Opinion
A94A2546.
DECIDED FEBRUARY 10, 1995. RECONSIDERATION DENIED FEBRUARY 23, 1995.
Action on policy. Wheeler Superior Court. Before Judge Lawson.
Jones, Hilburn, Claxton Sanders, James V. Hilburn, for appellant.
W. McMillan Walker, Sarah M. Tipton-Downie, E. Herman Warnock, George L. French, for appellees.
On May 31, 1990, Edward Rix was driving a tractor owned by Ray West when he collided with a car driven by Delana Kilgore and owned by Fred Kilgore. Southern General Insurance Company, which had issued an insurance policy for West's tractor, filed a declaratory judgment action, claiming the policy did not cover the accident. The defendants named in that action included West and Rix, the Kilgores and their uninsured motorist carrier, Georgia Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company (GFB). On February 15, 1991, the Kilgores filed a cross-claim against West and Rix, seeking recovery for alleged personal injuries to Delana Kilgore and property damage to Fred Kilgore's car. Thereafter, the trial court granted summary judgment to Southern General on its declaratory judgment action, and this court affirmed that judgment. Kilgore v. Southern Gen. Ins. Co., 210 Ga. App. 434 ( 436 S.E.2d 547) (1993). On May 15, 1992, the day after the trial court's grant of summary judgment to Southern General, the Kilgores obtained a duplicate original of the cross-claim and summons from the trial court clerk, and mailed those documents to the sheriff for service on GFB. The sheriff did not perfect service until June 2, 1992, because GFB's registered agent was out of the country until that date. GFB moved to dismiss the cross-claim based on untimely service of process. The trial court denied the motion, finding that diligence in serving a defendant with notice of a lawsuit is measured from the time the statute of limitation runs and that the Kilgores exercised sufficient diligence in serving GFB with the cross-claim. GFB appeals.
GFB correctly asserts that as the Kilgores' uninsured motorist carrier it was entitled to be served with notice of the Kilgores' cross-claim as if it were the defendant named in that claim. See OCGA § 33-7-11 (d); Capra v. Rogers, 200 Ga. App. 131, 135 (4) ( 407 S.E.2d 101) (1991). GFB also is correct in noting the trial court erroneously stated that diligence in serving a defendant with notice of a lawsuit is measured from the time the statute of limitation runs. The trial court made this misstatement in reliance on Hobbs v. Arthur, 209 Ga. App. 855 ( 434 S.E.2d 748) (1993), which has now been overruled and, unlike the instant case, involved a renewal action under OCGA § 9-2-61. Hobbs v. Arthur, 264 Ga. 359 ( 444 S.E.2d 322) (1994). The trial court apparently relied on the following language from this court's opinion in that case: "The diligence in serving a defendant with notice of the lawsuit must be measured from the time the statute would otherwise have run, because up to that time, no diligence need be shown. But beyond that time, good reason must appear for tolling the statute." Hobbs v. Arthur, 209 Ga. App. 855 at 857 (2).
This language is correct to the extent it conveys the concept that if a complaint is both filed and served before the expiration of the statute of limitation, there is no issue of the plaintiff's diligence in serving process, regardless of the length of time between filing and service. Under those circumstances, diligence is irrelevant to the matter of service. "When service is to be made within this state, the person making such service shall make the service within five days from the time of receiving the summons and complaint; but failure to make service within the five-day period will not invalidate a later service." (Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 9-11-4 (c). A lawsuit is a valid pending action upon which the plaintiff can proceed if service, though late, has been perfected before the running of the statute of limitation. Childs v. Catlin, 134 Ga. App. 778, 781 ( 216 S.E.2d 360) (1975); Hilton v. Maddox, Bishop c., 125 Ga. App. 423, 427 (1) ( 188 S.E.2d 167) (1972).
If, however, service is perfected after the statute of limitation expires, the plaintiff's diligence in perfecting service is not, as the trial court ruled, measured only from the date the statute ran; rather, the correct rule is to measure diligence from the date the complaint was filed to determine if the untimely service of process should relate back to the timely filed complaint and thereby toll the statute of limitation. See generally Nee v. Dixon, 199 Ga. App. 729, 730 ( 405 S.E.2d 766) (1991). "Where the statute of limitation accrues between the date of filing and the date of service, whether or not it relates back if the service is more than five days after the filing depends on the length of time and the diligence used by the plaintiff. This rule has previously been applied by this court with respect to service against uninsured motorist carriers." (Citations, punctuation and emphasis omitted.) Williams v. Colonial Ins. Co. of California, 199 Ga. App. 760 ( 406 S.E.2d 99) (1991).
In the instant case, OCGA § 9-3-31 provides the four-year statute of limitation applicable to the cross-claim for property damage to Fred Kilgore's car and OCGA § 9-3-33 sets forth the two-year statute of limitation governing Delana Kilgore's personal injury claim. The Kilgores filed and served their cross-claim on GFB prior to May 31, 1994, the expiration date for the statute of limitation applicable to the property damage claim. See generally Davis v. DESA Intl., 209 Ga. App. 318 ( 433 S.E.2d 410) (1993). Accordingly, the trial court committed no error in denying GFB's motion to dismiss that portion of the cross-claim. See Smith v. Griggs, 164 Ga. App. 15, 18 (2) ( 296 S.E.2d 87) (1982); Webb v. Murphy, 142 Ga. App. 649, 650 ( 236 S.E.2d 840) (1977).
Delana Kilgore's cross-claim for personal injuries was filed before, but not served on GFB until two days after, the running of the applicable two-year statute of limitation. See generally Davis, supra. Kilgore did not attempt to serve GFB with the cross-claim until 15 months after filing it, when the trial court granted summary judgment to Southern General. Kilgore argues she was justified in allowing this 15 months to elapse before serving her uninsured motorist carrier with the claim because until the court granted summary judgment to Southern General, Rix and West were not uninsured. This argument has previously been rejected. See Bohannon v. Futrell, 189 Ga. App. 340, 341-342 (1) ( 375 S.E.2d 637) (1988).
Nevertheless, although Kilgore's delay of 15 months was not diligent, she had the option, as previously discussed, to try to accomplish both filing and service any time before the expiration of the statute of limitation, regardless of the amount of time elapsed between filing and service. See OCGA § 9-11-4 (c); Childs, supra; Hilton, supra. It is undisputed that Kilgore provided the sheriff with the necessary documents for service on GFB more than two weeks before the expiration of the statute. Kilgore's attorney then contacted the sheriff twice prior to the statute's expiration to determine if service had been perfected and to ask that service be expedited. The sheriff, however, was unable to perfect service until two days after the statute ran because GFB's registered agent was out of the country. Under these circumstances, the trial court was authorized to conclude the sheriff's failure to serve GFB before the statute ran was not due to lack of diligence by Kilgore, but was due to the registered agent's unavailability; had he been available, the sheriff could have served him before the statute ran. See Douglas v. Woon, 205 Ga. App. 355, 356-357 (1) ( 422 S.E.2d 61) (1992); Scoggins v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 156 Ga. App. 408 ( 274 S.E.2d 775) (1980). Because the court did not abuse its discretion, the denial of GFB's motion to dismiss cannot be disturbed. See Peoples v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 211 Ga. App. 55, 57 ( 438 S.E.2d 167) (1993); Shears v. Harris, 196 Ga. App. 61, 62 ( 395 S.E.2d 300) (1990); compare Johnson v. Shield Ins. Co., 189 Ga. App. 333 ( 375 S.E.2d 510) (1988).
Judgment affirmed. Beasley, C. J., and Andrews, J., concur.