety of pupils in the schools. MCL 380.1300; MSA 15.41300. Therefore, under the Ross guidelines, we cannot say that a basis for vicarious liability exists in this case.
IV
We note that plaintiff challenges the trial court's finding with regard to the public building exception. This issue was not raised in a cross appeal nor in the application for leave to appeal and therefore is not properly before this Court. MCR 7.205(D)(4); Hadfield, supra, p 200. However, it appears that the assault was the result of an intervening party rather than a dangerous or defective condition of the building itself and the building exception would be inapplicable. Reardon v Dep't of Mental Health, 430 Mich. 398, 417; 424 N.W.2d 248 (1988).
As to plaintiff's argument that the complaint was sufficient to establish a nuisance per se, that issue was not addressed by the trial court and will not be considered here. For the same reason, defendants' argument on private/public duty is not considered.
In summary, we affirm those portions of the trial court's opinion regarding the public building exception, the absence of immunity for the actions of the guards in carrying out their duties and those actions involved in carrying out security procedures. We also agree that the decisions regarding the hiring of personnel and the establishment of security procedures and equipment requirements were discretionary and therefore immune from liability.
However, on the facts of this case, we reverse the findings that the board could be vicariously liable, that the decisions regarding the instruction and supervision of the guards were ministerial and that the intentional nuisance claim survives the motion.
The sole remaining issues, therefore, that survived the motion for summary disposition concern the activities of the guards and any activities related to the following of security procedures.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.