Opinion
November 28, 1924.
Appeal from Supreme Court of New York County.
Stoll Lawrence [ Douglass C. Lawrence of counsel; Erastus J. Parsons with him on the brief], for the appellant.
Rumsey Morgan [ Louis J. Wolff of counsel; David Rumsey with him on the brief], for the respondent.
The action is brought to recover from the defendant a portion of taxes paid by the plaintiff, upon the allegation that plaintiff and defendant, as well as other insurance companies, were under the management of O.G. Orr Co., Inc., "which acted as agent and/or manager of each of said companies for the purpose of transacting a marine insurance business."
The complaint then further alleges: "That in the course of said business, risks were accepted by the said O.G. Orr Co., Inc., in the name of individual companies and agreed portions thereof were ceded to the other companies, specifically or on a certain fixed percentage basis, each receiving its proportion of premiums and paying its agreed proportion of any losses and of the expenses incident to the transaction of the said business.
"That the practice of the management was then and had always been to apportion the expenses incident to the transaction of said business annually on the basis of the percentage that the net premiums received by each company under said management bore to the entire premiums received by all the companies under said management."
It is then alleged that in the course of the business plaintiff was compelled to pay out certain State taxes on the business transacted in its name, which constituted a part of the expenses incidental to said business, portions of which were refunded to plaintiff by the various other companies under the single management, with the exception of the defendant; that plaintiff was compelled to and did advance for the account of the defendant the sum of $9,020.67, representing the share of State taxes chargeable to the defendant, as aforesaid, for which judgment is demanded.
The plaintiff asks us to draw from the facts alleged the implication that the payment was made for the use and benefit of the defendant. No facts giving rise to such an implication are present. The statement that "the plaintiff was compelled to and did advance for and on account of the defendant the sum of $9,020.67" is a mere conclusion. It further appears that what the plaintiff paid was its own direct and primary obligation which it had to pay. No obligation of the defendant to reimburse the plaintiff for such payment is shown. There is no allegation that any of plaintiff's business upon which the taxes in question were paid by it was ceded to the defendant under the aforesaid management of O.G. Orr Co., Inc. While the complaint alleges that the defendant has paid its share of the expenses incident to the transaction of said business, with the exception of its proportion of the item of State taxes, no obligation on the part of the defendant to make said payments is shown, and it does not follow that an obligation to pay a portion of the State taxes on plaintiff's business can be predicated upon a bare allegation of payment by the defendant of other and different items. In so far as the claim may rest upon the alleged custom or practice of the management, there is no allegation that such custom was general or that the defendant had knowledge of the same. As was said in Harris v. Tumbridge ( 83 N.Y. 92, 100): "A custom or usage which binds the parties to a contract does so only upon the principle either that they have knowledge of its existence or that it is so general that they must be supposed to have contracted with reference to it."
The rule applicable to the pleading of a custom relied on is stated in 17 Corpus Juris (p. 518), as follows: "Where it becomes necessary to plead a custom or usage, all the essentials requisite to its validity and binding effect must be averred. Hence the pleading should either aver knowledge on the part of the person to be charged or allege facts authorizing the conclusion that it was of such general notoriety that he will be presumed to have knowledge."
It follows that the order should be reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and the motion to dismiss the complaint granted, with ten dollars costs, with leave to the plaintiff to serve an amended complaint within twenty days after service of a copy of this order upon payment of said costs.
CLARKE, P.J., DOWLING, MERRELL and McAVOY, JJ., concur.
Order reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and motion granted, with ten dollars costs, with leave to the plaintiff to serve an amended complaint within twenty days from service of order upon payment of said costs.