Summary
In Gantt v. State, 99 Md. App. 100, 635 A.2d 97, (1994), the appellant sought to modify his sentence more than ninety days after it was imposed based on an alleged "irregularity," id. at 101, 635 A.2d 97, and the Court was called upon to define the term "irregularity," as used in Rule 4-345.
Summary of this case from Minger v. StateOpinion
No. 718, September Term, 1993.
January 7, 1994.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Baltimore City, John N. Prevas, J.
Arthur A. DeLano, Jr., Asst. Public Defender (Stephen E. Harris, Public Defender, on the brief), Baltimore, for appellant.
Tarra DeShields-Minnis, Asst. Atty. Gen. (J. Joseph Curran, Jr., Atty. Gen. and Stuart O. Simms, State's Atty. for Baltimore City, on the brief), Baltimore, for appellee.
Argued before MOYLAN, ALPERT and DAVIS, JJ.
The question posed on this appeal is whether the trial court can modify a sentence more than ninety days after its imposition where the sentence was to run consecutively to a federal sentence that the defendant was serving on parole and the parole was not revoked as the court had anticipated.
FACTS and PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Appellant, Andre A. Gantt, is no stranger to this Court. On March 22-23, 1989 appellant was tried by a jury in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City and convicted of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. At the time of appellant's conviction, he was on parole from a federal sentence and a federal parole revocation warrant had been issued. On April 26, 1989 appellant was sentenced to "fifteen years to the Department of Corrections consecutive to any sentence to be served on the federal parole violation." This sentence was appealed, and we affirmed. Gantt v. State, 81 Md. App. 653, 569 A.2d 220 (1990).
For unknown reasons, on April 1, 1993 the federal parole revocation warrant was withdrawn. On May 17, 1993 the State filed a petition for modification of sentence, alleging that appellant's sentence was an "irregularity" within the meaning of Rule 4-345 because the sentence was posited on the incorrect assumption that appellant's parole would be revoked. Revocation not having occurred, the State argued that it would be "irregular" to permit appellant to remain on parole until his federal sentence ended in 2001 and then be incarcerated for his Maryland conviction. Appellant argued that this very issue was addressed and decided in Gantt when this Court upheld appellant's sentence. The court (Prevas, J.) disagreed and on June 9, 1993 modified appellant's sentence to run concurrently with his federal sentence.
SENTENCING — REVISORY POWER OF COURT
(a) Illegal Sentence
(b) Modification or Reduction — Time for
On May 21, 1993 appellant filed a petition for writ of Habeas Corpus, alleging that he was illegally confined. The petition was denied without a hearing on June 16, 1993.
Appellant's federal sentence is not part of the record, and from his brief it is uncertain as to whether his federal sentence expires February 5, 2000 or 2001.
LEGAL ANALYSIS
The holding of Gantt is crucial to resolution of this case. Appellant appealed his sentence, contending that it was illegal because it was consecutive to a sentence not in esse. Appellant argued that the mere possibility that the parole commission may revoke his parole and require him to serve the remaining sentence was not concrete enough to be a sentence in esse.
We rejected appellant's argument and held that a person who is on parole is serving his or her sentence outside the prison walls. "Thus, a judge sentencing a parolee on a subsequent offense may make that subsequent sentence consecutive to the sentence the parolee is serving, i.e., the sentence from which he is on parole." Gantt, 81 Md. App. at 660-61, 569 A.2d 220. We explained that parole is merely an administrative act "concerned primarily with removing a person from within the walls of prison, to serve his sentence elsewhere, or to return him behind the walls upon the violation of the administrative conditions of parole." Id. at 660, 569 A.2d 220. Parole is not a sentencing by a judge. In essence, we understood appellant's sentence of "fifteen years . . . consecutive to any sentence to be served on the federal parole violation" as the functional equivalent of "fifteen years consecutive to your current sentencing for which you are perforce serving parole." We reasoned that a convicted person on parole is still serving his/her sentence, just in different form. A parole violator may or may not be returned to jail; nonetheless, the sentence term continues uninterrupted.
As important as what we held in Gantt is what we refused to hold — that appellant's sentence was illegal for failure of a prior sentence in esse. Having found that a sentence that a convict is serving on parole is in esse, we were quick to realize the unfortunate and grave implications of our holding. If a sentence is consecutive to a sentence of another jurisdiction, which the convict is serving, the other jurisdiction is not bound by our sentence to revoke parole. As a result, an anomalous situation may arise where a convict is free from physical restraint until his foreign sentence runs out.
In State v. Parker, 93 Md. App. 597, 613 A.2d 1020 (1992), cert. granted, 329 Md. 338, 619 A.2d 547 (1993), we were faced with a closely related situation. Parker was formally charged with murder and related offenses arising from an incident in Maryland and was also facing unrelated federal charges for a bank robbery. Parker chose to plead guilty to both state and federal charges. Parker pled guilty to one count of bank robbery in federal court and accepted a sentence of twenty years in federal prison. The prosecution, in turn, bound itself to a recommendation that Parker not receive more than a twenty year prison term for his Maryland charges and recommended that his Maryland sentence run concurrent to his federal sentence.
Nearly seven years after his Maryland sentencing, Parker was paroled from federal prison and remanded to the custody of the Maryland Division of Corrections to complete the balance of his Maryland sentence. A post-conviction hearing was held, and the hearing court granted Parker's motion for release from the custody of the Division of Corrections. The State appealed. Applying Gantt, we affirmed the post-conviction court because Parker's sentence was concurrent to his federal sentence that had not yet ended. Parker's parole from federal prison did not terminate his federal sentence. Thus, Parker remained free from physical restraint.
As irony would have it, Gantt portended the case sub judice. The law of Gantt, for better or for worse, answered affirmatively the question of whether appellant's sentence was legal. The interrogative left unanswered, in express terms, was whether our courts have the remedial power to amend a consecutive sentence that would permit a convict to remain free from physical restraint on parole from the federal jurisdiction. More precisely, is this situation an "irregularity" within the meaning of Rule 4-345? We do not find that appellant's sentence is an irregularity.
Determination of what constitutes an irregularity in the context of Rule 4-345 has not heretofore been addressed. Irregularity has been addressed in the context of Rule 2-535(b) and § 6-408 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article of the Maryland Annotated Code (CJ), both of which address the trial court's power to revise an enrolled judgment. In the context of judgments, it is well settled that an "irregularity" is "the doing or not doing of that, in the conduct of a suit at law, which, conformable to the practice of the court, ought or ought not to be done." Autobahn Motors, Inc. v. Mayor of Baltimore, 321 Md. 558, 562, 583 A.2d 731 (1991), quoting Weitz v. MacKenzie, 273 Md. 628, 631, 331 A.2d 291 (1975); see also Hughes v. Beltway Homes, Inc., 276 Md. 382, 388, 347 A.2d 837 (1975); Berwyn Fuel Feed Co. v. Kolb, 249 Md. 475, 479, 240 A.2d 239 (1968). Moreover, irregularity as a ground for revising an enrolled judgment usually contemplates an irregularity of process or procedure but "not an error, which in legal parlance, generally connotes a departure from truth or accuracy of which a defendant had notice and could have challenged." Autobahn, 321 Md. at 562-63, 583 A.2d 731.
We discern no reason to find that the term "irregular," as drafted in Rule 4-345, was intended to be broader than that of Rule 2-535 or CJ, § 6-408. The State has not alleged any error of process or procedure. In addition, our reading of Gantt and Parker leads us to the conclusion that appellant's sentence was not otherwise irregular. The result was certainly not desired, but it was a result clearly prophesied by this Court in Gantt and upheld in Parker. Admittedly, the question of sentence modification was not addressed in Gantt or Parker; however, these cases have established a standard and practice by which to measure an alleged irregularity. In Gantt we upheld this very sentence, and in Parker we permitted a Maryland convict to remain free from restraint because his sentence was concurrent to a federal sentence that he was serving on parole.
Control over a sentence in futuro is probably better effectuated by retention of the revisory power of the trial court via a motion for modification or reduction of sentence under Md. Rule 4-345, filed within ninety days of imposition of sentence, but not acted upon. See, infra, n. 1. Alternatively, under limited circumstances, the specific starting date may be indicated, thereby removing the happening of an uncertain event as a precondition.
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY REVERSED, AND CASE REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.
COSTS TO BE PAID BY MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE.