No. 14-09-00442-CR
Memorandum Opinion filed May 18, 2010. DO NOT PUBLISH — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
On Appeal from the 262nd District Court Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 1188192.
Panel consists of Chief Justice HEDGES and Justices YATES and BOYCE.
WILLIAM J. BOYCE, Justice.
Appellant Daines Lorell Franklin challenges his conviction for possession of a controlled substance. After a jury trial, the jury found appellant guilty, and the trial court assessed punishment at confinement for 35 years. Appellant appeals contending that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence. We affirm.
Background
Around 11:30 p.m. on October 18, 2008, Houston Police Department Officers Juventino Castro and Jason Zielonka observed two people inside a parked vehicle near a building with a "No Trespassing" sign in the Branch Village Apartment complex. Branch Village Apartments is located in a high-crime area with known gang and narcotics activity, and has filed a trespass affidavit with the City of Houston. Such an affidavit permits officers to enter the property and patrol for trespassers. Castro and Zielonka parked their vehicle behind the parked vehicle and approached. As they were approaching the vehicle, they smelled the odor of marijuana coming from the vehicle. Zielonka also observed appellant, who was sitting in the front passenger seat of the vehicle, "making movements towards the bottom [of the vehicle] as [if] trying to conceal something." Zielonka ordered appellant to exit the vehicle and handcuffed him. The officers recovered a vanilla extract bottle containing 24.4 grams of Phencyclidine from underneath the front passenger seat of the vehicle. Appellant was indicted for the offense of possession of a controlled substance on December 2, 2008. Appellant filed a Motion to Suppress Evidence on February 4, 2009. The trial court held a hearing and denied appellant's motion to suppress on May 11, 2009. After a jury trial, the jury found appellant guilty as charged. Appellant pleaded "true" to two enhancement paragraphs alleging that appellant previously had been convicted of aggravated assault and delivery of a controlled substance, and the trial court assessed punishment at confinement for 35 years. Analysis
In his sole issue on appeal, appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. Appellant filed a motion to suppress alleging that the officers' search of the vehicle was unconstitutional because the officers searched the vehicle without consent. At the hearing on appellant's motion to suppress, appellant's trial counsel argued that appellant "was an invited guest of a resident [of Branch Village Apartments] . . . [therefore,] the probable cause [to search the vehicle] based on trespass is not valid." On appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because the officers "basically skipped over any encounter and plainly detained [appellant]" without reasonable suspicion "when they pulled behind the parked vehicle." As a threshold matter, the State argues that appellant failed to preserve this issue for appeal because "[a]ppellant never objected to the admission of the contraband on the grounds that the police had skipped over a consensual encounter and unlawfully detained appellant." A party must preserve error for appeal by a proper objection and an adverse ruling on that objection. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Tex. R. Evid. 103(a). Arguments on appeal must comport with the objection at trial or the error is waived. Dixon v. State, 2 S.W.3d 263, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (en banc); Broxton v. State, 909 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (en banc) (to preserve error for appellate review, complaint on appeal must comport with objection at trial, and objection stating one legal theory may not be used to support a different legal theory on appeal). Appellant's argument on appeal does not comport with his motion to suppress or any other objection at trial. Therefore, the claimed error is waived. Dixon, 2 S.W.3d at 273; Broxton, 909 S.W.2d at 918. In any event, appellant's complaint would provide no basis for reversal even if it had been preserved. We review a trial court's denial of a motion to suppress for abuse of discretion. Oles v. State, 993 S.W.2d 103, 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); State v. Vasquez, 230 S.W.3d 744, 747 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court's decision is so clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Cantu v. State, 842 S.W.2d 667, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (en banc). We review the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling. Gutierrez v. State, 221 S.W.3d 680, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The trial court is the exclusive factfinder and judge of the credibility of the witnesses. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (en banc); Turner v. State, 252 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref'd). We afford almost total deference to the trial court's determination of historical facts supported by the record, especially when the trial court's findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. See Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (en banc). We afford the same amount of deference to the trial court's ruling on mixed questions of law and fact if the resolution of these questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Id. We review questions not turning on credibility and demeanor de novo. Id. If the trial court's decision is correct under any theory of law applicable to the case, the decision will be sustained. Estrada v. State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). A police officer's interaction with a citizen can be classified as an encounter, detention, or seizure. See Citizen v. State, 39 S.W.3d 367, 370 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.). Encounters occur when police officers approach an individual in public to ask questions. Id. Encounters do not require any justification whatsoever on the part of an officer. Id. (citing U.S v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 555 (1980)). An investigative detention is a confrontation of a citizen by law enforcement officers wherein a citizen yields to a display of authority and is temporarily detained for purposes of an investigation. Johnson v. State, 912 S.W.2d 227, 235 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (en banc). An investigative detention is permitted if it is supported by reasonable suspicion. Citizen, 39 S.W.3d at 370; see also Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968). Reasonable suspicion is a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the person is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity. Citizen, 39 S.W.3d at 370 (citing Crockett v. State, 803 S.W.2d 308, 311 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (en banc)). A determination of whether the police interaction is an encounter, detention, or seizure is assessed by looking at the totality of the circumstances. See Hunter v. State, 955 S.W.2d 102, 104 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (en banc). Appellant argues he was detained by the officers because "[t]heir patrol car essentially blocked [appellant's] vehicle from being able to drive off." In State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008), the Court of Criminal Appeals listed a number of factors for courts to consider when determining whether a detention occurred. One of the factors the court listed was whether police officers "boxed in" the suspect's vehicle, and thereby prevented him from voluntarily leaving. Id. The court noted that whether police officers "boxed in" the suspect's vehicle is a significant factor in determining whether a detention has occurred: "Most courts have held that when an officer `boxes in' a car to prevent its voluntary departure, this conduct constitutes a Fourth Amendment seizure." Id. at 246 n. 44. The court distinguished situations in which police officers only partially block the suspect's vehicle, merely making it somewhat inconvenient for the suspect to leave voluntarily. Id. When an officer partially blocks a suspect's vehicle, "such action is not necessarily, by itself, sufficient to constitute a Fourth Amendment detention." Id. Castro testified that they parked "beside [appellant's] vehicle, kind of like directly behind it[.]" There is no evidence that appellant's vehicle was "boxed in," preventing appellant from voluntarily leaving. The mere presence of a police vehicle in proximity to a motorist is not a Fourth Amendment seizure. See Brock v. State, No. 14-06-00128-CR, 2007 WL 2367262, at *2 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] August 21, 2007, pet. ref'd) (citing Beasley v. State, 674 S.W.2d 762 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982)). Conclusion
We affirm the trial court's judgment.