Opinion
April 11, 1957 —
May 7, 1957.
APPEAL from an order of the county court of Milwaukee county: RUDOLPH J. MUDROCH, Judge. Affirmed.
For the appellant there was a brief by Affeldt Lichtsinn, and oral argument by Eldred Dede, all of Milwaukee.
For the respondent there was a brief by Eckert Jaekels of Milwaukee, and oral argument by Paul L. Jaekels.
Marie Cordes, widow of Joseph E. Cordes, a former judge of the civil court of Milwaukee county, died on August 19, 1955. Eugene Cordes on August 25, 1955, petitioned the county court of Milwaukee county to admit to probate as the last will and testament of Marie Cordes an instrument dated June 15, 1945, executed jointly by Joseph E. Cordes and Marie Cordes. Objections were filed on behalf of Anna Salvesen to the admission of the instrument as the will of Marie Cordes, on grounds, amongst others, that the instrument was invalid and impossible of performance. After a hearing, the trial court on October 17, 1956, ordered the instrument to probate as the will of Marie Cordes. The appeal is from that order.
The instrument provided as follows:
"We, Judge Joseph E. Cordes and Marie Cordes, his wife, hereby make and declare and publish this, our first and last, several and joint will and testament,
"All our property is jointly owned, except our wearing apparel and other personal items. In case of the death of either, each of us gives and bequeaths his or her personal items to the other. In case of the death of both of us it is our several and joint intention that what remains, of our several and joint property be given and bequeathed and we do hereby give and bequeath to Eugene and Carol Cordes, his wife, jointly, one half of our several and joint property and the other one half to their child, Judith Ann Cordes. In case of the death of either Eugene or Carol, the survivor is to have the other's share. In case of the death of both, then Judith Ann is, to have the whole of our property. In case of the death of Judith Ann, then Eugene and Carol jointly, or the survivor of them is to have all.
"June 15, 1945 "Joseph E. Cordes "Marie Cordes" The facts were stipulated by the parties in interest and are as follows: "The above-named decedent, Marie Cordes, died on the 19th day of August, 1955, a widow of the age of seventy-seven years, leaving her surviving no child and no issue of a predeceased child, no husband, no parent, and no brother or sister or issue of predeceased brother or sister, excepting her sister, Anna Salvesen, the objector."The death of Marie Cordes was due, among other things, to hardening of the arteries, a progressive condition which by the latter part of 1951 showed evidences of affecting her brain and which resulted in her being committed on August 20, 1952, as an incompetent, to the Asylum for the Chronic Insane of Milwaukee county, where she remained continuously until she died.
"Subsequent to the death of said decedent, one of the nephews of her predeceased husband, Eugene Cordes (who had changed his name from Eugene Ellis on February 4, 1942), propounded for probate as the last will and testament of the decedent a certain instrument, dated June 15, 1945, and executed with due legal formality, which had been drafted (not in duplicate) by her husband, Joseph Cordes, in his own handwriting and which had been signed by both parties in the manner following: [Inserted here are the provisions of the instrument above referred to.]
"At the time of the execution of said instrument on June 15, 1945, the property of the decedent and her said husband was, with the exception of wearing apparel and other personal items, all jointly owned, including a joint checking account in the First Wisconsin National Bank of Milwaukee. This joint property had been accumulated largely from savings from the salary of Joseph Cordes as a civil judge of Milwaukee county, but partly from an inheritance by the decedent from her friend, Bessie Evanson, in the sum of $880.98 on or about July 1, 1938. The wearing apparel and other personal items of the parties included, so far as the decedent was concerned, jewelry, miscellaneous glass and crystal beads, a bracelet, a gold wedding ring, and a diamond ring, set with a diamond and several sapphires, and so far as her husband was concerned, a small library, golf clubs, a watch, a fountain pen, and miscellaneous personal effects.
"On December 12, 1950, John Salvesen, a brother, of the decedent, died and left her an inheritance of $3,161.54, which inheritance was deposited by the decedent in its entirety in the joint checking account of the parties on or about August 8, 1951.
"On August 13, 1951, Joseph Cordes withdrew the sum of $1,300 from such joint checking account and invested the same in paid-up stock of Milwaukee Federal Savings Loan Association in his own name.
"Subsequently, Joseph Cordes surrendered certain insurance policies upon his life, the proceeds of which were payable upon death to his wife, Marie Cordes, in monthly instalments, for the cash surrender value thereof and deposited the proceeds of $5,410 in said joint checking account. Thereupon, on March 20, 1952, and April 21, 1952, he withdrew the respective sums of $3,000 and $2,000 from such joint account and invested the same in paid-up stock in Milwaukee Federal Savings Loan Association in his own name.
"On July 5, 1953, Joseph Cordes died at the age of seventy-seven years, leaving surviving his widow, Marie Cordes, three daughters of a predeceased sister and two nephews (children of a predeceased half sister), hereinafter mentioned, and leaving property owned jointly with his said wife, Marie Cordes, appraised in the inventory filed in his estate at $14,074.85 and the aforesaid paid-up stock in his own name inventoried at $6,410.25. Joseph Cordes also then owned, in addition to his other personal items above referred to, some silverware and a radio.
"On July 15, 1953, the aforesaid Eugene Cordes filed a petition in the county court of Milwaukee county for the appointment of himself as guardian of Marie Cordes, incompetent, and was, upon such petition, duly appointed her guardian.
On July 29, 1953, said Eugene G. Cordes, acting as general guardian of Marie Cordes, incompetent, propounded the aforesaid instrument for probate as the last will and testament of Joseph Cordes and in his petition listed the incompetent widow as the sole heir at law of her deceased husband. No mention was made, in such petition or in any subsequent proceedings in said estate, of the three surviving daughters of the predeceased sister of said Joseph Cordes, to wit: Gladys Lueck, Irene Bender, and Lois Sharpe, or of said Eugene G. Cordes and Irving Ellis, children of a predeceased half sister, of whose relationship and address said guardian had knowledge. None of said sisters had or received notice of any proceedings in said estate (excepting by publication), and no appearance was entered in said estate on behalf of any of them in person or by attorney.
"No objections were interposed to admitting the instrument to probate and the same was admitted on or about September 1, 1953, as a valid will. In the proof of heirship taken in said estate on said September 1, 1955, said Eugene Cordes, deposed that said decedent left surviving no brothers or sisters, and his sworn testimony at such time, in support of such proof of heirship, was to the same effect. No petition for construction of said instrument was ever filed. Said guardian filed no election on behalf of his ward to take the provisions made for her under the election statutes in lieu of the provision made for her under the purported will.
"On February 2, 1954, a final decree was entered in said estate, pursuant to which personal property in excess of $17,500 was assigned and transferred to `sole heir-at-law and beneficiary, Marie Cordes, his wife.' In support of such final decree and at the final hearing, said Eugene Cordes again testified that the incompetent, Marie Cordes, was the `sole legatee and heir' of Joseph Cordes. Eugene Cordes then receipted for the property as the guardian of Marie Cordes and the estate was closed.
"Subsequent to the death of the incompetent at the asylum on August 19, 1955, Eugene Cordes then propounded the same instrument as the will of Marie Cordes, and notice was given by mail to Anna Salvesen as sole heir-at-law of the decedent.
"On or about September 26, 1955, said Anna Salvesen objected to admission to probate of the aforesaid instrument, propounded as the last will and testament of said Marie Cordes, on the following grounds:
"(1) That said instrument was invalid and impossible of performance at and at all times subsequent to the time it was made;
"(2) That said instrument, if otherwise valid, was impliedly revoked by operation of law, by reason of (a) breach of contract affecting said instrument by her deceased husband, Joseph Cordes, and (b) changes in the condition and circumstances of said decedent.
"The undersigned parties further stipulate and agree that in addition to the above and foregoing facts and circumstances, the above-named court take judicial notice of and consider all proceedings, testimony, and records in File #322-335 in the county court of Milwaukee county in the matter of the Estate of Joseph Cordes, deceased, and also all proceedings, testimony, and records in File #322-455 in the matter of the Guardianship of Marie Cordes, incompetent."
It appears of record that in conjunction with its rendition of the order admitting the will of Marie Cordes to probate, the court filed a written memorandum of opinion wherein it found that (a) the intent of the testators was that all property not held in joint tenancy should first go to the survivor of the two makers; (b) the testators, in using the language "in case of the death of both of us," meant "upon the death of the survivor of us," and did not have in mind a simultaneous death; (c) that by reason of the foregoing, there was no case for the application of the rule that a joint will which attempts to postpone the effect of said will as the will of the first to, die until the death of the last to die, is invalid and inadmissible as a will.
A joint will which expressly or impliedly does not become effective until the death of the survivor is invalid. As said in 1 Page, Wills (lifetime ed.), p. 225, sec. 105:
"The single case in which modern courts are still inclined to treat wills of these classes [including joint wills] as invalid is the type of will in which the testators have joined in one instrument in a complete scheme for the disposition of their joint property, or of their separate property treated as a joint fund, and have fixed the death of the survivor as the time for such will to take effect."
A joint will that is not capable of being separated as the separate will of each maker should not be probated, but joint wills, executed in accordance with the provisions of law, are valid, and may be probated as the separate will of the testator dying first. The test seems to be that if the will may be probated separately for each without regard to the fact that the other is living, then the double will is valid. Collins v. Stroup (1942), 71 N.D. 679, 3 N.W.2d 742.
In Atkinson, Wills (2d ed.), p. 223, sec. 49, it is said:
"Even today a joint will which expressly or impliedly does not become effective until the death of the survivor is invalid. However, in the absence of this factor, there is no reason why the joint will cannot be regarded as the will of each cotestator and probated twice, once at the death of each. This is the modern and generally recognized view."
At 169 A.L.R. 14, 15, II a (Anno.), it is stated:
"By the great weight of modern authority, an instrument is not to be denied probate as a will for the reasons that it was executed by two or more persons purporting to sign as testators, contains bequests which are reciprocal, and was executed pursuant to contract, provided the instrument is not dependent upon the death of the survivor for effectiveness as the will of the first to die, but can be admitted to probate successively upon the death of each testator as his separate will. This is the rule, whether the property bequeathed be owned severally or jointly by the testators. Especially does the rule hold true where the testators are husband and wife."
The appellant takes the position that the will in question may not under its terms be probated separately. We cannot agree. In its determination of such matter, the court was bound to consider the meaning and legal effect of the language of the instrument in the light of the circumstances existing at the time of its execution. As said in 2 Page, Wills (lifetime ed.), pp. 815-817, sec. 920:
"While the intention of the testator is to be ascertained, in the first instance, from the language which is used in the will, his intention cannot be ascertained from such language alone. The testator used this language in view of the surrounding circumstances, as known to him, and with reference thereto. If the court refuses to consider the surrounding circumstances, the court declines to place itself in the position in which testator was, when he used the language which the court is trying to construe; and the meaning which is thus ascertained is very likely to be different from the meaning which the testator in question had; as well as different from the meaning which the average testator would have had under like circumstances. For these reasons the court places itself in the position in which testator was when he made the will; and the will is construed in the light of the surrounding facts and circumstances.
"The facts and circumstances which are to be considered are those which existed when the will was made. Subsequent events cannot be considered."
In Will of Parker (1956), 273 Wis. 29, 30, 33, 76 N.W.2d 712, it was said:
"In determining the testator's intention, a court considers his situation, the circumstances and conditions surrounding him at the time of the execution of the will."
From the facts it appears that when the instrument was executed, neither of the makers possessed any separately owned property except wearing apparel and personal items. All of their other property was owned by them in joint tenancy. When Joseph E. Cordes died, the instrument was subject to be probated separately as his will, at least in so far as his property consisting of wearing apparel and personal items was, concerned. Appellant urges that such phrases appearing in the will as "what remains of our several and joint property," "one half of our several and joint property" "the other one half," "the whole of our property," "all," "in case of the death of both of us it is our several and joint intention . . . be given and bequeathed" indicate that the instrument was intended to be a joint disposition in respect to both several and joint property, persons making the testamentary dispositions, and the transfer of the various bequests. In response to such challenge, the respondent correctly points out that a will is not a phrase or group of phrases, but that it is an entire instrument and must be read as such. As said in Will of Hill (1952), 261 Wis. 290, 297, 52 N.W.2d 867: "A will is to be considered as a whole to determine the real intent of the testator."
The various provisions of a will should be construed so as to be consistent with one another, rather than to, be conflicting. Estate of Lindsay (1951), 260 Wis. 19, 22, 49 N.W.2d 736.
When the language of a will is reasonably susceptible of two different constructions, one of which will defeat while the other will sustain a provision, the interpretation upholding the validity of the provision is to be accepted. Estate of Hauck (1942), 239 Wis. 421, 424, 1 N.W.2d 773.
From the language in the will and in view of the rules as stated, we are obliged to conclude that Joseph E. Cordes intended to, bequeath at least his wearing apparel and other personal items to Marie Cordes in the event that he died before Marie Cordes, and that he intended to, leave his entire estate to Eugene, Carol, and Judith Ann Cordes in the event that he survived Marie Cordes. On the other hand, it is clear that by this will Marie Cordes intended to bequeath to Joseph E. Cordes at least her wearing apparel and other personal items in the event that she predeceased Joseph E. Cordes, and intended to leave her entire estate to Eugene, Carol, and Judith Ann Cordes in manner as designated in the event that she survived Joseph E. Cordes.
Appellant submits that such construction results in intestacy as to all separately owned property except wearing apparel and personal items, and that as to Joseph E. Cordes it would mean intestacy as to the stock in the amount of $6,410.23 owned by him individually when he died.
As previously herein pointed out, it is the rule that the circumstances surrounding a testator when making a will are of controlling consideration in the construction of a testator's intention. True, when the will in question was made, Joseph E. Cordes possessed no separate property except his wearing apparel and personal items. However, it is to be presumed that he intended a complete distribution of his estate, and a construction tending to that end will be preferred to one which results in intestacy as to any part. As said in Estate of Donges (1899), 103 Wis. 497, 501, 79 N.W. 786:
"Among these [rules], two are relevant to the present consideration: First, that in case of doubt such construction will be adopted as to support and give effect to the will, rather than to defeat it; second, that a testator is presumed to have intended a complete distribution of his estate, and a construction tending to that end will be preferred to one which results in intestacy as to any part. Mann v. Hyde, 71 Mich. 278; Given v. Hilton, 95 U.S. 591, 594. In the carrying out of this latter rule courts often find themselves constrained to discover an intention to give, by the will, that which is not in fact given by express words, but which, it is clear from the other bequests and devises, it was the intention of the testator to give, as being so clearly implied from the gifts in fact made and the purpose of the will that silence can signify only an omission to state that which was in the testator's mind and intended. These are called devises or bequests by implication."
The rule in the Donges Case just above referred to, was reaffirmed in Will of Schneider (1955), 268 Wis. 610, 613, 68 N.W.2d 576.
We are obliged to conclude that in the instant matter when the court was called upon to construe the intention of the testators as of the time when the joint will was made with regard to separate property acquired after the execution of the will, it was entitled to invoke the rule as outlined in the Donges Case. For such reason we are of the opinion that the court did not err with respect to its finding that it was the intention of the testators "that all property not held in joint tenancy should first go to the survivor of the two makers."
We find no error with respect to the court's finding that with respect to the phrase "in case of the death of both of us" the testators did not have in mind a simultaneous death.
The instrument in question was capable of being separated as the separate will of each maker, and of being separately probated. As representing the will of the first to die, it left to the survivor all of the property separately owned by such testator, and as being the will of the survivor, it devised and bequeathed to the named beneficiaries all of the property of such testator regardless of how or when it was acquired.
By the Court. — Order affirmed.