Opinion
10-22-2015
Orly GENGER, in her individual capacity and on behalf of the Orly Genger 1993 Trust (both in its individual capacity and on behalf of D & K Limited Partnership), Plaintiff, v. Dalia GENGER, Sagi Genger, Leah Fang, D & K GP LLC, and TPR Investment Associates, Inc., Defendants.
Yoav M. Griver, Esq., Bryan D. Leinbach, Esq., Zeichner Ellman et al., New York, for plaintiff. Thomas V. Marino, Esq., Eva Adaszko, Esq., Dunnington, Bartholow et al., New York, for Parnes.
Yoav M. Griver, Esq., Bryan D. Leinbach, Esq., Zeichner Ellman et al., New York, for plaintiff.
Thomas V. Marino, Esq., Eva Adaszko, Esq., Dunnington, Bartholow et al., New York, for Parnes.
Opinion
BARBARA JAFFE, J. On March 24, 2015, during the course of a bench trial held before me in a related action, Orly Genger v. Sagi Genger,Index number 100697/2009, defendant Sagi Genger attempted to serve his close friend and attorney, nonparty David A. Parnes, with a “Judicial Trial Subpoena” dated April 3, 2015, commanding him to appear on April 16, 2015 and attend the trial as a witness in that action. The subpoena was mailed to Parnes's attorney in Israel. (NYSCEF 911).
Parnes had arrived in New York from his home in Israel and on April 16, 2015, as he was being deposed in that action, plaintiff's trial counsel handed him a subpoena duces tecum and ad testificandum, seeking to depose him in the instant action and stating on the record that Parnes was subject to service because his presence in New York was “voluntary.” Counsel for Sagi disagreed, contending that Parnes was there pursuant to Sagi's trial subpoena. (NYSCEF 909).
Defendants moved pursuant to CPLR 2304for an order quashing the subpoena, denying that Parnes appeared pursuant to the trial subpoena, and that as a nondomiciliary appearing voluntarily as a witness in the related action, Parnes is immune from service of the subpoena. By decision and order dated September 8, 2015, I denied defendants' motion, citing Bartwitz v. Hotaling,184 Misc.2d 515, 708 N.Y.S.2d 590 (Sup.Ct., Warren County 2000). (NYSCEF 996). On September 14, 2015, Parnes filed a notice of appeal of the September 8 decision. (NYSCEF 998).
Now, by order to show cause, Parnes moves pursuant to CPLR 5519(c)for an order staying the enforcement of the subpoena, or in the alternative, pursuant to CPLR 2201for an order staying discovery. On October 8, 2015, I signed the order to show cause and directed the parties to “address the issue of whether the immunity rule applies to service of a subpoena to testify as opposed to service of process.” Plaintiff opposes. (NYSCEF 1015).
I. CONTENTIONS
Parnes contends that Bartwitzwas overruled “sub silentio” by the Appellate Division, Third Department in Matter of Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. v. Town of Moreau Assessor,which held that a nonresident who voluntarily appears in the jurisdiction is immune from service of a subpoena. (8 A.D.3d 935, 779 N.Y.S.2d 608 [3d Dept.2004]). He consequently maintains that I erred in distinguishing a summons commencing an action from a subpoena for purposes of determining immunity from service. (NYSCEF 1024).
In response, plaintiff relies on AABCO Sheet Metal Co. v. Lincoln Ctr. for Performing Arts,in which the First Department upheld the denial of a motion to quash a subpoena served on a nonresident judgment debtor. (249 A.D.2d 39, 670 N.Y.S.2d 494 [1st Dept.1998], lv. dismissed92 N.Y.2d 876, 677 N.Y.S.2d 782, 700 N.E.2d 321). She maintains that there, the First Department distinguished between the service of a summons and the service of a subpoena when determining immunity, and alleges that Parnes mischaracterizes the holding in Matter of Niagara,as the Third Department neither referenced Bartwitznor addressed discovery subpoenas. (NYSCEF 1036).
II. DISCUSSION
It has long been held that one in attendance in court outside the jurisdiction of his residence “is immune from service of civil process while attending court.” (Thermoid Co. v. Fabel, 4 N.Y.2d 494, 499, 176 N.Y.S.2d 331, 151 N.E.2d 883 [1958]; Person v. Grier, 66 N.Y. 124 [1876]; AQ Asset Mgt. LLC v. Levine, 42 Misc.3d 971, 972, 979 N.Y.S.2d 773 [Sup.Ct., New York County 2014]; Merrill v. George,23 How. Prac. 331 [Sup.Ct., Gen.Term 1862]). The purpose of the rule “is to encourage voluntary attendance upon courts and to expedite the administration of justice.” ( Thermoid Co., 4 N.Y.2d at 499, 176 N.Y.S.2d 331, 151 N.E.2d 883[internal quotation marks omitted] ). A. Civil process
Civil process has been deemed to include the service of a subpoena. (See e.g., DuPont v. Bronston, 46 A.D.2d 369, 371, 362 N.Y.S.2d 471 [1st Dept.1974], overruled on other grounds AABCO Sheet Metal Co., 249 A.D.2d 39, 670 N.Y.S.2d 494[“A subpoena ad testificandumis process.”]; Matter of Majuri, 23 Misc.2d 353, 354, 195 N.Y.S.2d 986 [Sup.Ct., New York County 1960], affd.10 A.D.2d 611, 197 N.Y.S.2d 419 [1st Dept.], appeal denied7 N.Y.2d 710, 197 N.Y.S.2d 1027, 165 N.E.2d 583). Most case law addressing a nondomiciliary's immunity from service does not distinguish service of a subpoena from service of a summons, regardless of the result. (See e.g., Matter of Niagara Mohawk, 8 A.D.3d 935, 779 N.Y.S.2d 608; Matter of Robinson v. Stichman, 18 A.D.2d 449, 240 N.Y.S.2d 82 [1st Dept.1963]; Lawlor v. Roberts, 59 Misc.2d 589, 300 N.Y.S.2d 138 [Sup.Ct., Bronx County 1969], revd. on other grounds33 A.D.2d 542, 304 N.Y.S.2d 429 [1st Dept.][policy of immunity applies to service of subpoena to appear before grand jury] ). Moreover, in 1974, the First Department reiterated the observation of the Court of Appeals in Chase Natl. Bank v. Turner, 269 N.Y. 397, 400, 199 N.E. 636 (1936), that the case law reflected “a tendency not to restrict but to enlarge the right of privilege so as to afford full protection to parties and witnesses from all forms of civil process.” ' (DuPont, 46 A.D.2d at 371, 362 N.Y.S.2d 471).
AABCOis not to the contrary. There, a nondomiciliary judgment debtor, while in New York to testify in a case unrelated to the judgment against him, was served with a subpoena pursuant to CPLR 5224. (249 A.D.2d at 39, 670 N.Y.S.2d 494). Citing the dissent in DuPont, 46 A.D.2d 369, 362 N.Y.S.2d 471, the Court affirmed the motion court's denial of the judgment debtor's motion to quash the subpoena, distinguishing and overruling DuPontto the extent that it could “be read to hold that ... a CPLR 5224subpoena may not be served on a judgment debtor while voluntarily attending court in an unrelated proceeding.” (249 A.D.2d at 39–40, 670 N.Y.S.2d 494). The AABCOCourt thus did not distinguish between the service of a subpoena and the service of a summons.
By contrast, in Bartwitz,the court observed that because “the historical purpose of granting immunity was to encourage nondomiciliaries to participate in judicial proceedings in New York without possibility of being exposed to additional liabilities” (184 Misc.2d at 516–517, 708 N.Y.S.2d 590, citing Netograph Mfg. Co. v. Scrugham, 197 N.Y. 377, 380, 90 N.E. 962 [1910][“It is in furtherance of that policy and due administration of justice that suitors and witnesses from abroad are privileged from liability to other criminal and civil prosecution....”] ), compelling a nondomiciliary's testimony by subpoena, does not advance this policy (id.; see also Fund.com, Inc. v. Advisorshares Inv., LLC, 2014 N.Y. Slip Op. 33022[U], *1, 2014 WL 6629117 [Sup.Ct., New York County 2014][immunity “applies to the service of summonses and complaints, not subpoenas”] ). Although the Court in Netographreiterated the policy for granting immunity, it did not state that a nonparty nondomiciliary cannot be immune from being served with a subpoena. However, while the result in Matter of Niagara Mohawkindicates that a nondomiciliary served with a subpoena is immune from such service (8 A.D.3d 935, 779 N.Y.S.2d 608), the record on appeal reflects that the parties did not raise the issue raised here, and thus, it was not addressed by the Third Department. (Seebrief for petitioners- respondents, available at 2004 WL 5457436, *33–34).
Consequently, the weight of authority favors Parnes on this issue, especially given the interest in enlarging the privilege “so as to afford full protection to parties and witnesses from all forms of civil process.” (Chase National Bank, 269 N.Y. at 400, 199 N.E. 636). Given my finding here, I consider the other issues raised by the parties to the extent I did not in the September 8 decision.
B. Voluntary appearance
The Court in Thermoid Co.also held that a nondomiciliary seeking immunity must demonstrate that his appearance in the jurisdiction is voluntary, rather than under “compulsion of law.” (4 N.Y.2d at 498, 176 N.Y.S.2d 331, 151 N.E.2d 883). And in Moreo v. Regan,the Second Department added that a nondomiciliary seeking immunity must also demonstrate that there are “no available means of acquiring jurisdiction over [his or her] person other than personal service in New York.” (140 A.D.2d 313, 315, 527 N.Y.S.2d 547 [2d Dept.1988]; Brause 59 Co. v. Bridgemarket Assocs., 216 A.D.2d 200, 201, 628 N.Y.S.2d 660 [1st Dept.1995]).
As “[a] nonparty, nondomiciliary witness is clearly not subject to the subpoena power of the court,” the requirement that there be no other available means of acquiring jurisdiction over the nondomiciliary apparently applies only where the nondomiciliary is served here with a summons commencing an action, in which case, personal jurisdiction is required. (Zeeck v. Melina Taxi Co., 177 A.D.2d 692, 694, 576 N.Y.S.2d 878 [2d Dept.1991]; Cherfas v. Wolf, 20 Misc.3d 1118[A], 2008 N.Y. Slip Op. 51397[U], 2008 WL 2746740 [Sup.Ct., Kings County 2008][“Service of process, no matter how flawlessly executed, cannot by itself vest a court with jurisdiction over a non-domiciliary of New York state.”]; seeJudiciary Law § 2–b; Siegel, N.Y. Practice § 383 [5th ed. 2015]). In any event, there is no evidence that Parnes was validly served with the trial subpoena.
Consequently, this court cannot and need not obtain personal jurisdiction over Parnes, and resort to the Hague Convention, while enabling plaintiff to depose him, would not accomplish it. (See Société Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale v. United States Dist. Ct., 482 U.S. 522, 536, 107 S.Ct. 2542, 96 L.Ed.2d 461 [1987]; Bank of Tokyo–Mitsubishi, Ltd., New York Branch v. Kvaerner, 175 Misc.2d 408, 410, 671 N.Y.S.2d 902 [Sup.Ct., New York County 1998][purpose of Hague Convention methodology is to “facilitate discovery within foreign jurisdictions.”] ). For all of these reasons, Parnes's appearance at the deposition was voluntary as a matter of law. That plaintiff's counsel conceded it when serving him reflects nothing other than confusion about the legal standard. Parnes has also demonstrated that there are no available means of acquiring jurisdiction over him, notwithstanding a representation to the contrary made by Sagi's attorney at the deposition, when he stated that Parnes was present pursuant to the trial subpoena.
For the same reason, CPLR 302and 313are inapposite. (SeePatrick M. Connors, Practice Commentary, McKinney's Cons. Laws of N.Y., CPLR C3120:12 [longarm provisions of CPLR 302have no application to nonparty]; cf. Israel Discount Bank Ltd. v. P.S. Prods. Corp., 65 Misc.2d 1002, 1003–1004, 319 N.Y.S.2d 554 [Sup.Ct., Special Term, Part 1 1971][long-arm jurisdiction no basis for court's exercise of subpoena power] ).
And, absent any authority for the proposition that testifying at a deposition is not the kind of proceeding contemplated by the rule of immunity, I need not address plaintiff's contention in that regard. In any event, plaintiff's argument has no merit.
For all of these reasons, Parnes has established that he is entitled to immunity from service of the subpoena.
III. CONCLUSION
According, it is hereby
ORDERED, that pursuant to the court's own motion the order and decision dated September 8, 2015 referenced herein (NYSCEF 996), is hereby vacated and the April 16, 2015 subpoena duces tecum and ad testificandum is quashed; and it is further
ORDERED, that nonparty David A. Parnes's motion for an order staying the enforcement of the subpoena, or in the alternative, for an order staying discovery, is denied as moot.