Summary
In Ferguson, Justice Scoggins recognized the well-established rule that appellate courts have the authority to reform judgments and affirm the judgment as modified.
Summary of this case from Cummins v. StateOpinion
No. 10–13–00173–CR.
2014-03-6
Darrell FERGUSON, Appellant v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
Damara Watkins, Corsicana, for Appellant. R. Lowell Thompson, Dist. Atty., Corsicana, for Appellee.
Damara Watkins, Corsicana, for Appellant. R. Lowell Thompson, Dist. Atty., Corsicana, for Appellee.
Before Chief Justice GRAY, Justice DAVIS, and Justice SCOGGINS.
OPINION
AL SCOGGINS, Justice.
Appellant, Darrell Ferguson, was charged by indictment with continuous sexual abuse of a child, a first-degree felony. SeeTex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.02(b), (h) (West Supp.2013). Appellant pleaded “not guilty” to the charge, and the case proceeded to trial. At the conclusion of the evidence, the jury found appellant guilty of the charged offense, and the trial court sentenced appellant to life imprisonment in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Appellant appeals from this judgment, and we affirm as modified.
I. Anders Brief
Pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 1400, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1967), appellant's court-appointed appellate counsel filed a brief with this Court, stating that her review of the record yielded no grounds of error upon which an appeal can be predicated. Accompanying counsel's brief is a motion to withdraw in this appellate cause number. Counsel's brief presents a professional evaluation of the record demonstrating why there are no arguable grounds to be advanced in this appeal. See In re Schulman, 252 S.W.3d 403, 407 n. 9 (Tex.Crim.App.2008) (“In Texas, an Anders brief need not specifically advance ‘arguable’ points of error if counsel finds none, but it must provide record references to the facts and procedural history and set out pertinent legal authorities.”) (citing Hawkins v. State, 112 S.W.3d 340, 343–44 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.)); Stafford v. State, 813 S.W.2d 503, 510 n. 3 (Tex.Crim.App.1991) (en banc).
In compliance with High v. State, 573 S.W.2d 807, 813 (Tex.Crim.App. [Panel Op.] 1978), appellant's counsel has carefully discussed why, under controlling authority, there is no reversible error in the trial court's judgment. Counsel has informed this Court that she has: (1) examined the record and found no arguable grounds to advance in this appeal; (2) served a copy of the brief and counsel's motion to withdraw on appellant; and (3) informed appellant of his right to review the record and to file a pro se response in this appeal.
See Anders, 386 U.S. at 744, 87 S.Ct. at 1400; Stafford, 813 S.W.2d at 510 n. 3; see also In re Schulman, 252 S.W.3d at 409 n. 23. On December 19, 2013, appellant filed a letter in response to counsel's Anders brief and motion to withdraw.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that “ ‘the pro se response need not comply with the rules of appellate procedure in order to be considered. Rather, the response should identify for the court those issues which the indigent appellant believes the court should consider in deciding whether the case presents any meritorious issues.’ ” In re Schulman, 252 S.W.3d 403, 409 n. 23 (Tex.Crim.App.2008) (quoting Wilson v. State, 955 S.W.2d 693, 696–97 (Tex.App.-Waco 1997, no pet.)).
II. Independent Review
Upon receiving an Anders brief, we must conduct a full examination of all the proceedings to determine whether the case is wholly frivolous. Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75, 80, 109 S.Ct. 346, 349–50, 102 L.Ed.2d 300 (1988). After reviewing the entire record, counsel's brief, and appellant's response, we have found nothing that would arguably support an appeal in this matter. See Bledsoe v. State, 178 S.W.3d 824, 827–28 (Tex.Crim.App.2005) ( “Due to the nature of Anders briefs, by indicating in the opinion that it considered the issues raised in the briefs and reviewed the record for reversible error but found none, the court of appeals met the requirement of Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 47.1.”); Stafford, 813 S.W.2d at 509. However, there is some error in the judgment regarding the child victim's age at the time of the offense.
Despite concluding that there is no reversible error in the judgment, counsel requests that we modify the trial court's judgment, which states that the continuous sexual abuse transpired from when the child victim was five years old and until she was twelve years old, to correspond with the evidence and the allegations in the indictment that allege that the continuous sexual abuse transpired “on or about September 1, 2007, though June 30, 2009” or, in other words, when the child victim was twelve to thirteen years old. We recognize that this Court has previously held that reformation of a judgment constitutes relief and that if a defendant is entitled to any relief from an appellate court, he is not prosecuting a frivolous appeal. Evans v. State, 933 S.W.2d 334, 334 (Tex.App.-Waco 1996, no pet.). However, since that holding, numerous Texas courts have held to the contrary: that appellate courts have the authority to reform judgments and affirm as modified in cases where there is non reversible error. See Bray v. State, 179 S.W.3d 725, 729–30 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (reforming the trial court's judgment in an Anders case because abatement “would require the trial court to do a useless task—appoint counsel to raise an issue of law that we have previously ruled on ...” and affirming the judgment as modified); Getts v. State, 155 S.W.3d 153, 154 (Tex.Crim.App.2005) (affirming a court of appeals' reformation of the trial court's judgment in an Anders case); see also R.J.O. v. Tex. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs., No. 03–13–00478–CV, 2013 WL 6060778, at **1–1, 2013 Tex.App. LEXIS 13874, at **4–5 & n. 3 (Tex.App.-Austin Nov. 13, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (reforming the trial court's final decree to remove a statutory ground for termination and affirming the judgment as modified in an Anders case); Sheddan v. State, No. 12–12–00391–CR, 2013 WL 3377416, at **1–1, 2013 Tex.App. LEXIS 8197, at **3–5 (Tex.App.-Tyler July 3, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (reforming the trial court's judgment to reflect that appellant pleaded “true” to an enhancement paragraph and the trial court found the enhancement paragraph to be “true” and affirming the judgment as modified in an Anders case); Thomas v. State, No. 13–12–00283–CR, 2012 WL 6680143, at **1–2, 2012 Tex.App. LEXIS 10550, at **4–5 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi Dec. 20, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (deleting a $500 fine from appellant's administrative fees and affirming the judgment as modified in an Anders case); McBreen v. State, Nos. 05–03–01424–CR, 05–03–01425–CR, 2005 WL 3032496, at **4, 2005 Tex.App. LEXIS 9524, at **10–11 (Tex.App.-Dallas Nov. 14, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (modifying the trial court's written judgment to reflect the sentence orally pronounced and affirming the judgment as modified in an Anders case); Burnett v. State, No. 06–00–00147–CR, 2001 WL 82520, at **1–2, 2001 Tex.App. LEXIS 714, at **4–5 (Tex.App.-Texarkana Feb. 1, 2001, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (reforming the trial court's judgment to delete a condition of parole and affirming the judgment as modified in an Anders case); Adams v. State, No. 14–97–00553–CR, 1999 WL 144793, at **1–2, 1999 Tex.App. LEXIS 1872, at **4–5 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 18, 1999, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (reforming the judgment to reflect that appellant was convicted of a third-degree felony, rather than a second-degree felony, noting that this error “does not entitle appellant to reversal of his conviction,” and affirming the judgment as modified in an Anders case).
We have not found any cases following the rationale articulated in Evans. Moreover, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has stated that “the law does not compel us to require courts to perform useless tasks.” Homan v. Hughes, 708 S.W.2d 449, 454 (Tex.Crim.App.1986). In the instant case, the requested modification of the judgment does not result in a reversal of appellant's conviction. McCoy v. Court of Appeals of Wisconsin, Dist. 1, 486 U.S. 429, 444, 108 S.Ct. 1895, 1905, 100 L.Ed.2d 440 (1988) (“In searching for the strongest arguments available, the attorney must be zealous and must resolve all doubts and ambiguous legal questions in favor of his or her client. Once that obligation is fulfilled, however, and counsel has determined that the appeal is frivolous— and therefore that the client's interests would not be served by proceeding with the appeal—the advocate does not violate his or her duty to the client by supporting a motion to withdraw with a brief that complies with both Anders and the Wisconsin Rule.” (emphasis added)). Accordingly, we do not believe that abatementis necessary in this case because it would amount to ordering the trial court to do a useless task. See Homan, 708 S.W.2d at 454; see also Bray, 179 S.W.3d at 729–30. Therefore, to the extent that Evans requires abatement in circumstances such as this, we overrule the case. See 933 S.W.2d at 344.
In any event, the child victim testified that she born on August 29, 1995, and that the sexual abuse occurred from when she was five years old until she was twelve years old. However, other witnesses testified that the child victim told them that the sexual abuse continued until she was thirteen. The child victim did not specify the exact date that the alleged sexual abuse concluded. See Ozuna v. State, 199 S.W.3d 601, 606 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2006, no pet.) (“The victim's description of what happened to [her] need not be precise, and [she] is not expected to express [herself] at the same level of sophistication as an adult.”) (citing Villalon v. State, 791 S.W.2d 130, 134 (Tex.Crim.App.1990) (en banc) (noting that courts give wide latitude to the testimony given by child victims of sexual abuse)).
It is undisputed that section 21.02 of the Texas Penal Code, the operative statutory provision in this case, first became effective on September 1, 2007. See Act of May 18, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 593, §§ 1.17, 4.01(a), 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1120, 1127, 1148; see also Martin v. State, 335 S.W.3d 867, 873 (Tex.App.-Austin 2011, pet. ref'd). “An offense is committed before the effective date of the statute if any element of the offense occurs before that date.” Martin, 335 S.W.3d at 873; see, e.g., McGough v. State, No. 11–10–00073–CR, 2012 WL 690229, at **7–8, 2012 Tex.App. LEXIS 1669, at **20–21 (Tex.App.-Eastland Mar. 1, 2012, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Thus, the State could not rely on any “act of sexual abuse” that occurred before September 1, 2007, to prove the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a young child. See Martin, 335 S.W.3d at 873; see also McGough, 2012 WL 690229, at **7–8, 2012 Tex.App. LEXIS 1669, at **20–21. Instead, to obtain a conviction in this case, the State was required to prove that continuous sexual abuse occurred for a period of thirty or more days during the time period beginning on September 1, 2007, and ending on June 30, 2009. See Klein v. State, 273 S.W.3d 297, 303 n. 5 (Tex.Crim.App.2008) (noting that the State is not required to prove the specific date the offense occurred when an “on or about” date is alleged within the indictment); Wright v. State, 28 S.W.3d 526, 532 (Tex.Crim.App.2000). Therefore, because the State could not rely on any “act of sexual abuse” that transpired before September 1, 2007, when the child victim was twelve years old, and based on our review of the record, we will modify the trial court's judgment to reflect that the age of the victim at the time of the offense was twelve to thirteen years old—the ages supported by the testimony adduced at trial. SeeTex.R.App. P. 43.2(b); Pfeiffer v. State, 363 S.W.3d 594, 599 (Tex.Crim.App.2012) (observing that “when a defendant appeals his conviction, the courts of appeals have the jurisdiction to address any error in that case”); Martin, 335 S.W.3d at 873; French v. State, 830 S.W.2d 607, 609 (Tex.Crim.App.1992) (stating that an appellate court has authority to reform a judgment to include an affirmative finding to make the record speak the truth when the matter has been called to its attention by any source); see also Romero v. State, No. 13–13–00270–CR, 2013 WL 6729959, at *2, 2013 Tex.App. LEXIS 15198, at *5 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi Dec. 19, 2013, no pet. h.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“Appellate courts may modify the trial court's judgment to make the record speak the truth when we have the necessary information to do so, even in case where appellant's counsel files an Anders brief.”); McGough, 2012 WL 690229, at **7–8, 2012 Tex.App. LEXIS 1669, at **20–21. We affirm as modified.
III. Motion to Withdraw
In accordance with Anders, appellant's attorney has asked this Court for permission to withdraw as counsel for appellant in this matter. See Anders, 386 U.S. at 744, 87 S.Ct. at 1400; see also In re Schulman, 252 S.W.3d at 408 n. 17 (citing Jeffery v. State, 903 S.W.2d 776, 779–80 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1995, no pet.) (“If an attorney believes the appeal is frivolous, he must withdraw from representing the appellant. To withdraw from representation, the appointed attorney must file a motion to withdraw accompanied by a brief showing the appellate court that the appeal is frivolous.”) (citations omitted)). We grant counsel's motion to withdraw. Within five days of the date of this Court's opinion, counsel is ordered to send a copy of this opinion and this Court's judgment to appellant and to advise him of his right to file a petition for discretionary review.
SeeTex.R.App. P. 48.4; see also In re Schulman, 252 S.W.3d at 412 n. 35; Ex parte Owens, 206 S.W.3d 670, 673 (Tex.Crim.App.2006). Chief Justice GRAY concurring with Justice DAVIS joining.
TOM GRAY, Chief Justice, concurring.
No substitute counsel will be appointed. Should appellant wish to seek further review of this case by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, he must either retain an attorney to a file petition for discretionary review or must file a pro se petition for discretionary review. Any petition for discretionary review must be filed within thirty days from the date of this opinion or the last timely motion for rehearing or timely motion for en banc reconsideration was overruled by this Court. SeeTex.R.App. P. 68.2. Any petition and all copies of the petition for discretionary review must be filed with the Clerk of the Court of Criminal Appeals. See id. at R. 68.3. Any petition for discretionary review should comply with the requirements of rule 68.4 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure. See id. at R. 68.4; see also In re Schulman, 252 S.W.3d at 409 n. 22.
Today, we return to a well-worn path; the minimum procedure required for compliance with the constitutional mandate of the assistance of counsel, sometimes referred to as an Anders procedure. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1976). I have long contended that the precedent of this Court required more procedure than was necessary. Beckett v. State, 166 S.W.3d 752 (Tex.App.-Waco 2005, order) (Gray, C.J., concurring); Fewins v. State, 166 S.W.3d 751 (Tex.App.-Waco 2005, order) (Gray, C.J., concurring); Perryman v. State, 159 S.W.3d 778 (Tex.App.-Waco 2005, order) (Gray, C.J., concurring); Martinez v. State, 137 S.W.3d 832, 833–834 (Tex.App.-Waco 2004, order) (Gray, C.J., concurring); Martinez v. State, 135 S.W.3d 233 (Tex.App.-Waco 2004) (C.J. Gray dissent to withdrawn order); In the Interest of E.L.Y., 69 S.W.3d 838, 843 (Tex.App.-Waco 2002, order) (Gray, J., dissenting); Guerrero v. State, 64 S.W.3d 436, 444 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, order) (Gray, J., dissenting). See also Garner v. State, No. 10–05–00218–CR, 2007 WL 1558742, at *7–8, 2007 Tex.App. LEXIS 4246, *17–20 (Tex.App.-Waco May 30, 2007, pet. ref'd) (not designated for publication) (Gray, C.J., dissenting); Villanueva v. State, 209 S.W.3d 239, 249–252 (Tex.App.-Waco 2006, no pet.) (Gray, C.J., concurring). We now, for the first time, step back from the most stringent of our own cases interpreting those requirements. Evans v. State, 933 S.W.2d 334 (Tex.App.-Waco 1996, order).
In Evans we held that if a defendant is entitled to have the judgment reformed in any manner, he is entitled to some “relief” from this Court, and such relief is sufficient to establish that an arguable point may be raised on appeal. Id. at 335–336. As evidenced by the Court's discussion of Evans, a number of courts in this State have either expressly or by implication decided Evans overstates the situations in which an appellate court must abate an appeal for the appointment of new counsel. Most of the cases cited deal with a modification of the judgment and an affirmance as modified. In at least one of the cases cited, the modification was to remove an assessment of attorney's fees for a court appointed attorney when there is no evidence of a criminal defendant's ability to pay at the time the judgment is rendered or signed, even though that issue was not identified by appointed counsel that had filed a motion to withdraw and an Anders brief. In that kind of case, the judgment is clearly more favorable to the defendant since the judgment is modified to remove the assessment of attorney's fees against the defendant. However, in that fact pattern, this Court has previously, consistent with Evans, required that the proceeding be abated and new counsel appointed. Tolbert v. State, No. 10–12–00223–CR, 2013 Tex.App. LEXIS 500 (Tex.App.-Waco Jan. 17, 2013, order) (not designated for publication); Pivonka v. State, No. 10–12–00176–CR, 2013 Tex.App. LEXIS 496 (Tex.App.-Waco Jan. 17, 2013, order) (not designated for publication); Steele v. State, No. 10–10–00424–CR, 2011 Tex.App. LEXIS 5979 (Tex.App.-Waco July 27, 2011, order) (not designated for publication); Parker v. State, No. 10–10–00381–CR, 2011 Tex.App. LEXIS 5978 (Tex.App.-Waco July 27, 2011, order) (not designated for publication). Today, by an abatement order, a majority of the Court adheres to that precedent. McElwain v. State, No. 10–13–00291–CR, 435 S.W.3d 298, 2014 WL 895198, 2014 Tex.App. LEXIS –––– (Tex.App.-Waco March 6, 2014, order) (publish).
That is a fact pattern upon which there is clearly a split of authority among the courts of appeals which should possibly be resolved by the Court of Criminal Appeals. But it is not an issue that is easily framed and presented to the Court of Criminal Appeals because, by the time the appeal has been abated and new counsel appointed and the case then reviewed on its merits, the issue is moot. See id. (abatement order requiring the appointment of new counsel to brief the attorney's fees issue on its merits). Likewise, in those appeals in courts that modify the judgment to eliminate the assessment of cost, the State has frequently conceded error and the judgment is modified to the defendant's advantage and therefore there is no party that wants to appeal that issue, and there is no other issue to appeal. That aspect of this appeal, that it is not easily framed for review, may be the same.
This brings me to where the modification of the judgment in this appeal in which a motion to withdraw and an Anders brief were filed is different from most cases in which a modification of the judgment in an Anders appeal has occurred. In this appeal, the attorney actually briefed the issue and suggested the modification of the judgment was necessary for the judgment to properly reflect the crime for which the defendant was convicted. Based on this, I do not belief this is a true Anders appeal. How could it be? The attorney identified a defect in the judgment that is recognized by appellate counsel and the court as erroneous and the judgment is being modified to correct the error.
Under this fact pattern, I would treat the brief for what it is, a brief on the merits, and agree the modification is necessary to correct the judgment. Thus, I concur in the Court's judgment to affirm the trial court's judgment as modified.
But, nevertheless, there is the divergence of authority, referenced in both the Court's opinion and this concurring opinion regarding the extent to which, if any, a reviewing court can otherwise modify a trial court's judgment in an Anders appeal.
I refer to these as Anders appeals only because that is the style case in this area of the law. The holding in Anders has been so undermined in subsequent decisions that at least one Supreme Court justice has said that it has been effectively overruled. Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 289, 120 S.Ct. 746, 145 L.Ed.2d 756 (2000) (Stevens, J., dissenting). And if I were writing on a blank slate, I would be inclined to take a hard look at California's procedure, which has passed U.S. Supreme Court review, in which attorneys may file what is called a Wende brief. See id. at 276, 120 S.Ct. 746; People v. Wende, 25 Cal.3d 436, 158 Cal.Rptr. 839, 600 P.2d 1071, 1074–1075, (1979). It seems to overcome much of the potential delay and cost which occurs when the reviewing court identifies an issue and remands the proceeding for full briefing of the identified issue. See Smith, 528 U.S. at 265–266, 120 S.Ct. 746.
Whether we stay on the path this Court set out in Evans and continuing through today in McElwain or whether it should have a slight course correction is a question for this Court to decide subject to review and correction by the Court of Criminal Appeals. But whether there is another path; an entirely different path, which is more direct and less costly lies with the Court of Criminal Appeals.
It is conceivable that the legislature could also become involved in developing a replacement procedure for Anders appeals.
With these comments, I concur in the Court's judgment.