Opinion
Opinion filed June 5, 1928.
1. — Judgments — Revival — Process — Alias Writs — Lapse of Term — Discontinuance. Where a petition for writ of scire facias to revive a judgment was filed in the circuit clerk's office, and the writ was issued and made returnable to the next term of the circuit court, and a non est return was made thereon and such term of court was suffered to elapse, and an alias writ was not issued until the next term thereafter returnable to the second succeeding term of court, which writ was served on defendants and judgment entered, the suit in the meantime, being continued at each term by order duly entered, held that the alias writ was not improperly issued as not being issued at the term of court to which the original writ was made returnable; that the suit did not suffer a discontinuance because plaintiff failed to cause such alias writ to be issued at the return term, and successive pluries writs at every succeeding term until served and, further, the fact that no writ was issued between the date of the first non est and the date of the issuance of the last writ did not affect the validity of the judgment.
2. — Discontinuance — Defined. A discontinuance, generally speaking, is a failure to continue a case regularly from day to day and from term to term from the commencement of the suit until final judgment.
3. — Same — Failure to Make Necessary Entry of Continuance. Discontinuance of a case results where there is a necessity of continuance to be promptly entered.
4. — Continuance — Defined. Continuance is defined as an admission of postponement of action pending in court to a subsequent day or another term.
5. — Same — Undisposed of Cases — General Continuance at End of Term Prevents Involuntary Discontinuance. Where no disposition has been made of a case, and where the cases undisposed of at the end of the term are continued by a general order, there is no discontinuance as it is not necessary to enter a continuance in every particular case; a general continuance of all cases undisposed of at the end of the term being sufficient to prevent a discontinuance.
6. — Discontinuance — Dismissal — Voluntary. A voluntary discontinuance is a voluntary action on the part of plaintiff, whereby his case goes out of court without a decision on the merits.
7. — Continuance — Failure to Sue Out Alias Summons — General Order Continuing All Cases to Next Term Continues Case. Even though a litigant may not have a special order of continuance from term to term appearing of record in his particular case, and, if he had not sued out an alias summons, his case would still stand continued, where all cases on the docket are continued at the end of the term by the court to the next term as being undisposed of.
8. — Process — Failure to Keep Alive — Discontinuance. While section 1550, Revised Statutes 1919, providing that no judgment shall be reversed or affected by reason of an imperfection or defect (fifth subdivision) for any mispleading, miscontinuance or discontinuance, insufficient pleading, jeofail or misjoining issue, was intended to avoid a suffering of a discontinuance under circumstances such as the instant case, yet a failure to keep process alive may be evidence of failure to prosecute diligently under certain circumstances, but such failure does not in itself necessarily work a discontinuance in all cases: moreover, section 1275, providing that, where there is a failure to renew process at each term as to any defendant, the plaintiff may dismiss as to such defendant, and subsequently bring in such defendant as a new party and have him summoned, does not impel a discontinuance of a case for failure to keep process in issuance at each term.
9. — Courts of Appeal — Decisions — Conflict — Certification to Supreme Court. A decision of the St. Louis Court of Appeals that failure to have an alias writ of scire facias issued at the term to which a writ of scire facias to revive judgment was returnable did not cause a discontinuance, deemed by that court to conflict with an opinion in a case decided by the Kansas City Court of Appeals, it was a constitutional duty to certify the case to the Supreme Court for final decision.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of St. Charles County. — Hon. Edgar B. Woolfolk, Judge.
AFFIRMED AND CERTIFIED TO SUPREME COURT.
S.E. Eaken, A.G. Hageter, Arthur Stahl and Eugene D. Andrews for appellants.
(1) The alias writ was improperly issued, not being issued at the term of court to which the original writ was made returnable. Weaver v. Woodling, 272 S.W. 373; Mason v. Ry. Co., 226 Mo. 212. It is true that an alleged alias summons was issued at the May term, 1925, returnable to the October term, 1925, of the circuit court; but, the records fail to show that any attempt to serve it upon defendants was ever made; that it was under any circumstances a nullity. First, because it only purported to be the usual process advising defendants of the institution of a suit and directing them to appear at the return term and plead to the same. Second, because it was in no sense a writ of scire facias, and contained none of the language or elements thereof. Lawrence County Bank v. Lambert, 116 Mo. App. 620; Bick v. Vaughn, 140 Mo. App. 595. (2) Because plaintiff permitted a chasm to occur by failure to renew the process (writ of scire facias) regularly from term to term until service was had. Authorities, supra. (3) Because there was no cause of action pending at the time the default judgment was rendered. These proceedings were in direct conflict with section 1557, R.S. 1919. Armstrong v. Crooks, 83 Mo. App. 141. (4) The alias summons was void, and issued without lawful authority. Secs. 1557, 1564, R.S. 1919; Blattio Mfg. Co. v. Girard, 214 S.W. 189; Bick v. Vaughn; 140 Mo. App. 595; Hickok v. McKinley et al., 236 S.W. 1068; Burton v. Delaplane, 25 Mo. App. 376. (5) The court had no jurisdiction to render this judgment. Cases, supra. (6) The record shows on its face that the court had no jurisdiction over the defendants. A judgment of revivor based on a writ of scire facias issued more than ten years after the rendition of judgment was void: that court had lost jurisdiction, by limitation, both over the defendants and the subject-matter of the action. Secs. 1557, 1564, R.S. 1919.
Theodore C. Bruere and Hensley, Allen Marsalek for respondent.
(1) Appellants having failed to make out and furnish the court with "a clear and concise statement of the case," as required by law, and having failed to file with their brief any statement whatsoever, the appeal should be dismissed. Sec. 1511, R.S. 1919; Powell v. Mo. Pac. Ry. Co., 59 Mo. App. 335; Daniel v. Burns, 283 S.W. 749, 750, and authorities cited; Dodson v. Karshner Motor Car Co., 204 S.W. 580; Royal v. Kansas City Western Railway Co., 190 S.W. 573; Robinson v. Slater, 209 S.W. 557; State v. Parrish, 270 S.W. 688; Wheeler v. Shull, 282 S.W. 61. (2) It is not necessary, in order to keep a suit alive or to prevent a "discontinuance," that a plaintiff shall cause an alias writ to be issued at the return term, and successive pluries writs at every succeeding term, or to enter continuances at each term until the defendant can be found and served. If no writ is issued between the date of the return of the first not-found and the date of the issuance of the last, it will not affect the validity of the judgment, though a number of terms intervene. In such case, under the modern or reformed practice, the plaintiff suffers no discontinuance of the suit. Sec. 1550, R.S. 1919; Parsons v. Hill, 15 App. D.C. 532; Bliss v. Duncan, 44 App. D.C. 93. (3) Under the facts of this case, as shown by appellants' abstract and respondent's statement, the case is not within the ruling of Weaver v. Woodling, 272 S.W. 373, relied upon by appellants, even were that ruling the law. (4) The writ of scire facias issued January 27, 1926, less than fifteen days prior to the beginning of the February term, 1926, was properly made returnable to the May term, 1926, and there was no "chasm" in the proceedings by reason thereof. Secs. 1183, 1184, 1212, R.S. 1919. (5) The suing out of the original writ of scire facias on March 14, 1925, was the commencement of the suit to revive the judgment. And, as this was less than ten years after the rendition of the original judgment, and the suit to revive was kept alive until the rendition of the final judgment of revivor, the action was not barred by limitations. Sec. 1182, R.S. 1919; State ex rel. Brown v. Wilson, 216 Mo. 215, 292; Hydraulic Press Brick Co. v. Lane, 198 Mo. App. 438; McGrath v. Railway, 128 Mo. 1. (6) Appellants have no standing in this court, in any event, to contend that at the time of the judgment of revivor plaintiff's right to revive was barred by limitations, for the reason, if none other, that this question was not raised either in appellants' motion to set aside the judgment or in their previous motion to dismiss the cause. An assignment of error not called to the attention of the lower court in the motion for a new trial is not before the appellate court for review. Fernandes Grain Co. v. Hunter, 217 Mo. App. 186; Daggett v. Am. Car Foundry Co., 284 S.W. 854, and cases cited; Snooks v. Sebier, 278 S.W. 1084. (7) (a) In all cases, except ejectment, any Statute of Limitations, or limitation as to time in which to sue, to be available must be specifically raised by demurrer or answer, otherwise the same is waived. Stevenson v. Smith, 189 Mo. 447; Linn County Bank v. Clifton, 263 Mo. 201; Johnson v. Ragan, 265 Mo. 420; McPherrin v. Lumberman's Supply Co., 211 Mo. App. 385; Murphy v. De France, 105 Mo. 53; Knisely v. Leathe, 256 Mo. 341; Am. Radiator Co. v. Plumbing Heating Co., 277 Mo. 548. (b) And, consequently, we might, if need be, disregard all proceedings prior to the issuance of the last writ of scire facias. If that writ be regarded as an original writ, the judgment is perfectly valid, since appellants, though served with this writ, raised no question below as to limitation or the timely institution of the proceeding.
This appeal involves a determination of the question as to whether a suit suffers a discontinuance if plaintiff fails to cause an alias writ of summons to be issued at the return term and successive pluries writs at every succeeding term until the defendants can be found and served; whether, if no writ was issued between the date of the first non est and the date of the issuance of the last writ, such will affect the validity of the judgment though a number of terms have intervened. This question has disturbed the Bar since the decision in the case of Weaver v. Woodling, 272 S.W. 373, by the Kansas City Court of Appeals, wherein it was held that under such circumstances the cause suffers a discontinuance.
The facts in the instant case are these: On March 20, 1915, plaintiff obtained a judgment in the circuit court of St. Charles county against defendants in the sum of $1500, with interest and costs. This judgment remained unsatisfied, and on March 14, 1925, plaintiff filed a petition to revive the judgment, which was an application for the suing out of a writ of scire facias to revive the judgment, and on that day a writ of scire facias was issued directed to the sheriff of the city of St. Louis, returnable to the next term of the circuit court of St. Charles county, being on the second Monday of May, 1925. The writ was in usual form, to show cause why the judgment should not be revived and the lien continued according to law. To this writ the St. Louis sheriff made a not-found return. On June 25, 1925, and during the same May term of the St. Charles County Circuit Court, that court made an order for an alias summons, again directed to the sheriff of the city of St. Louis. This was returnable on the first day of the next term, to-wit at the October term. The alias summons was issued and nothing further appears in the record as to this alias summons, but the record does show that during the same term at which this summons was issued, to-wit the May term, 1925, the circuit court continued the case to the next term, to-wit, the October term, 1925. Thereafter, at the October term, 1925, the St. Charles County Circuit Court ordered another alias summons directed to the same sheriff and returnable to the May term, 1926, of said court. Under the last-mentioned order the clerk of the court on January 27, 1926, being the October term, 1925, issued another or alias writ of scire facias directed to the sheriff of the city of St. Louis, returnable to the May term, 1926, of said court. The regular February term, 1926, intervened between the October term, 1925, and the May term, 1926, to which the last-mentioned writ of scire facias was made returnable. There being three terms of the circuit court of said county, beginning, respectively, on the first Monday in February, the second Monday in May and the fourth Monday in October, therefore the last-mentioned scire facias having been issued on January 27, 1926, was issued within a few days and less than fifteen days before the beginning of the February term, 1926, and hence was made returnable to the May term, 1926. During said February term, 1926, the court duly entered an order continuing same to the next regular May term, 1926. The scire facias writ issued on January 27, 1926, was served on the defendants on April 27, 1926, as duly appears from the sheriff's return. Thereafter, in vacation of said court, during the May term, 1926, before the adjournment of the term, the defendants entered their special appearance and moved the court to dismiss the cause upon the ground that the court had no jurisdiction to try same. This motion was not determined at the May term, 1926, but during that term the court again continued the cause to the October term, 1926. At the October term, 1926, the court overruled appellants' motion to dismiss. The cause was taken up and plaintiff introduced evidence to support her right to have the judgment revived. The defendants did not appear and the court ordered a revival of the judgment and the lien thereon, and ordered execution.
When this judgment was entered, it was discovered that the return of the sheriff of the city of St. Louis to the writ of scire facias of January 27, 1926, had not been filed, and during said term the return of the sheriff was duly filed, showing service on the said writ on defendants on April 27, 1926, and it is because of the fact that the judgment of revival of December 6, 1926, was entered prior to the filing of said sheriff's return that the court set aside the judgment and on the same day entered another judgment of revival. Again the defendants moved to set aside the judgment and a motion in arrest of judgment. Both of these motions were overruled at the next term of said court, whereupon the defendants appealed to this court.
Riveted to the exact point, it is contended by appellants that since the record disclosed that on March 14, 1925, a petition for writ of scire facias to revive the judgment was filed in the clerk's office, and that the writ was issued and made returnable to the May term, 1925, of the circuit court, and that a non est return was made thereon and that the May term, 1925, was suffered to elapse, and that not until the October term, 1925, was the alias writ issued returnable to the May term, 1926, that therefore the writ was improperly issued, not being issued at the term of court to which the original writ was made returnable.
Appellants rely upon the cases of Weaver v. Woodling, supra, and Mason v. Railroad, 226 Mo. 212, 125 S.W. 1128. Counsel for respondent insist, first, that the case of Weaver v. Woodling, supra, is distinguishable, and, secondly, that if not distinguishable then same should not be followed by this court. We are of the opinion that the case is not distinguishable, but we are constrained to differ with our brethren of the Kansas City Court of Appeals as to the correctness of the rule there reached. We find ourselves of a directly opposite view from that expressed in that case.
The Weaver case adopts the theory that processes must be regularly continued from term to term, and if a hiatus intervenes between the successive processes such will operate as a discontinuance. The Kansas City Court of Appeals in that case predicated its reasoning upon the rule of the common law which at an early period fitted its practice to the position that no suiter had any individual right to invoke the jurisdiction of the courts for the enforcement of a private right or redress for a private wrong. It was the doctrine that the right emanated from the Crown, and in order to obtain court relief a writ had to be sued out to obtain such right in the first instance. Such writs were then issued by the clerks in chancery. It was not only a notice for the defendant to appear, but operated as the Crown's mandate for the court to take jurisdiction of the case. The foundation, then, of the court's jurisdiction was this writ. So, then, it was the common-law theory that such process would have to be continued from term to term so that the court might retain jurisdiction of the case from time to time. Under such theory the plaintiff suffered a discontinuance if he failed to continue the process from term to term. It appears, however, that such discontinuance was usually avoided by a fictitious entry of continuance until the process was served. Now do we, under our practice and modern view of the law and our Statute of Jeofails, find ourselves still planted upon this ancient rule, or should we not hold that this old rule has no place in our reformed procedure which has departed from and modernized the old law of procedure and made the rule of reason fit our present practice under our statutes? We can see no foundation in reason or in our present law of procedure for the theory that processes must be continued from term to term or sued out each term in order to keep the cause alive. Our experience teaches us that such has not been the understanding of the Bar generally.
Section 1550, Revised Statutes, Missouri 1919, provides, inter alia, that no judgment shall be reversed or affected by reason of an imperfection of defect (fifth subdivision) "for any mispleading, miscontinuance or discontinuance, insufficient pleading, jeofail or misjoining issue." We think a proper construction of that statute forces an acceptance of the view that it was there intended to avoid a suffering of a discontinuance under circumstances such as is referred to in the Weaver case, supra, and as we have before us in the case at bar.
The case of Mason v. Railroad, supra, involved the right of plaintiff to bring a new suit upon the same cause of action within one year after the demurrer was sustained to the evidence and the taking of an involuntary nonsuit.
Wetmore v. Crouch, 188 Mo. 647, 87 S.W. 954, decided, as we read it, that the statute with reference to bringing a suit after a nonsuit applied as well to voluntary as to involuntary nonsuits.
In Pitkin v. Flagg, 198 Mo. 646, 97 S.W. 162, the trial court warned plaintiff's counsel at a previous term of the failure to diligently prosecute the suit, and at such subsequent term dismissed the suit for failure to diligently prosecute. The plaintiff there had filed a lis pendens as to certain real estate. He was keeping the suit on the docket without making any effort to obtain service, either personal or constructive. The Supreme Court, after reviewing the situation, said that in that sort of a case certainly the litigants were entitled to a speedy trial and that the trial court was justified in dismissing the action because the plaintiff "has shown no diligence in his prosecution."
We have in mind that section 1275, Revised Statutes Missouri, 1919, provides that where there is failure to renew process at each term as to any defendant, the plaintiff may dismiss as to such defendant, and subsequently bring in such defendant as a new party and have him summoned. That still does not impel a discontinuance of the case for failure to keep process in issuance at each term.
Now in Parsons v. Hill, 15 App. D.C. 532 (Dist. of Columbia), it is pointedly ruled that where there is a non est return upon an original summons, it is not necessary for the plaintiff in order to keep the suit alive to sue out successive writs of summons at interval terms or to enter continuance until the defendant can be served. The opinion is very instructive. It refers to the common-law practice, but accepts the view that there is now a very radical departure from the ancient rule, and that this was effected by the act of Congress creating the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, giving it power to establish rules or practice. And in adopting such rule of civil procedure, the opinion declares that such modern view cannot be deemed to be antagonistic to common right when common sentiment everywhere has demanded a change as against such old rule. Our practice is very similar to the practice there, and the reason set forth in the Parsons case, supra, is forceful and we follow it. What purpose is served by continual and uninterrupted writs of summons when it is known they cannot be actually served? Plaintiff, for instance, knows that the defendant is away from the jurisdiction or cannot be served for other sufficient reasons. Why should plaintiff be burdened with an utterly useless endeavor and make unnecessary costs attach to the litigation when it could not possibly benefit anyone? The docket would be constantly cluttered, as that court said, with entries of conspicuous inutility. The opinion in the Parsons case is so exhaustive and complete that we are convinced after reading it that under our practice in this State, and especially under the Statute of Jeofails, we cannot hold that a discontinuance was suffered in this case.
The Parsons case was again followed in Bliss v. Duncan, 44 App. D.C. 93. While it is true, those cases are bottomed upon the rule of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, we think exactly the same situation arises under our code of Civil Procedure. Nothing appears in our code, we think, which warrants holding otherwise.
We shall not discuss the argument made with reference to the distinction of the case at bar from Weaver v. Woodling, supra, because we confess we see no distinction in so far as the point exactly decided is concerned.
We have these further observations to make, however: It should be borne in mind that a discontinuance, generally speaking, is a failure to continue the case regularly from day to day and from term to term from the commencement of the suit until final judgment. Discontinuance results where there is a necessity of continuance to be promptly entered. The word "continuance" is defined by the lexicographers as an admission of postponement of action pending in court to a subsequent day or another term. It is not absolutely necessary to enter a continuance in every particular case; a general continuance of all cases undisposed of at the end of the term will prevent a discontinuance. It is only necessary that no disposition has been made of the case, and where the cases undisposed of at the end of the term are continued by a general order, there is no discontinuance in any sense of the word. A voluntary discontinuance is a voluntary action on the part of plaintiff whereby his case goes out of court without a decision on the merits. Now, there can be no discontinuance, or strictly speaking, involuntary discontinuance where all cases on the docket are continued at the end of the term as being undisposed of. It may be that a litigant may not have a special order of continuance appearing of record of his particular case, and if he had not sued out an alias summons his case would still stand continued if all the cases are continued by the court to the next term.
18 Corpus Juris, at page 1204, section 137, recites that under the common law there would be a discontinuance where the plaintiff neglected to obtain the continuance, yet it is generally held under the codes and practice acts in the States that a failure to make an entry in the cause, except regular continuances made at the end of the term, will not work a discontinuance of the suit. [See, also, Johnson v. Ditty (Tenn.), 7 Yerg. 85; Gillespie v. Redmond, 13 Tex. 9; Ex parte Driver, 51 Ala. 41; Gilbert v. Hardwick, 11 Ga. 599.]
It appears, too, that under the common law of England and the act of Parliament as it stood at the time it adopted same, the practice relating to discontinuance had become obsolete and attention was paid to same only when defendants came in and pleaded the Statute of Limitation. In this event, it seems the court directed the clerk to enter fictitious entries of continuances or process from term to term, and thus cured the default. Except when the Statute of Limitation was involved, these implied or involuntary discontinuances arising from the failure to continue process were wholly disregarded by the courts of England. It may be that failure to keep process alive is evidence of a failure to prosecute diligently under certain circumstances, but such failure does not in itself necessarily work a discontinuance in all cases.
Respondent's motion to dismiss the appeal has been considered and is by us overruled.
We are constrained therefore to sustain the lower court and to rule that the judgment must be affirmed. However, since we deem our decision in conflict with the opinion of the Kansas City Court of Appeals in Weaver v. Woodling, 272 S.W. 373, it is our constitutional duty to certify this case to the Supreme Court for final decision. It is so ordered. Becker and Nipper, JJ., concur.