Opinion
No. 14-16211
06-29-2016
SABINA CAROL FRANCOIS, Plaintiff - Appellant, v. JEH JOHNSON, Secretary of Homeland Security; et al., Defendants - Appellees.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
D.C. No. 2:13-cv-01964-PGR MEMORANDUM Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona
Paul G. Rosenblatt, Senior District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted May 10, 2016 San Francisco, California Before: NOONAN, WARDLAW, and PAEZ, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Sabina Francois appeals the district court's order dismissing her case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), and in the alternative, for failure to state a claim, Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm the district court's dismissal of Francois' complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
We review de novo the denial of mandamus relief, dismissal for failure to exhaust administrative remedies, dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and dismissal for failure to state a claim. Kahle v. Gonzales, 487 F.3d 697, 699 (9th Cir. 2007); Kildare v. Saenz, 325 F.3d 1078, 1082 (9th Cir. 2003). 1. The district court did not err in concluding that the REAL ID Act operated retroactively to strip the district court of jurisdiction to consider Francois' claims. Although Francois has attempted to frame her claims as an affirmative request for mandamus and declaratory relief, at bottom, she challenges the government's denial of discretionary relief within the meaning of 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i). Consequently, Section 1252's jurisdictional provisions bar the district court from exercising jurisdiction over Francois' complaint.
We have held that in some circumstances, approval of an I-130 spousal visa petition is nondiscretionary, and thus subject to Article III review. Ching v. Mayorkas, 725 F.3d 1149, 1155-56 (9th Cir. 2013). Nonetheless, we have held that denial of an adjustment application (Form I-485) may be discretionary or nondiscretionary depending on the facts underlying the denial. Hassan v. Chertoff, 593 F.3d 785, 787 (9th Cir. 2008). Regardless of the discretionary or nondiscretionary nature of the underlying agency action, in all cases, we retain jurisdiction to review questions of law and constitutional claims. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D); Carillo de Palacios v. Holder, 708 F.3d 1066, 1069 (9th Cir. 2013).
Even if the REAL ID Act did not apply to Francois' complaint, however, Francois' claims are inextricably intertwined with underlying removal proceedings before the immigration court. When the agency adjudicated Francois' application, all versions of the Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA) in force at that time contained a "zippering" provision that required petitioners to challenge the denial of relief "ancillary to an application for permanent residency" in a petition for the court of appeals' review of final removal orders. Jaa v. U.S. Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., 779 F.2d 569, 571 (9th Cir. 1986); see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) (2000); 8 U.S.C. §§ 1105a(a) & 1329 (1994); Singh v. Holder, 638 F.3d 1196, 1210 (9th Cir. 2011); Morales-Izquierdo v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 600 F.3d 1076, 1085 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc), overruled in part on other grounds by Garfias-Rodriguez v. Holder, 702 F.3d 504 (9th Cir. 2012) (en banc). Although Francois is not yet subject to a final order of removal, under the specific facts of this case, the denial of Francois' adjustment application will not be ripe for judicial review until removal proceedings conclude before the agency.
We note that those proceedings have been administratively closed pending resolution of this case. --------
Thus, under any relevant iteration of the INA, the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Francois' complaint. 2. Because we affirm the dismissal of Francois' complaint on subject matter jurisdiction grounds, we need not reach the merits of Francois' requests for mandamus and declaratory relief. Accordingly, we vacate the district court's Rule 12(b)(6) determinations and dismiss Francois' case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
AFFIRMED.