Summary
dismissing minimum wage claim where plaintiff failed to include facts suggesting that the rounding policy resulted in unpaid wages or that the rounding policy resulted in systematic underpayment of wages
Summary of this case from Reyes v. Costco Wholesale Corp.Opinion
1:20-cv-01354-TLN-DB
11-13-2023
EVERARDO GARZA, JR., Plaintiff, v. WINCO HOLDINGS, INC., Defendant.
ORDER
TROY L. NUNLEY, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.
This matter is before the Court on Defendant WinCo Holdings, Inc.'s (“Defendant”) Motion to Dismiss. (ECF No. 26.) Plaintiff Everardo Garza, Jr. (“Plaintiff”) filed an opposition. (ECF No. 28.) Defendant filed a reply. (ECF No. 29.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS Defendant's motion.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
On August 21, 2020, Plaintiff filed this putative class action against Defendant - his former employer - in Stanislaus County Superior Court. (ECF No. 2 at 18.) Defendant removed to this Court on September 23, 2020. (Id. at 1.) On March 28, 2022, District Judge Jennifer L. Thurston denied Plaintiff's motion to remand and granted Defendant's motion to dismiss with leave to amend. (ECF No. 24.) On April 27, 2022, Plaintiff filed the operative First Amended Complaint (“FAC”), alleging state law claims for: (1) failure to pay minimum wages; (2) rest period violations; (3) failure to provide accurate itemized wage statements; (4) waiting time penalties; (5) unfair competition; and (6) civil penalties under California's Private Attorneys General Act. (ECF No. 25.) On May 11, 2022, Defendant filed the instant motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6). (ECF No. 26.) The matter was reassigned to this Court on October 9, 2023. (ECF No. 40.)
II. Standard of Law
A Rule 12(b)(6) motion tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). Rule 8(a) requires that a pleading contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677-78 (2009). Under notice pleading in federal court, the complaint must “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal citation and quotations omitted). “This simplified notice pleading standard relies on liberal discovery rules and summary judgment motions to define disputed facts and issues and to dispose of unmeritorious claims.” Swierkiewicz v. SoremaN.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 (2002).
On a motion to dismiss, the factual allegations of the complaint must be accepted as true. Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 (1972). A court must give the plaintiff the benefit of every reasonable inference to be drawn from the “well-pleaded” allegations of the complaint. Retail Clerks Int'lAss 'n v. Schermerhorn, 373 U.S. 746, 753 n.6 (1963). A plaintiff need not allege “‘specific facts' beyond those necessary to state his claim and the grounds showing entitlement to relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (internal citation omitted).
Nevertheless, a court “need not assume the truth of legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations.” U.S. ex rel. Chunie v. Ringrose, 788 F.2d 638, 643 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986). While Rule 8(a) does not require detailed factual allegations, “it demands more than an unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A pleading is insufficient if it offers mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Thus, “[c]onclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss” for failure to state a claim. Adams v. Johnson, 355 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). Moreover, it is inappropriate to assume the plaintiff “can prove facts that it has not alleged or that the defendants have violated the . . . laws in ways that have not been alleged.” Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983).
Ultimately, a court may not dismiss a complaint in which the plaintiff has alleged “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 680. While the plausibility requirement is not akin to a probability requirement, it demands more than “a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. at 678. This plausibility inquiry is “a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. Thus, only where a plaintiff fails to “nudge [his or her] claims . . . across the line from conceivable to plausible[,]” is the complaint properly dismissed. Id. at 680 (internal quotations omitted).
If a complaint fails to state a claim, “‘[a] district court should grant leave to amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.'” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995).
III. Analysis
Defendant moves to dismiss the FAC in its entirety. (ECF No. 26-1.) The Court will address each of Plaintiff's claims in turn.
A. Claim One
In Claim One, Plaintiff alleges minimum wage violations based on Defendant's “uniform and unlawful practice of rounding Plaintiff's and members of the Class's time entries and failing to pay Plaintiff and members of the Class for all off-the-clock work, which resulted in these individuals not being paid for all hours actually worked.” (ECF No. 25 at 11.) More specifically, Plaintiff alleges Defendant has a consistent policy of rounding his and other non-exempt employees' time entries to the nearest 15 minutes. (Id. at 5.)
In moving to dismiss, Defendant argues numerous cases have affirmed the legality of rounding to the “nearest quarter hour” where the rounding policy is neutral on its face and as applied over time. (ECF No. 26-1 at 8 (citing Corbin v. Time Warner Entertainment-Advance/Newhouse P'ship, 821 F.3d 1069, 1077 (9th Cir. 2016).) Defendant also argues Plaintiff failed to address specific deficiencies the Court identified in its prior order dismissing this claim, including that Plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating there was at least one workweek or one specific instance in which Defendant violated Plaintiff's rights under Landers v. Quality Commc'ns, Inc., 771 F.3d 638 (9th Cir. 2014). (Id. at 9.)
In opposition, Plaintiff cites the following allegations from the FAC: (1) During each workweek of the liability period, Plaintiff and other non-exempt employees typically worked in one of three shifts during their employment: the day shift from 4:00 am to 12:30 pm; the graveyard shift from 8:00 pm to 4:00 am; or the swing shift from 12:30 pm to 8:00 pm (ECF No. 25 at ¶ 12); (2) Defendant had a consistent policy of rounding Plaintiff's and other non-exempt employees' time entries to the nearest 15 minutes (id. at ¶ 13); and (3) Plaintiff provides a hypothetical example of how the rounding policy could result in underpayment of wages (id.). Without citing any authority, Plaintiff contends these allegations give rise to an inference that Defendant's rounding practices were not neutral and resulted in an underpayment to employees over time. (ECF No. 28 at 14.) In addition, Plaintiff cites allegations that Defendant required employees to line up before their scheduled shift to support his claim that employees were not compensated for off-the-clock work. (Id. at 15 (citing ECF No. 25 at ¶ 12).)
The Court agrees with Defendant. In Landers, the Ninth Circuit held that in pleading a claim for failure to pay minimum wages, “the plaintiff must allege at least one workweek when he worked in excess of forty hours and was not paid for the excess hours in that workweek or was not paid minimum wages.” 771 F.3d at 646. The allegations Plaintiff cites in his opposition are vague, conclusory, and generic. Plaintiff's allegations do not contain facts suggesting that Defendant's rounding policy resulted in unpaid wages to Plaintiff on a specific occasion or that the rounding policy resulted in systematic underpayment of wages. Moreover, Plaintiff fails to cite an instance where Defendant required him to work off-the-clock without compensation. In fact, Plaintiff fails to cite - and the Court cannot locate - any factual allegations in the FAC indicating the relevant period of Plaintiff's employment, much less facts about a given week or specific instance “in which he was entitled to but denied minimum wages” as required by Landers . 771 F.3d at 645-46.
Plaintiff spends much of his opposition arguing that Landers did not create a heightened pleading standard and that district courts in the Ninth Circuit apply Landers differently. (ECF No. 28 at 10-12.) This Court has applied Landers in a manner consistent with Defendant's position. See, e.g., Dutra v. J.R. Simplot Co., No. 2:21-CV-01054-TLN-CKD, 2023 WL 113846, at *3-4 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 5, 2023). Plaintiff fails to persuade the Court that the relevant case law or facts at issue here warrant a different result.
Absent sufficient argument or authority from Plaintiff, the Court remains persuaded by the cases discussed in its previous order that dismissed similar claims. See, e.g., Castanon v. Winco Holdings, Inc., No. 2:20-CV-01656-MCE-EFB, 2021 WL 4480846, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 30, 2021) (dismissing a claim that Winco improperly rounded time because the plaintiff failed to provide “detail regarding a given workweek” that she was underpaid and “offer[ed] no explanation as to how any rounding employed would not have been employed in a neutral fashion so as [to] favor Winco over the interests of its employees”). However, the Court notes the Castanon court found the plaintiff was able to cure the deficiencies in an amended pleading by providing more specific detail. Castanon v. Winco Holdings, Inc., No. 2:20-CV-01656-MCE-JDP, 2022 WL 3636404, at *4-5 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 23, 2022).
Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant's motion to dismiss Claim One. Although the Court outlined many of these same deficiencies in its prior order, the Court will give Plaintiff one final opportunity to amend this claim based on the liberal standard in favor of granting leave to amend. See Morongo Band of Mission Indians v. Rose, 893 F.2d 1074, 1079 (9th Cir. 1990) (stating the standard of granting leave to amend “is to be applied with extreme liberality”).
Without citing any authority, Plaintiff requests the Court allow him to engage in limited discovery “to obtain his employment records and relevant policies applicable during his employment which remain within the exclusive and unique possession, custody, and control of Defendant.” (ECF No. 28 at 21.) Plaintiff fails to persuade the Court that limited discovery is necessary or proper under these circumstances. Therefore, the Court DENIES Plaintiff's request.
B. Claim Two
In Claim Two, Plaintiff alleges “[d]ue to their unlawful rest period policy and practices as stated above, Defendants did not authorize and permit Plaintiffs and members of the Classes to take any rest periods to which they were legally entitled.” (ECF No. 25 at 12.) Plaintiff provides the following three examples. (Id. at 6.)
First, Plaintiff alleges non-exempt employees processing inbound shipments were required to wait for contracted “lumpers” to unload freight from Defendant's truck trailers. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges the lumpers often ran behind schedule, causing Plaintiff and other non-exempt employees to work on a compressed schedule and to forgo rest periods. (Id.)
Second, Plaintiff alleges Defendants required Plaintiff and other non-exempt employees to use headsets equipped with voice solution technology to help them locate and pick out items ready for shipment. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges the headsets would often malfunction, thus causing a delay in processing orders for shipment that required Plaintiff and other non-exempt employees to work during their rest periods. (Id.)
Third, Plaintiff alleges Defendant did not allow him and other non-exempt employees to take rest periods at their workstations but instead required them to use the breakroom or exit the facility. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges employees would often have to travel across the large warehouse before they reached the breakroom or could exit the facility to start a rest period. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that as a result, the employees' rest periods were often less than ten minutes. (Id. at 7.)
In moving to dismiss, Defendant argues Plaintiff's general allegations about a heavy workload are insufficient to state a claim for the same reasons discussed in the Court's prior order. (ECF No. 26-1 at 10-11.) Defendant emphasizes the FAC fails to describe a single instance where Defendant denied Plaintiff or anyone else sufficient rest breaks. (Id. at 11.) Defendant also argues Plaintiff's allegations about employees not being allowed to take rest periods at their workstations does not state a viable rest period claim under recent Ninth Circuit authority. (Id. at 13 (citing Cazares v. HostInt'l, Inc., No. 20-55803, 2021 WL 3667227, at *3 (9th Cir. Aug. 18, 2021).)
The Court again agrees with Defendant. “The requirement in Landers that a plaintiff must plead a specific instance of alleged wage and hour violations also applies to claims about missed meal and rest periods.” Guerrero v. Halliburton Energy Servs., Inc., No. 1:16-CV-1300-LJO-JLT, 2016 WL 6494296, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 2, 2016). Although Plaintiff argues courts have found viable rest period claims under similar circumstances to the instant case, Plaintiff does not allege a single specific rest break where he worked through the break and was not paid for that time, nor does he allege a specific instance where Defendant failed to provide him a rest break. Id.; see also Perez v. DNC Parks & Resorts at Asilomar, Inc., No. 1:19-CV-00484-DAD-SAB, 2022 WL 411422, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2022) (holding the plaintiffs adequately alleged rest period claims where they alleged their employer had policies controlling where rest breaks can be taken and specific instances where rest breaks were not fully taken).
Therefore, the Court GRANTS Defendant's motion to dismiss Claim Two. As with Claim One, the Court will give Plaintiff one final opportunity to amend this claim.
C. Claims Three Through Six
For the same reasons discussed in its prior order and absent argument from Plaintiff to the contrary, the Court again finds that Plaintiff's remaining claims are all derivative of his minimum wage and rest period claims, and thus fail for the reasons stated above. (See ECF No. 24 at 2526.) Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES the derivative claims.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant's Motion to Dismiss with leave to amend. (ECF No. 26.) Plaintiff may file an amended complaint not later than thirty (30) days from the electronic filing date of this Order. Defendant shall file a responsive pleading not later than twenty-one (21) days from the filing of the amended complaint. If Plaintiff opts not to file an amended complaint, the Court will dismiss the action and close the case.
IT IS SO ORDERED.