Summary
In Eshelman v. State (1930), ante 475, 169 N.E. 861, a like question 3. as to the validity of the same grand jury was presented to this court. It was held in that cause that, where there was no trial of issues on the plea in abatement, the action of the court in "overruling" same was properly presented by an independent assignment of error, as herein relied upon.
Summary of this case from McHugh v. StateOpinion
No. 25,832.
Filed February 4, 1930.
1. CRIMINAL LAW — Plea in Abatement — Review of Rulings Thereon — Motion for New Trial Necessary. — Where there has been a trial of the issues raised by a plea in abatement, questions arising therein must be presented by a motion for a new trial as to such issues. p. 477.
2. CRIMINAL LAW — Plea in Abatement — No Trial of Issues Raised Thereby — Rulings Assigned as Error on Appeal. — Where there was no trial of the issues raised by a plea in abatement, the action of the court in "overruling" such plea is properly presented on appeal by an independent assignment of error. p. 477.
3. CRIMINAL LAW — Plea in Abatement — In Criminal Case — Rules Governing. — Since the Criminal Code makes no reference to a plea in abatement, § 116 of the Civil Code (§ 389 Burns 1926) must be followed in presenting such plea in a criminal case (§ 2406 Burns 1926). p. 478.
4. CRIMINAL LAW — Filing of Plea in Abatement after Plea in Bar. — Since § 389 Burns 1926 controls in criminal practice, there being no special provision in the Criminal Code for pleas in abatement (§ 2406 Burns 1926), and a defendant in a criminal case cannot, as a matter of right, file a plea in abatement after entering a plea of not guilty, as that is a plea in bar. p. 478.
5. PLEADING — Withdrawal of Plea in Bar — To Permit Filing of Plea in Abatement. — It has long been the rule in this state that it is within the discretion of the trial court to permit a plea in bar to be withdrawn so that a plea in abatement may be filed ( Brink v. Reid, 122 Ind. 257, 23 N.E. 770, and Watts, Trustee, v. Sweeney, 127 Ind. 116, 26 N.E. 680, disapproved). p. 478.
6. CRIMINAL LAW — Withdrawal of Plea in Bar — To Permit Filing of Plea in Abatement. — It is within the trial court's sound discretion to permit a plea in bar to be withdrawn, and then grant leave to file a plea in abatement, since, when such plea is withdrawn, strictly speaking, the plea in abatement is not filed with the plea in bar nor is it "preceded" by the plea in bar ( Brink v. Reid, 122 Ind. 257, 23 N.E. 770, and Watts, Trustee, v. Sweeney, 127 Ind. 116, 26 N.E. 680, disapproved). p. 478.
7. CRIMINAL LAW — Withdrawal of Plea in Bar — To Permit Filing of Plea in Abatement — Presumption on Appeal. — Where the trial court granted permission to withdraw a plea of not guilty that the defendant might file a plea of abatement, it will be presumed on appeal, in the absence of a showing to the contrary, that the court was justified in its action. p. 479.
8. CRIMINAL LAW — Appeal — Copy of Record Showing Drawing and Impaneling of Grand Jury Properly Included in Transcript — Properly before Appellate Tribunal. — On appeal from a conviction for a criminal offense, a copy of the record showing the drawing and impaneling of the grand jury was properly included in the transcript in response to a praecipe directing the clerk to include therein "the civil order-book entries showing the drawing and impaneling of the grand jury which returned the indictment in this cause," and such record was properly before the appellate tribunal. p. 479.
9. GRAND JURY — Filling Vacancies in Regular Panel When Juror Excused for Term — Clerk Must Draw Name from Jury Box. — Section 580 Burns 1926, relative to filling vacancies on the regular panel when jurors are excused for the term, is applicable to grand juries, and where a member of the regular panel is excused from service for the term of court, his successor must be selected by the clerk drawing names from the jury box, as required by said section. p. 480.
10. CRIMINAL LAW — Vacancies in Grand Jury — Method of Filling — Plea in Abatement Showing Noncompliance with Law — Should have been Sustained. — In a prosecution by indictment for a criminal offense, a plea in abatement alleging that the grand jury which found the indictment was illegally organized because two members of the regular panel of the grand jury were excused for the term and the vacancies were filled by calling bystanders, pursuant to an order of the court, instead of notifying the clerk to draw additional names from the jury box, as required by § 580 Burns 1926, should have been sustained. p. 481. Martin, J., dissenting in part.
See case note, 39 Yale Law Jour. 1063.
From Fayette Circuit Court; G. Edwin Johnston, Judge.
(Transferred from the Appellate Court under cl. 1, § 1357 Burns 1926. See 90 Ind. App. 100, 168 N.E. 189.)
Roy Eshelman was convicted of selling intoxicating liquor, and he appealed. Reversed.
Wiles, Springer Roots and G. Andrew Golden, for appellant.
James M. Ogden, Attorney-General, and George W. Hufsmith, Deputy Attorney-General, for the State.
Appellant was charged by an indictment with selling intoxicating liquor in violation of Acts 1925, ch. 48, § 4, § 2717 Burns 1926. On December 13, 1928, he was arraigned (apparently without counsel) and entered a plea of not guilty. On December 24, 1928, by leave of court (on motion of his counsel) he was permitted to withdraw his plea of not guilty and file a plea in abatement. The plea in abatement was "overruled," whereupon appellant entered a plea of not guilty, and a trial by the court resulted in a finding of guilty and a judgment of six months' imprisonment at the Indiana State Farm and a fine of $100, and costs.
Error is assigned in the overruling of appellant's plea in abatement. This is assigned independently as error, and it is also given as a reason in his motion for a new trial, 1, 2. the overruling of which is assigned as error. Where there has been a trial of issues raised by a plea in abatement, questions arising thereon must be presented by a motion for a new trial as to such issues. Williams v. State (1907), 169 Ind. 384, 386, 82 N.E. 790; Johnson v. State (1929), ante 264, 176 N.E. 531; Pleak v. State (1929), ante 274, 167 N.E. 524. In the case at bar, there was no trial of issues on the plea in abatement, and we hold that the action of the court in overruling the same is properly presented by the independent assignment, the error alleged therein being based upon a ruling which preceded and was made by way of preparation for the trial of the case.
The appellee contends that such a plea was properly overruled (and should, on motion, have been struck out) because "an answer in abatement must precede and cannot be pleaded with an 3-5. answer in bar." § 389 Burns 1926. (This section of the Civil Code must be followed in presenting a plea in abatement, since no procedure is outlined therefor in our Criminal Code. § 2406 Burns 1926.) After a defendant has entered a plea of not guilty (which is an answer in bar), he cannot file a plea in abatement, since a person who pleads matter in abatement must plead it in accordance with the statutory command. Biddle v. State (1927), 199 Ind. 284, 287, 157 N.E. 280. But it has long been held that it is within the discretion of a trial court to permit a plea in bar to be withdrawn and to give leave to file a plea in abatement, Morgan Co. v. White (1885), 101 Ind. 413; and a trial court, in the exercise of its sound discretion, may, in a criminal case, grant leave for a plea of not guilty to be withdrawn (see 2 Wharton, Crim. Proc. [10th ed.] § 1354), and, when such plea is withdrawn, and a plea in abatement is filed, the plea in abatement is not "pleaded with an answer in bar," nor can it be said strictly that it is "preceded" by the answer in bar that was withdrawn.
A different, and we believe a less reasonable and possibly an erroneous, view was taken in the civil cases of Watts, Trustee, v. Sweeney (1891), 127 Ind. 116, 26 N.E. 680, 22 Am. St. 6. 615, and Brink v. Reid (1890), 122 Ind. 257, 23 N.E. 770, where it was held that a plea in abatement would be struck out on motion, as being filed after a plea in bar, even though the plea in bar was withdrawn, by leave of court, for the purpose of filing such plea in abatement. It was recently held by this court in Price v. State (1929), ante 460, 168 N.E. 579, that the rule stated in the cases just cited was not a hard and fast one, and that, if a showing was made to the trial court that a defendant was ignorant of the facts exhibited in the plea in abatement at the time of answering in bar, and that, upon learning such facts, he promptly brought them to the attention of the court, the court might allow him to withdraw his plea in bar, in the exercise of its sound legal discretion, which discretion is reviewable on appeal.
In the case at bar, there is nothing in the record to indicate what showing of facts was made to the trial court upon which it granted appellant permission to withdraw his plea of not 7. guilty and file his plea in abatement, but the legal presumption is in favor of the court's ruling, and, in the absence of a showing to the contrary, we will assume that the court had before it such a showing as justified its action.
Appellant's verified plea or answer in abatement alleged that he was indicted December 5, 1928, by the grand jurors for the September term, 1928, of the Fayette Circuit Court, for a 8. misdemeanor alleged to have been committed by him in Fayette County on November 7, 1928; that six persons were legally drawn by the jury commissioners to serve as grand jurors and a seventh person was drawn as a special venire to serve as a grand juror, but that, on October 23, 1928, the day the grand jury was empaneled, one of the seven men whose names were drawn "was not a qualified grand juror and was excused for good cause shown from service on said grand jury," and that it was further discovered that another of the seven "was incapable of serving upon said grand jury by reason of ill health; that thereupon the judge of the Fayette Circuit Court ordered and directed the sheriff to fill the vacancy on said grand jury," that thereupon the sheriff called a bystander, who was sworn and accepted as a grand juror by the court, without calling the jury commissioners together and drawing another grand juror; that appellant had no opportunity to object to the grand jury by challenge, and that, by reason of the facts above set out, the indictment was void and the action should abate. This plea in abatement is bottomed on the case of Stipp v. State (1918), 187 Ind. 211, 118 N.E. 818, which held that Acts 1909, ch. 43, § 1, § 580 Burns 1926, applied to the organization of grand juries as well as petit juries; that a strict compliance with the statute is necessary, and that, where a member of the regular panel is excused from service for the term of court, his successor must be selected by the clerk drawing names from the jury box.
The appellant asserts that the court ruled on the plea in abatement without affording him an opportunity to offer evidence in support thereof, but there is nothing disclosed by the record showing that an issue of fact was tendered to the plea. Appellant saved his exception to the ruling or finding of the court, which was: "And the court having seen and examined said plea in abatement and being duly and fully advised in the premises, now overrules said plea in abatement."
The record of the drawing of the names of the prospective grand jurors, their being examined and sworn, and their returning an indictment in this case, is all in the transcript, and an examination of the same discloses that the material allegations of the plea in abatement are borne out by the record.
The appellee contends that this record of the drawing of the grand jurors who returned this indictment, etc., must be presented by a special and separate bill of exceptions, 9. and, not having been so presented, such matter is not properly before this court. The appellant, in his praecipe directing the clerk to prepare a transcript of the record for appeal, in addition to the enumeration of items usually asked for, requested him to include therein "the civil order-book entries showing the drawing and empaneling of the grand jury for the September term, 1928, of said Fayette Circuit Court which returned the indictment in this cause." In response to this praecipe, the clerk included the matter in controversy in the transcript of the record, and we hold that the same is properly before us (although we do not hold that this was the only method by which it could have been properly presented).
The record shows that the court, upon examination of the seven men drawn for grand-jury service as to their qualifications to serve as grand jurors, found that one was not a qualified 10. householder or freeholder of Fayette County and that the one chosen as a special venire for emergency purposes as such grand juror was "unable at this time to perform such service, and the court now orders the sheriff . . . to fill the vacancy in said grand jury." Then follows the statement that, "upon due examination under oath as to their qualifications, [the court] now accepts said grand jurors, as follows: (naming them, and appointing a foreman) and said grand jurors are now duly and legally empaneled, sworn and charged, and now retire to their room to discharge their duties as such grand jurors." In filling such a vacancy as occurred in this grand jury, it is necessary that the court follow the provision of § 580 Burns 1926, and notify the clerk of the circuit court, and for the clerk to immediately proceed to draw from the jury box the number of names required. The provisions of the statute, not having been complied with, it follows that the grand jury was not legally organized and that the plea in abatement should have been sustained.
The writer does not agree with that portion of the opinion of the court which holds that the record contains a showing of facts sufficient to abate the prosecution. I believe that, notwithstanding the decision in Stipp v. State, supra, a plea in abatement on the ground that there were irregularities in the selection or constitution of the grand jury to be good must allege facts showing that the defendant's rights were prejudiced by such irregularities. This court, in its consideration of all questions upon the appeal of criminal cases, is required by statute to disregard technical errors and defects, or exceptions to any decision or action of the trial court, which did not, in the opinion of this court, prejudice the substantial rights of the defendant (§ 2394 Burns 1926), and if there is no charge that the grand jury was composed of disqualified persons, or that the irregularities were prejudicial to the substantial rights of the defendant, or that there was fraud or corruption in the selection of the grand jury, no cause for abating the action has been alleged. Cooper v. State (1889), 120 Ind. 377, 22 N.E. 320; Sage v. State (1891), 127 Ind. 15, 26 N.E. 667; Meiers v. State (1877), 56 Ind. 336; Ward v. State (1874), 48 Ind. 289; Hardin v. State (1864), 22 Ind. 347; Shattuck v. State (1859), 11 Ind. 473; 16 C.J. 409. Stipp v. State, supra, sought to avoid the force of three of the cases just cited by stating that they invoke a rule of legislative origin, that the statute is no longer in effect, and that the common-law principle was otherwise. Vattier v. State (1835), 4 Blackf. (Ind.) 73; State v. Herndon (1839), 5 Blackf. (Ind.) 75; and Shattuck v. State, supra, there relied upon, do not support the court in its statement. See Agnew v. United States (1897), 165 U.S. 36, 17 Sup. Ct. 235, 41 L.Ed. 624, and cases cited.
I further believe that the Legislature did not intend Acts 1909, ch. 43, § 1, § 580 Burns 1926, to apply to grand juries as well as petit juries, as held in Stipp v. State, supra.
The judgment is reversed, with directions to the trial court to sustain the plea.