Opinion
No. 564, September Term, 1975.
Decided March 1, 1976.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — Speedy Trial — Upon Application Of Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972) Accused Was Denied His Sixth Amendment Right To A Speedy Trial — Prejudice — Waiver — Under Barker, Factors Required To Be Weighed In Determining Whether An Accused Had Been Denied His Sixth Amendment Right To A Speedy Trial Are: (1) Delay, (2) Reason For Delay, (3) Prejudice, And (4) Waiver — In Case At Bar, Where Delay Between Issuance Of Warrant And Commencement Of Trial Was But One Week Less Than Eighteen Months, Of Which Approximately Two Months Are Chargeable To Accused And Approximately Fifteen Months Are Chargeable To State, And State Is Chargeable With Delay In A Ratio Seven And A Half Times Chargeable To Accused, Sixth Amendment Right To A Speedy Trial Was Denied — On Question Of Prejudice, Accused Is Not Required To Affirmatively Demonstrate Possible Prejudice To A Defense On Merits, Although Being Released On Bail, As Here, Is "A Significant Consideration In Determining A Lack Of Prejudice And In Holding That There Has Been No Denial Of A Speedy Trial" — Failure To Demand A Speedy Trial Does Not, Ipso Facto, Amount To A Waiver Of That Fundamental Right, But It Is To Be Considered In Interaction With Remaining Factors Under Barker — On Balance, In This Case, Failure To Demand A Speedy Trial Prior To Date Of Trial, While Weighing Against Accused, Does Not Outweigh State's Apparent Air Of Indifference With Respect To Prosecution Of This Case From Its Inception. pp. 424, 427-431
J.A.R.
Appeal from the Criminal Court of Baltimore (KARWACKI, J.).
Wallace Evans was convicted by a jury of distribution of a controlled dangerous substance, heroin, and, from the judgment entered thereon, he appeals.
Judgment reversed. Costs to be paid by Mayor and City Council of Baltimore.
The cause was argued before MORTON, GILBERT and LOWE, JJ.
Raymond M. Faby, Assigned Public Defender, for appellant. Gilbert H. Robinette, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, William A. Swisher, State's Attorney for Baltimore City, and Francis Sauer, Assistant State's Attorney for Baltimore City on the brief, for appellee.
The Supreme Court, in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972), articulated four factors to be employed by the courts in determining whether an accused had been denied his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial. The four elements that Barker requires us to weigh are: (1) the delay, (2) the reason for the delay, (3) prejudice, and (4) waiver. The Court of Appeals in Epps v. State, 276 Md. 96, 345 A.2d 62 (1975); Smith v. State, 276 Md. 521, 350 A.2d 628 (1976); and Erbe v. State, 276 Md. 541, 350 A.2d 640 (1976), has indicated the direction we are to follow in performing the delicate balancing mandated by Barker.
A similar right is found in the Maryland Constitution, Declaration of Rights article 21.
The Sixth Amendment was held to be applicable to state trials through the vehicle of the Fourteenth Amendment. Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386 U.S. 213, 87 S.Ct. 988, 18 L.Ed.2d 1 (1967); Smith v. State, 276 Md. 521, 350 A.2d 628 (1976).
Applying Barker, Epps, Erbe, and Smith to the facts presented to us in the case at bar, we are led to conclude that we must reverse the judgment of the Criminal Court of Baltimore. We hereafter state our reasons.
According to the State's evidence, Wallace Evans sold three bags of heroin to an undercover police officer, Detective John Hailey, on March 23, 1973. The total price was purportedly $32.50. Because he was working undercover and there was an ongoing investigation, no arrest was made of the appellant, Evans, until a few days after a warrant was issued on July 30, 1973. It is important to keep that date, July 30, 1973, firmly in mind as it is the date from which we must calculate in order to determine whether the defendant has been denied his right to a speedy trial. United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971); State v. Jones, 18 Md. App. 11, 305 A.2d 177 (1973); State v. Hunter, 16 Md. App. 306, 295 A.2d 779 (1972); State v. Hamilton, 14 Md. App. 582, 287 A.2d 791 (1972). We must, as we said in Hunter, 16 Md. App. at 311, ". . . look back to the date of the commencement of a prosecution by way of arrest, warrant, information or indictment, whichever shall first occur, and then forward to the date of the trial or hearing." Appellant Evans is one of three brothers, triplets, and that multiple birth phenomenon produced some unusual circumstances in the case, not, however, directed toward the speedy trial question. On August 9, 1973, appellant appeared in the Federal Building and asked if there was a warrant for his arrest. He was identified by Hailey and arrested by other detectives. The case was set for hearing in the District Court of Maryland on August 24, 1973. No police officer was present. The case was reset for September 24, 1973, and again no officer was present so that the matter was postponed a second time. Again, on October 25, 1973, the case was postponed for the same reason as previous postponements. On December 6, 1973, the case was postponed because neither defense counsel nor a police officer was present. One month later, January 7, 1974, the police officer was again not present. The case was postponed for the fifth time. Finally, on January 17, 1974, the officer not being present for the sixth time, the District Court judge dismissed the matter, we infer, for lack of prosecution. Thus 5 1/2 months were expended in awaiting a preliminary hearing. The State, however, took the matter to the grand jury by whom the appellant was indicted on January 24, 1974, for distribution of heroin.
An issue was made at trial over the alleged price. The appellant contended that the supposed price was absurd because sellers of heroin or other proscribed drugs do not engage in giving discount prices for small quantity purchases. He implied that a unit price of $10.83 or $10.84 is completely unbelievable.
Another detective was assigned to undercover work along with Hailey. The second detective occupied a different motor vehicle from Hailey, but he kept Hailey under constant observation. He testified that he recognized appellant, in the courtroom, from his observation of appellant in the car with Hailey. A few days after the warrant was issued for appellant's arrest, the detective executed the warrant. He arrested one of the appellant's brothers over the strenuous protest of the brother. The detective was under the impression that he was arresting the appellant. The brother was subsequently released when Hailey advised the detective that the wrong man had been arrested.
No reason is stated in the record or the briefs for the failure of the police to appear at any of the six scheduled preliminary hearings. We are unable to fathom the seeming cavalier attitude of the prosecuting police officers, unless they believed their appearance and testimony would in some way either weaken the State's case or strengthen that of the accused.
Although the docket entries of the Criminal Court do not reflect a postponement of trial on May 8, 1974, we are informed that the case was so postponed. On June 14, 1974, the appellant, who receives a pension for a service connected physical disability, requested a pre-trial medical examination. The trial, rescheduled for June 20, 1974, was postponed on that date. We glean the reason to be that the pre-trial medical report had not, as of that time, been filed. On the June 20, 1974 date, the case was specifically set for trial on "18 September, 1974 in Part VI." The medical report was filed July 5, 1974. No docket entry reflects that the case was called to trial on September 18, 1974, but it does indicate that it was called on September 11, 1974, and postponed. We are advised that it was postponed by the State. On October 29, 1974, it was again postponed with the notation, "Could not be reached." On January 22, 1975, it was continued until the next day, January 23, 1975, when trial was finally commenced, seven days short of eighteen months after the issuance of the warrant.
It appears that when the pre-trial medical report was requested appellant was required by the judge to waive, specifically, his speedy trial right. We interpret that waiver as being limited to the time between the request for the report, June 14, 1974, and the receipt by the court of the report, July 5, 1974. In any event, we do not believe appellant, in exchange for the pre-trial medical examination and report, was engaged in trading his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial for all purposes of this case.
The Delay
As we have seen, the delay between the issuance of the warrant and the commencement of the trial was but seven days less than eighteen months. We think such a delay to be of constitutional proportion. Smith v. State, supra. Having crossed the threshold of constitutional proportion, we now advance to the completion of the Barker balancing equation.
The Reasons for the Delay
We have set forth, above, the reasons for the delay as we are able to deduce them from the record or as they have been explained by counsel in briefs and on oral argument. We have set forth below a table depicting the delay involved in this case and indicating whom we think chargeable with that delay.Proceeding Delay Chargeable
Date Nature of Reason for Delay Period Party July 30, 1973 Issuance of to warrant and Administrative 10 days State Aug. 9, 1973 arrest Aug. 10, 1973 Arrest to to preliminary Procedural 15 days State Aug. 24, 1973 hearing Aug. 25, 1973 Preliminary No police to hearing officer 1 month State Sept. 24, 1973 postponed present Sept. 25, 1973 Preliminary No police to hearing officer 1 month State Oct. 25, 1973 postponed present Oct. 26, 1973 Preliminary No police to hearing officer 1 1/2 months State Dec. 6, 1973 postponed present Dec. 7, 1973 Preliminary Neither police to hearing officer nor 1 month Neutral Jan. 7, 1973 postponed defense counsel present Jan. 8, 1974 Preliminary hearing to postponed 1 to No police 10 days State Jan. 17, 1974 Preliminary officer hearing. present Dismissed — lack of prosecution Jan. 17, 1974 Dismissal to to indictment and Administrative 3 3/4 months State May 8, 1974 trial scheduled May 9, 1974 Trial date Part of the postponed reason not to to shown in the 2 months Appellant pre-trial record — Med. July 5, 1974 medical report Exam. report filed July 6, 1974 Medical to Report to trial Administrative 2 months State Sept. 11, 1974 date postponed Sept. 12, 1974 Trial date postponed to to Implicitly no trial date court 1 1/2 months State Oct. 29, 1974 postponed available Oct. 30, 1974 Trial date postponed to to "Not reached" 3 months State Jan. 22, 1975 trial date AdministrativeRecapitulation
Total elapsed time: Approximately 18 months. Total time chargeable to appellant: Approximately 2 months. Total time chargeable to State: Approximately 15 months. Neutral time chargeable to neither party: 1 month.
Weighing the cause and duration of the delay on the scale of Barker, it is readily apparent that the State is chargeable with delay in a ratio seven and a half times that chargeable to the appellant.
Prejudice to the Accused
Moore v. Arizona, 414 U.S. 25, 94 S.Ct. 188, 38 L.Ed.2d 183 (1973) laid to rest any belief that an accused must affirmatively demonstrate prejudice in order to avail himself of Barker's third factor. The Court said:
". . . [P]rejudice to a defendant caused by delay in bringing him to trial is not confined to the possible prejudice to his defense in those proceedings. Inordinate delay,
`wholly aside from possible prejudice to a defense on the merits, may "seriously interfere with the defendant's liberty, whether he is free on bail or not, and . . . may disrupt his employment, drain his financial resources, curtail his associations, subject him to public obloquy, and create anxiety in him, his family, and his friends." United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 320[, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468] (1971). These factors are more serious for some than for others, but they are inevitably present in every case to some extent, for every defendant will either be incarcerated pending trial or on bail subject to substantial restrictions on his liberty.' Barker v. Wingo, supra, at 537 (White, J., concurring)." 414 U.S. at 26-27 (footnote omitted).
See also Epps v. State, supra.
A defendant's being released on bail, as was the appellant in the case now before us, Epps points out, is ". . . a significant consideration in determining a lack of prejudice and in holding that there has been no denial of a speedy trial." 276 Md. at 119.
Except for approximately 60 days, appellant was free on bail. With respect, however, to prejudice, the appellant asserted ". . . emotional pressure, mental stress and strain and anguish and things of that nature which have taxed his mind to a point where he has been burdened. . . ."
The Court of Appeals, in Smith v. State, supra, notes that, "The speedy trial right was also intended to minimize the anxiety of the accused, his family and friends, and to protect the accused from public scorn, financial ruin and having to curtail his speech and associations." 276 Md. at 533. It is, of course, not necessary that an accused be incarcerated in order to be denied his right to a speedy trial. Incarceration, conceivably, might hinder the preparation of the defense more than it would damage the defense if the accused were released on bail or on his own recognizance while awaiting trial, but that is only an element for the courts to weigh in their "ad hoc" approach to each case. Barker v. Wingo, supra.
Waiver
Appellant made no demand for a speedy trial until the date of trial, January 23, 1975, when he filed two motions: (1) a demand for a speedy trial and (2) a motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial. After hearing a recitation of the facts to which we have heretofore alluded above, the trial judge denied the motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial, commenting briefly that he was ". . . convinced there is no ground on which . . . [he could] grant the [m]otion. . . ."
Barker, as Judge Moylan wrote for this Court in State v. Jones, supra, established that the failure to demand a speedy trial does not, ipso facto, amount to a waiver of that fundamental right. Instead, failure to demand is relegated to the status of another ". . . factor to be considered in interaction with the three others. . . ." 18 Md. App. at 18. Judge Moylan pointed out, 18 Md. App. at 18, that Mr. Justice Powell penned, in Barker, that the ". . . failure to assert the right [demand for a speedy trial] will make it difficult for a defendant to prove that he was denied a speedy trial." 407 U.S. at 532. Difficult, however, is not synonymous with impossible. Moreover, "[a] defendant has no duty to bring himself to trial; the State has that duty. . . ." Epps, 276 Md. at 105.
At the outset, we indicated that appellant was denied his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial. We have explained the factors constituting the "in-put" upon which we rest that conclusion. On balance, in this case, the appellant's failure to demand a speedy trial prior to the date of trial, while weighing against him, does not outweigh what appears to be an air of indifference with respect to the prosecution of this case from its inception.
While we recognize that in large metropolitan areas practical problems arise with respect to the expeditious trial of criminal cases, the constitutional right to a speedy trial may not be shelved because of court congestion.
We think the ends of justice are best served, not only for this accused, but for the general public, by our insistence upon the State's observance of the speedy trial right of a defendant, which right has been guaranteed by both the United States Constitution and the Maryland Declaration of Rights, article 21. The failure of the State, in the case sub judice, to afford the appellant that right requires us to impose the only sanction available when a speedy trial has been denied, reversal.
Judgment reversed.
Costs to be paid by Mayor and City Council of Baltimore.