Summary
In Federal Home Loan Bank of Seattle v. Deutsche Bank Securities, Inc., 736 F. Supp.2d 1283 (W.D. Wash. 2010) reduced those 14 factors to seven factors which are substantially similar.
Summary of this case from Cappello Capital Corp v. Americanwest BankOpinion
CASE NO. C10-0140 RSM.
September 1, 2010.
David J. Grais, Leanne M. Wilson, Owen L. Cyrulnik, Grais Ellsworth LLP, New York, NY, Matthew A. Carvalho, Richard C. Yarmuth, Yarmuth Wilsdon Calfo PLLC, Seattle, WA, for Plaintiff.
Duffy J. Graham, Stephen C. Willey, Savitt Bruce Willey LLP, Seattle, WA, James E. Brandt, Jamie L. Wine, Richard D. Owens, Latham Watkins, New York, NY, John M. Falzone, Latham Watkins, Newark, NJ, for Defendants.
ORDER OF REMAND
I. INTRODUCTION
This matter comes before the Court on Plaintiff Federal Home Loan Bank of Seattle's "Omnibus Motion to Remand." Plaintiff ("FHLB Seattle" or "the Bank") contends this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear this case. Defendants Deutsche Bank Securities, Inc. and related entities ("Defendants") assert four bases for jurisdiction: (1) that FHLB Seattle's charter confers federal jurisdiction over every action to which the Bank is a party; (2) that FHLB Seattle is a United States government "agency" subject to federal jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1345; (3) that FHLB Seattle is a citizen of Washington State, diverse from Defendants; and (4) that this action is subject to federal jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b) because it is "related to" bankruptcy proceedings. Having considered all the parties' arguments, this Court finds that none of Defendants' first three theories provides a basis for federal jurisdiction. The Court agrees with Defendants that there is "related to" bankruptcy jurisdiction over this action, but also finds that the equities favor remand.
For the reasons set forth below, the Court agrees with the Plaintiff and GRANTS Plaintiff's motion to remand.
II. BACKGROUND
On December 23, 2009 Plaintiff filed eleven separate actions in King County Superior Court against eleven financial institutions, alleging violations of the Securities Act of Washington (SAW), RCW 21.20.010(2) . All defendants removed to District Court. None of the actions were consolidated, but they were transferred to a single judge in the interest of efficiency. On March 11, 2010, Plaintiff filed an "Omnibus Motion to Remand," to which all defendants objected.
FHLB Seattle v. Morgan Stanley Co., Inc., et al., Case No. 10-0132; FHLB Seattle v. Barclays Capital, Inc., et al., Case No. 10-0139; FHLB Seattle v. Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., et al., Case No. 10-0140; FHLB Seattle v. UBS Securities, et al., Case No. 10-0146; FHLB Seattle v. Bank of America Securities LLC, et al., Case No. 10-0147; FHLB Seattle v. Countrywide Securities Corp., et al., Case No. 10-0148; FHLB Seattle v. Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner Smith Inc., et al., Case No. 10-0150; FHLB Seattle v. Bear, Stearns Co., Inc., et al., Case No. 10-0151; FHLB Seattle v. Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, et al., Case No. 10-0167; FHLB Seattle v. RBS Securities, Inc., et al., Case No. 10-00168; FHLB Seattle v. Goldman, Sachs Co. et al., Case No. 10-0177.
III. DISCUSSION
Congress created the Federal Home Loan Bank System in 1932, to provide Depression relief to the home loan mortgage industry and to promote home ownership. FHLBs are cooperatives — their membership is private, but they are instruments in a congressional regulatory scheme overseen by a central Federal Home Loan Bank Board. Each FHLB shares a common federal charter, but has its own "organizing certificate" establishing its zone of operation and "home office" in one of 12 multi-state FHLB "Districts." Defendants are indemnified for certain losses resulting from this action, pursuant to an agreement with "loan originator" American Home Mortgage Corporation (AHM), which is currently filing for bankruptcy.
1. The Charter
The FHLB charter empowers each Bank's directors "to sue and be sued, to complain and to defend, in any court of competent jurisdiction, State or Federal." 12 U.S.C. § 1432(a). FHLB Seattle maintains that the phrase, "of competent jurisdiction," indicates the need for supplementary legislation rendering the district courts "competent" to hear an FHLB case. Defendants contend that the charter itself confers jurisdiction on the district courts.
Defendants base their argument on Pirelli v. Armstrong Tire Corporation Retiree Medical Benefits Trust v. Raines, 534 F.3d 779 (D.C. Cir. 2008), in which the D.C. Circuit applied American National Red Cross v. Solicitor General, 505 U.S. 247 (1992) to hold that the Fannie Mae charter confers federal jurisdiction, despite its "competent jurisdiction" clause. Red Cross does not address the meaning of a "competent jurisdiction" clause; rather, it distinguishes charters that mention the federal courts from those that do not, holding that "a congressional charter's `sue and be sued' provision may be read to confer federal court jurisdiction if, but only if, it specifically mentions the federal courts." Red Cross, 505 U.S. at 255. The Pirelli majority construed Red Cross expansively, and Defendants invoke Pirelli to argue that the word, "federal," appearing in a congressional charter, is a "talisman" whose power to create federal jurisdiction cannot be negated by the addition of a "competent jurisdiction" clause. (Pl. Reply at 11.)
In opposition, Plaintiff argues that a "competent jurisdiction" clause would be superfluous if it did not necessitate a separate jurisdictional grant. Three district court decisions support this position, one of which succeeded and declined to follow Pirelli. Rincon Del Sol, LLC v. Lloyd's of London, F. Supp. 2d, 2010 WL 1779933 (S.D. Tex. 2010); Knuckles v. RBMG, Inc., 481 F. Supp. 2d 559 (S.D. W. Va. 2007); Fed. Nat'l Mortgage Ass'n v. Sealed, 457 F. Supp. 2d 41 (D.D.C. 2006). Because it agrees with the reasoning in all these district court decisions, as well as with the Pirelli concurrence, this Court finds that a "competent jurisdiction" clause necessitates a supplementary grant of federal jurisdiction. Accordingly, this Court agrees with Plaintiff that the FHLB charter does not confer federal jurisdiction over this action.
2. Government Agency Status 28 U.S.C. § 1345 provides that "the district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions . . . commenced by the United States, or by any agency or officer thereof expressly authorized to sue by Act of Congress." Defendants contend that FHLB Seattle is an "agency" of the United States Government, over which section 1345 confers federal jurisdiction in this action. (Def. Res. at 9.) FHLB Seattle disputes this characterization. (Pl. Mot. at 15.)
Defendants cite Fahey v. O'Melveny Myers, 200 F.2d 420 (9th Cir. 1952), for the ostensible holding that Federal Home Loan Banks are government agencies. This Court finds Fahey inapposite, however, because it concerned neither section 1345 nor the status of individual FHLBs.
The Fahey court held that members of the former FHLB Los Angeles could not recover assets and attorney fees from FHLB San Francisco after the FHLB Board consolidated the Banks. 200 F.2d 420 at 444. The court reasoned that the action, superficially by one FHLB against another, served fundamentally to challenge the Board's reorganization scheme, rendering it an "unconsented suit against the United States." Id. at 458. Defendants correctly cite a single sentence in which the Fahey court claims to have "held" FHLBs to be government agencies: "(This action) . . . is directed against the FHLB of San Francisco which we have held to be an agency of the United States." 200 F.2d at 458. Its own statement notwithstanding, however, the Fahey court never considered the Banks' agency status. It merely determined that litigation between individual Banks was not a legitimate means by which to compel action by the FHLB Board. Fahey determined the Board's "agency" status for purposes of due process, but does not help this Court determine the status of individual FHLBs for jurisdiction.
Instead of relying on Fahey, this Court applies the six-factor test for agency status established in In re Hoag Ranches v. Stockton Production Credit Association, 846 F.2d 1225, 1227-28 (9th Cir. 1988). Although the Hoag test has only been applied for purposes of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(1), this Court finds it apposite because it derives from cases construing section 1345 and 28 U.S.C.A. § 451, which defines a government "agency" as "any department, (etc.) . . . in which the United States has a proprietary interest."
Under Hoag, this Court considers:
(1) the extent to which an entity performs a government function; (2) the scope of the government's involvement in the entity's management; (3) whether the entity is financed by the government; (4) whether persons other than the government have a proprietary interest in the entity, and whether the government's interest is merely custodial or incidental; (5) whether the entity is referred to as an agency in other statutes; and (6) whether the entity is treated as an arm of the government for other purposes, such as amenability to suit under the Federal Tort Claims Act.846 F.2d at 1227-8.
As evidence that FHLBs "perform a government function," Defendants cite Laurens Federal Savings Loan Association v. S.C. Tax Commission, 365 U.S. 517, 522 (1961), for its finding that Congress created the FHLB system to increase home-ownership. Defendants also provide a list of the Banks' "extensive statutorily mandated functions." (Def. Res. at 13.) The cases from which the Hoag court derives its first factor, however, suggest that a federally chartered entity may need to have "rule-making or regulatory authority" to be considered to perform a government function. See, e.g., Rauscher Pierce Refsnes, Inc. v. FDIC, 789 F.2d 313, 315 (5th Cir. 1986) (FDIC performs a government function because it can "regulate banking practices . . . and provid(e) deposit insurance on a consistent nationwide basis"); Government National Mortgage Association v. Terry, 608 F.2d 614, 619 (5th Cir. 1979) (Ginnie Mae is a government agency in part because it "controls [certain] . . . functions of the federal housing program").
As evidence that the Bank is government-managed, Defendants cite the FHLB charter, which dictates the terms according to which each Bank's board of directors will serve, ( 12 U.S.C. § 1427), vests authority in the Treasury Secretary to designate any Bank a "depositary of public money . . . (and) a financial agent of the Government," ( 12 U.S.C. § 1434), and authorizes government audits of the Banks, ( 12 U.S.C. § 1431[j]). Defendants also note that the government may use FHLB employees, officers or agents to carry out government functions. 12 C.F.R. § 995.5. (Def. Res. at 14.) It is not clear, however, that this type of regulation constitutes "management" for jurisdictional purposes. See Federal Land Bank of Columbia v. Cotton, 410 F.Supp. 169, 171 (D.C. GA 1975) ("the plaintiff bank . . . was obviously meant to be a private, rather than governmental, corporation, which would merely be subject to various federal regulations").
As evidence that FHLBs are government-funded, Defendants point to their tax-exempt status under 12 U.S.C. § 1443, and cite Reagan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington, 461 U.S. 540, 544 (1983) for the determination that tax exemptions are a form of subsidy. (Def. Res. at 14-15.) It seems unlikely, however, that Congress intends every organization receiving tax exemptions to be considered a government "agency."
To satisfy Hoag's fifth factor, Defendants offer only C.F.R. § 201.108(b), which characterizes FHLB "notes and bonds" as "ful(ly) guaranteed . . . by a Federal agency." (Def. Res. at 16-17.) To satisfy the sixth factor, Defendants cite Fidelity Financial Corp. v. Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco, 589 F. Supp. 885, 894 (N.D. Cal. 1983), which held that FHLB San Francisco was a government agency for purposes of the Administrative Procedure Act. Plaintiff cites Rheams v. Bankston, Wright Greenhill, 756 F. Supp. 1004 (W.D. Tex. 1991), which held that FHLB Dallas was not a government agency for the purposes of the Federal Tort Claims Act. In summation, Hoag is not particularly clarifying when applied without context. Therefore, this Court considers the Hoag factors in connection with the line of cases addressing the "agency" question for jurisdictional purposes.
In cases construing sections 1345 and 451, Hoag's fourth factor is paramount, since these cases necessarily consider whether the government has a "proprietary" and non-"incidental" interest in the plaintiff organization. See Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 406 F.3d 532, 535 (8th Cir. 2005) ("United States has an interest in the Federal Reserve Banks . . . but this interest is not proprietary"); Government National Mortgage Association v. Terry, 608 F.2d 614, 619 (5th Cir. 1979) ("interest of the United States in (Ginnie Mae) cannot possibly be termed to be `incidental'"); Acron Invest., Inc. v. Federal Savings Loan Insurance Corp., 363 F.2d 236, 238-40 (9th Cir. 1966) (FLSIC is a government agency because the control "Congress and the United States exercise over [it] is clearly more than custodial or incidental" and government therefore has a "proprietary interest"); Federal Land Bank v. Cotton, 410 F. Supp. 169, 171 (N.D. GA 1975) (Bank not an "agency" for Section 1345's purposes because government had no "substantial proprietary interest" and Bank was "merely . . . subject to various federal regulations"). Cases addressing section 1345 establish a clear pattern: those that hold quasi-governmental corporations to be "agencies" for Section 1345's purposes involve single administrative entities, while those that deny jurisdiction involve entities whose corporate structures resemble the FHLBs'. At the time Cotton was decided, the Federal Land Banks were, like the Federal Home Loan Banks today, a network of 12 federally regulated, privately owned, mortgage credit providers. Farm Credit Administration Description of FCS Institution Types, http://www.fca.gov/info/institution_description.html (last visited July 26, 2010). Similarly, the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, whose agency status the Scott court rejected, is one of many privately directed branch banks operating in 12 federally created "Districts." The Federal Reserve Board 12 Federal Reserve Districts, http://www.federalreserve.gov/otherfrb.htm (last visited July 26, 2010). In terms of the government's "proprietary interest," therefore, FHLB Seattle appears analogous to both the Federal Land Banks of 1975 and the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. Accordingly, this Court finds that FHLB Seattle is not a government agency for the purposes of section 1345.
3. Diversity
All parties acknowledge that as a federally chartered organization FHLB Seattle cannot have state citizenship unless (1) its charter or organizing certificate so designates; or (2) its activities are "localized" in a single state. Loyola Fed. Sav. Bank v. Fickling, 58 F.3d 603 (11th Cir. 1995); Iceland Seafood Corporation v. National Consumer Cooperative Bank, 285 F. Supp. 2d 719 (E.D. Va. 2003). FHLB Seattle meets neither exception.
FHLB Seattle's organizing certificate locates the Bank in District 12, which encompasses "The States of Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, and Guam." (Pl. Mot., Exhibit E.) The certificate also locates the Bank's "principal office . . . in the City of Spokane, State of Washington, or at such other city as the FHLB Board may from time to time determine." ( Id., Exhibit E.) In light of the 12-District scheme, the certificate's language is too vague to designate Plaintiff a citizen of Washington State.
"Localization" requires a more complex analysis. In previous cases addressing the issue, courts have considered the relationship between a federal organization's charter, certificate, and business activities. See, e.g., Prize Energy Resources, L.P. v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co., 2009 WL 160359 (D. Ariz. 2009) (railroad company's activities not localized when conducted in at least three states, and when charter indicated no intent to localize); Auriemma Consulting Group, Inc. v. Universal Savings Bank, 367 F. Supp.2d 311, 314 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) (Bank's multi-state activities not localized in part because its "website makes perfectly clear [its intent] to exercise . . . powers granted by its charter . . . to do business on a nationwide basis"); Iceland Seafood Corporation v. National Consumer Cooperative Bank, 285 F. Supp. 2d at 726 (noting that cases finding state citizenship involve entities "bearing the name of a particular state or region, and all having a corresponding scope of activity"); Burton v. U.S. Olympic Committee, 574 F. Supp. 517, 521 (D.C. Cal. 1983) (U.S. Olympic Committee's activities not localized, on the basis of its charter and multi-state activities). All of Plaintiff's branch offices are in Washington State, but the Bank conducts more than half of its business elsewhere in FHLB District 12. (Pl. Reply at 19-20.) Most of the Bank's directors are based outside of Washington, and non-Washington-based members own most of its stock. Id. at 20. In light of the FHLB charter's 12-District scheme, FHLB Seattle's organizing certificate and business activities indicate that the Bank has only national citizenship. Accordingly, there is no federal diversity jurisdiction over this action.
4. Related to Bankruptcy Jurisdiction 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b) confers federal jurisdiction over all actions "related to" bankruptcy proceedings. All parties acknowledge the Ninth Circuit's test for "related to" bankruptcy jurisdiction: "The test . . . for whether a lawsuit could `conceivably' have an effect on the bankruptcy proceeding inquires whether the allegedly related lawsuit would affect the bankruptcy proceeding without the intervention of another lawsuit." In re Federal-Mogul Global, Inc., 300 F.3d 368, 382 (3d Cir. 2002) [clarifying In re Feitz, 852 F.2d 455, 457 (9th Cir. 1988)].
Defendants' indemnification agreement with AHM protects them against "any losses arising from any false or misleading statements or omissions or alleged false or misleading statements or omissions related to (AHM's) disclosures." (Dkt #140-38 at 2; Id. Exhibit 7, § 12A.04[i][A].) This agreement is analogous to those at issue in recent cases finding indemnification contracts to sustain "related to" bankruptcy jurisdiction. See, e.g., Lone Star Fund V (U.S.), L.P. v. Barclays Bank PLC, 594 F.3d 383, 385-87 (5th Cir. 2010) (contract indemnifying defendant for "all losses . . . [resulting from] any breach of a representation" sustains bankruptcy court's "related to" jurisdiction; contract-based indemnification claims distinguishable from those based in tort). Pacific Life Insurance Co. v. J.P. Morgan Chase Co., 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14705, at 5 (C.D. Cal. 2003) (indemnification agreement with bankrupt loan originator may sustain "related to" jurisdiction, "even if Defendants are not guaranteed indemnification"). Accordingly, this Court agrees with Defendants that "related to" federal bankruptcy jurisdiction exists over this action.
5. Equitable Remand 28 U.S.C. § 1452(b) provides that a court to which a claim is removed pursuant to Section 1334 "may remand such claim . . . on any equitable ground" § 1452(b). Ninth Circuit courts consider seven factors in determining whether to remand a "related to" case on equitable grounds:
(1) The effect of the action on the administration of the bankruptcy estate; (2) the extent to which issues of state law predominate; (3) the difficulty of applicable state law; (4) comity; (5) the relatedness or remoteness of the action to the bankruptcy estate; (6) the existence of a right to a jury trial; and (7) prejudice to the party involuntarily removed from state court.
See Hopkins v. Plant Insulation Co., 349 B.R. 805, 813 (N.D. Cal. 2006); Williams v. Shell Oil Co., 169 B.R. 684, 692-93 (S.D. Cal. 1994). FHLB Seattle contends that this action has only a "remote" connection to bankruptcy proceedings [factors (1) and (5)]; that its only claims arise under state law [factors (2) and (3)]; that it is entitled to a jury trial, [factor (6)]; that it would suffer prejudice if forced to litigate 11 similar actions on two different fronts, [factor (7)]; and that dividing the actions would risk inconsistent verdicts, [factor (4)]. (Pl. Reply at 25-26.)
Defendants offer no convincing counterargument. First, Defendants assert that this Court is well-equipped to hear SAW claims, and cites Fedders North America, Inc. v. Branded Products, 154 B.R. 936 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. 1993) for the determination that the mere presence of state law claims is not grounds for removal. 154 B.R. at 947. Plaintiff, however, does not dispute this Court's facility with state law; it merely suggests that the interests of comity and efficiency would be better served if the same court system heard 11 substantially similar claims.
Second, Defendants argue that FHLB Seattle's right to a jury trial cannot independently sustain a determination to remand, citing Capitol Hill Group v. Pillsbury, Winthrop, Shaw, Pittman, LLP, No. 07-1936, 2008 WL 269073, aff'd, 569 F.3d 485 (D.C. Cir. 2009). (Dkt. #140-38 at 10.) Capitol Hill is inapposite, however, because the cause of action at issue in that case was "inseparable from the bankruptcy context" — in other words, it was a core proceeding. 569 F.3d at 489. Because FHLB Seattle's claim against Defendants is "related to" bankruptcy proceedings, it is by definition not a "core" proceeding. In re Missouri Properties, Ltd., 211 B.R. 914 (Bankr. W.D. MO 1996) at 922. Courts have granted equitable remand solely on the basis of a party's entitlement to a jury trial when that party's action was not a "core proceeding." See Zweygardt v. Colorado National Bank of Denver, 52 B.R. 229 (Bankr. CO 1985).
Defendants also argue that FHLB Seattle lost the right to remand by failing to file within 30 days of removal, per 28 U.S.C. § 1447. (Def. Res. at 9). This argument is not sound because section 1447 applies only to remand for reasons other than lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). All of FHLB Seattle's other justifications for remand relate to this Court's lack of subject matter jurisdiction. If section 1447 does not preclude remand of the other ten actions, common sense dictates that is should not preclude this Court from remanding this action on the ground that it is substantially similar.
Section 1452(b) affords "an unusually broad grant of authority." In re Roman Catholic Bishop of San Diego, 374 B.R. 756, 761. (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 2007). Any one of the seven relevant factors may provide a sufficient basis for equitable remand. Browning v. Navarro, 743 F.2d 1069, 1077 (5th Cir. 1984). This action involves no "core" matters, implicates only state law, and is substantially similar to Plaintiff's ten other remanded SAW actions. Accordingly, this Court agrees with Plaintiff that the equities favor remand to state court.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, this Court finds that (1) the FHLB charter does not confer federal jurisdiction over this action; (2) Plaintiff is not subject to federal jurisdiction as a government "agency"; and (3) there is no federal diversity jurisdiction over this action because Plaintiff has only national citizenship. Accordingly, this Court finds it lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear this case on any ground other than "related to" bankruptcy jurisdiction. On that ground, the Court finds it has jurisdiction. Because the equities favor remand, however, this Court grants Plaintiff's Motion to Remand.