Opinion
11-21-2016
In the Matter of ENTERGY NUCLEAR OPERATIONS, INC., et al., Respondents, v. NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF STATE et al., Appellants.
Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, Albany (Barbara D. Underwood, Andrew D. Bing, Frederick A. Brodie and Lisa M. Burianek of counsel), for appellants. Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, New York City (Kathleen M. Sullivan, Sanford I. Weisburst, Yelena Konanova and Ellyde R. Thompson of counsel), Nixon Peabody LLP, Albany (Andrew C. Rose of counsel), Marcus V. Brown, Entergy Services, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana and William B. Glew, Jr., Entergy Services, Inc., White Plains, for respondents. Deborah Brancato, Riverkeeper, Inc., Ossining, Hayley Carlock, Scenic Hudson, Inc., Poughkeepsie, and Manna Jo Greene, Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Beacon, for Riverkeeper, Inc. and others, amici curiae. Singer/Bea LLP, San Francisco, California (Renee B. Bea, Adam S. Cashman, of the California bar, admitted pro hac vice, and Stephanie L. Cobau, of the California bar, admitted pro hac vice, of counsel), for African American Environmentalist Association and another, amici curiae. Winston & Strawn LLP, Washington, D.C. (David A. Repka of counsel), for Nuclear Energy Institute, amicus curiae. Hunton & Williams LLP, New York City (Shawn Patrick Regan of counsel), and Hunton & Williams LLP, Washington, D.C. (F. William Brownell of counsel), for Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America and another, amici curiae. Allegaert Berger & Vogel LLP, New York City (Partha P. Chattoraj of counsel), for Emily Hammond, amicus curiae. Wollmuth Maher & Deutsch LLP, New York City (David H. Wollmuth, James J. Brennan and Nicholas G.O. Veliky of counsel), for New York State Senator Kevin S. Parker and others, amici curiae.
Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, Albany (Barbara D. Underwood, Andrew D. Bing, Frederick A. Brodie and Lisa M. Burianek of counsel), for appellants.
Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, New York City (Kathleen M. Sullivan, Sanford I. Weisburst, Yelena Konanova and Ellyde R. Thompson of counsel), Nixon Peabody LLP, Albany (Andrew C. Rose of counsel), Marcus V. Brown, Entergy Services, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana and William B. Glew, Jr., Entergy Services, Inc., White Plains, for respondents.
Deborah Brancato, Riverkeeper, Inc., Ossining, Hayley Carlock, Scenic Hudson, Inc., Poughkeepsie, and Manna Jo Greene, Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Beacon, for Riverkeeper, Inc. and others, amici curiae.
Singer/Bea LLP, San Francisco, California (Renee B. Bea, Adam S. Cashman, of the California bar, admitted pro hac vice, and Stephanie L. Cobau, of the California bar, admitted pro hac vice, of counsel), for African American Environmentalist Association and another, amici curiae.
Winston & Strawn LLP, Washington, D.C. (David A. Repka of counsel), for Nuclear Energy Institute, amicus curiae.
Hunton & Williams LLP, New York City (Shawn Patrick Regan of counsel), and Hunton & Williams LLP, Washington, D.C. (F. William Brownell of counsel), for Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America and another, amici curiae.
Allegaert Berger & Vogel LLP, New York City (Partha P. Chattoraj of counsel), for Emily Hammond, amicus curiae.
Wollmuth Maher & Deutsch LLP, New York City (David H. Wollmuth, James J. Brennan and Nicholas G.O. Veliky of counsel), for New York State Senator Kevin S. Parker and others, amici curiae.
OPINION OF THE COURT
ABDUS–SALAAM, J.
The issue presented is whether Entergy's pending application to renew its federal operating licenses for the Indian Point nuclear reactors on the Hudson River in Westchester County, for an additional 20 years, is subject to review by the New York State Department of State for consistency with the policies of New York's Coastal Management Program (CMP). The Department of State, interpreting the CMP, which it authored, concluded that the renewal application did not fit within the CMP's grandfather exemptions and that Entergy's application is therefore subject to review. An agency's interpretation of its own plan or regulation "is deferentially reviewed by the courts to determine whether there is a rational basis for the decision and, if so, [the agency's] conclusion must be upheld" (matter of terracE ct., llc v. new York STAte DIv. Of hoUs. & CommunitY Renewal, 18 N.Y.3d 446, 454, 940 N.Y.S.2d 549, 963 N.E.2d 1250 [2012] ). We conclude that the Department of State's determination is rational, and accordingly, the Appellate Division order holding that Indian Point is exempt from review should be reversed.
I.
Background
Entergy's Indian Point nuclear facility has two active nuclear reactors, Indian Point 2 and Indian Point 3. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC) predecessor, the Atomic Energy Commission, issued 40–year operating licenses for Indian Point 2 in 1973 and Indian Point 3 in 1975, when Consolidated Edison owned all three reactors. The agency now known as the New York Power Authority acquired the licensed and partially-completed Indian Point 3 from Consolidated Edison in 1975. Entergy bought Indian Point 3 from the Power Authority in 2000 and acquired Indian Point 2 in 2001. Entergy continues to operate the reactors under the original 40–year licenses in accordance with federal law (see 5 U.S.C. § 558 ; 10 C.F.R. 2.109 ).
Indian Point 1 ceased generating electricity in 1974.
Federal law limits the term of a initial operating license to a maximum of 40 years (see 42 U.S.C. § 2133 [c] ). In 1995, the NRC adopted its current "Part 54" regulations, authorizing the re-licensing of
nuclear reactors for up to 20 years beyond the original term (see 10 C.F.R. 54.31 [b] ). A renewed operating license supersedes the original license (see 10 C.F.R. 54.31 [c] ). An application for a license to operate a nuclear facility requires the NRC to produce a final environmental impact statement, and an application for a re-license requires a supplemental site-specific environmental impact statement, which is in addition to the 2013 Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants (see 10 C.F.R. 51.20 [b][2]; part 51, subpart A, Appendix B). The applicant is required to submit an environmental report to the NRC and to identify other necessary environmental permits and approvals (10 C.F.R. 51.45, 51.53 [c] ).
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Reactor License Renewal, http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/licensing/renewal/overview.html (accessed Oct. 31, 2016).
Congress adopted the Coastal Zone Management Act (the act) in 1972, to encourage the states to protect their coastal resources, with an aim "to preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance, the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for this and succeeding generations" (16 U.S.C. § 1452 [1] ). The act states that "[t]he key to more effective protection and use of the land and water resources of the coastal zone is to encourage the states to exercise their full authority" over coastal lands and waters by adopting coastal management programs of their own (16 U.S.C. § 1451 [i] ). It provides that a coastal state can choose to draft a CMP, which is a "comprehensive statement ... setting forth objectives, policies, and standards to guide public and private uses of lands and waters in the coastal zone" (16 U.S.C. § 1453 [12] ). Upon completion, the state then submits the CMP to the United States Secretary of Commerce for authorization (see 16 U.S.C. § 1454 ).
The act mandates that once the Secretary has approved a state's management program,
"any applicant for a required [f]ederal license ... affecting any land or water use or natural resource of the coastal zone of that state shall provide in the application to the licensing ... agency a certification that the proposed activity complies with the enforceable policies of the state's approved program and that such activity will be conducted in a manner consistent with the program" (16 U.S.C. § 1456 [c][3][A] ).
Within six months of submission, the affected state must concur or object to the certification. Further, the act provides that "[n]o license or permit shall be granted by the [relevant] [f]ederal agency" until the State or its designated agency has concurred with the certification, is deemed to have done so, or the Secretary overrides the State's objection (16 U.S.C. § 1456 [c][3][A] ). Federal regulations under the act require consistency review of renewal applications for federal licenses that affect any coastal use or resource where the activities were not previously reviewed by the designated state agency, where the activities are subject to new management changes, or where the renewal will cause an effect substantially different from those the state agency originally reviewed (see 15 C.F.R. 930.51 [b][1][3] ). The act does not grant any exemptions or exceptions to the consistency requirement.
In 1982, New York adopted a CMP. The Department of State took the lead in
New York State Coastal Management Program and Final Environmental Impact Statement, http://www.dos.ny.gov/opd/programs/pdfs/NY_CMP.pdf (accessed Oct. 25, 2016), cached at http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/webdocs/NY_CMP.pdf.
preparing the CMP and administers it. The United States Secretary of Commerce approved the CMP and it became effective on September 30, 1982 (see 47 Fed Reg 47056–02 [1982] ). The CMP sets forth 44 enforceable statewide policies relating to coastal activities against which federal license renewals and other federal actions affecting coastal resources must be assessed. State actions are also subject to review, but that review is not conducted by the Department of State but by the state agency proposing to take the action in accordance with the regulations promulgated by the Department (see 19 NYCRR 600.1, 600.3, 600.4 ; Executive Law § 919 ). The CMP's statewide policies include protecting fish and wildlife resources; preventing or minimizing damage from flooding or erosion; meeting public energy needs in an environmentally safe manner; and controlling air and water pollution.
New York has designated its Department of State to review federal agency actions to ensure consistency with the 44 coastal policies set forth in the CMP. The Department conducts a federal consistency review of a proposed federal license application pursuant to the federally approved CMP (see 15 C.F.R. 930.11 [h] ). The CMP lists the issuance of an operating license for a nuclear facility as a reviewable activity that requires the applicant to submit a federal consistency certification to the Department. This requirement also expressly applies to renewals of federal licenses.Certain projects are exempt from the CMP's consistency requirement:
"The projects which meet one of the following two criteria have been determined to [b]e projects for which a substantial amount of time, money and effort have been expended, and will not be subject to New York State's [CMP] and therefore will not be subject to review pursuant to the Federal consistency procedures of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended: (1) those projects identified as grandfathered pursuant to [the] State Environmental [Q]uality Review Act [SEQRA] at the time of its enactment in 1976; and (2) those projects for which a final Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared prior to the effective date of the Department of State Part 600 regulations [see Appendix A, DOS Consistency Regulations, NYCRR Title 19, Part 600, 6600.3(4) ]. If an applicant needs assistance to determine if its proposed action meets one of these two criteria, the applicant should contact the Department of State" (CMP, Part II, Section 9 at 1).
As noted by the Appellate Division, the provision contains a typographical error in the original text, and the parties concur that the reference to section 6600.3(4) is intended to refer to 19 NYCRR 600.3(4), which is now codified at 19 NYCRR 600.3(d).
The license for Indian Point 2 expired in September 2013 and the license for Indian Point 3 expired in December 2015. In 2007, Entergy applied to the NRC for a 20–year renewal of both operating licenses, and initially took the position with the NRC that its application was subject to the Department of State's federal consistency review under the CMP. However, in 2012, Entergy changed its position and sought a ruling from the NRC that its re-licensing application was not subject to the Department's review for consistency with the CMP. The State of New York opposed Entergy's request and cross-moved for a declaratory ruling that consistency review was required. The NRC staff recommended
See State of New York Response to Entergy's Request to the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board for a Declaratory Order Concerning Coastal Zone Management Act Issues and Cross–Motion for Declaratory Order, http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1309/ML13095A481.pdf (accessed Oct. 25, 2016).
that Entergy's motion be denied because consistency review issues should be resolved by the Department of State in the first instance. On June 12, 2013, the NRC's Atomic Safety and Licensing Board ruled that Entergy's motion and New York's cross motion were premature because the New York State Department of State and the NRC staff had not yet consulted.
See Matter of Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc. (Indian Point Nuclear Generating Units 2 and 3), http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1316/ML13163A233.pdf (accessed Oct. 25, 2016).
Entergy subsequently sought a declaratory ruling from the Department of State as to whether its license renewal application was exempt from the CMP's consistency requirement. It argued that the license renewals were not subject to consistency review because, with respect to the first exemption, Indian Point 2 and 3 were grandfathered under the SEQRA (see ECL art. 8; ECL 8–0111[5][a] ) at the time of its enactment in 1976, and with respect to the second exemption, the facilities' final environmental impact statements were adopted before the effective date of the Department of State regulations referenced in that exemption.
The Department of State determined that Entergy's application to extend its operating licenses for 20 years was not exempt from consistency review under the CMP. Entergy then commenced this hybrid CPLR article 78 proceeding/declaratory judgment action seeking to annul the Department's determination and requesting a declaratory judgment that the Indian Point nuclear reactors are not subject to the CMP. Supreme Court, among other things, upheld as rational the Department's determination that neither exemption in the CMP applied, and dismissed the proceeding (42 Misc.3d 896, 976 N.Y.S.2d 650 [Sup.Ct., Albany County 2013] ). The Appellate Division reversed, holding that Indian Point fit within the second of the two exemptions listed in the CMP (125 A.D.3d 21, 999 N.Y.S.2d 207 [3d Dept.2014] ). The Appellate Division did not address whether Indian Point had also met the criteria of the first listed exemption. We granted the Department of State appellants' motion for leave to appeal (25 N.Y.3d 908, 2015 WL 3497138 [2015] ).
By determination dated November 6, 2015, the Department of State completed its consistency review and objected to Entergy's certification of consistency with the CMP. That determination is not before us.
II.
The Exemptions
In considering the Department of State's interpretation of the exemptions set forth in the CMP, we are mindful of well-established principles that we recently reiterated and applied in Matter of Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. New York State Dept. of Envtl. Conservation , 25 N.Y.3d 373, 13 N.Y.S.3d 272, 34 N.E.3d 782 (2015). "[T]he construction given statutes and regulations by the agency responsible for their administration, if not irrational or unreasonable, should be upheld" and "[t]his Court treads gently in second-guessing the experience and expertise of state agencies charged with administering statutes and regulations" (id. at 397, 13 N.Y.S.3d 272, 34 N.E.3d 782 [citations and internal quotation marks omitted] ). While the CMP is not a statute or regulation, it is a program authored and administered by the Department of State,
and approved by tHe unitEd statEs secretary Of commerce, that sets forth enforceable statewide policies. As such, the Department's interpretation of that program is entitled to deference.
Regarding the first exemption, for "those projects identified as grandfathered pursuant to State Environmental [Q]uality Review Act [SEQRA] at the time of its enactment in 1976," Entergy contended before the Department of State that Indian Point 2 and 3 were identified as grandfathered pursuant to SEQRA at the time of its enactment. In response, the Department reasoned that the exemption was not automatic, that the relevant agency had to expressly identify the specific project as being exempt from SEQRA, and that the exemption from consistency was not coextensive with the SEQRA grandfathering provision. It looked to the "grandfathered projects lists," established pursuant to SEQRA, in which each state agency provided "the director of the budget [with] a list of projects which such agency deem[ed] to have been approved" for the purposes of exempting those projects from SEQRA, even though the project was approved prior to SEQRA's effective date (see L. 1976, ch. 228, § 5). Indian Point 2 was never on such a list. Thus, the Department concluded that it did not qualify for the first exemption. Regarding Indian Point 3, the Department noted that, in 1978, the New York Power Authority had included Indian Point 3 on such a list. Nevertheless, the Department concluded that this listing did not exempt the current re-licensing application as the 1978 listing was limited to construction of certain facilities and acquisition of certain real property and easements, none of which referred to the operation of Indian Point 3.
Supreme Court correctly determined that the Department of State's interpretation of the first exemption is rational and should be upheld. The Department takes the position that the phrase "identified as grandfathered" must have some meaning beyond simply referencing SEQRA, or the exemption would have just said "grandfathered under SEQRA." The word "identified" is reasonably interpreted by the Department as implying an affirmative step, such as the placing on a list. Furthermore, the CMP exemption refers to SEQRA legislation that was enacted in 1976, and as noted by the Department, the 1976 SEQRA legislation specifically directed state agencies to create a list of projects deemed approved and not subject to SEQRA (see L 1976, ch 228, § 5), whereas the more general grandfathering provision that Entergy would have us apply was adopted in the original SEQRA legislation in 1975 (see L. 1975, ch. 612). Thus, the Department of State's interpretation of the first exemption—unlike Entergy's—gives effect to the plain language of the exemption, and we uphold the Department's conclusion that the first exemption is inapplicable to Indian Point.
The second exemption applies to "those projects for which a final Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared prior to the effective date of the Department of State Part 600 regulations," with a reference to part 600 and section 600.3(d). The Department determined that this exemption must be understood as exempting projects for which a SEQRA environmental impact statement had been prepared, and projects which preexisted, but would have otherwise been subject to, the part 600 regulations on their effective date. Context is important when considering this exemption. The part 600 regulations referenced in the bracketed language of the second exemption relate only to state agencies' consistency review of their own actions and apply only to actions undertaken by state agencies. Thus, because the licensing of Indian Point did not involve a state agency reviewing its own actions, the Department of State rationally concluded that this exemption does not apply.
Additionally, the Department reasoned that the second CMP exemption directly references, and must be read in the context of 19 NYCRR 600.3(d), which expressly references final environmental impact statements prepared pursuant to SEQRA. The Department explains that when it created the exemption, it was solving a transition problem. State actions are subject to review for consistency with the CMP, but that review—known as "state consistency review"—is conducted not by the Department of State but by the state agency proposing to take the action, in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Department. The exemption ensured that projects on which state agencies had invested time, effort, and resources in the preparation of a state environmental impact statement would not thereafter be required to undergo a consistency review. Stated differently, it exempted from consistency review only projects that had been subject to review under SEQRA but had not been subject to review for consistency with the State's coastal policies because the part 600 regulations had not taken effect. There is no exemption for projects subject to federal environmental impact statements. Indeed, the plain language of the exemption implies that the reason for the second exemption was that the part 600 regulations were not yet available for use.
In light of this language, it was rational for the Department of State to reject Entergy's argument that final environmental impact statements pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) would satisfy this exemption, and that statements prepared under SEQRA are not required. In this appeal, Entergy, citing 6 NYCRR part 617, points out that SEQRA permits the use of final environmental impact statements prepared under NEPA. However, the Department of State rationally concluded that a federal environmental impact statement issued under NEPA before 1976 is not contemplated by the second exemption because the purpose of the exemption was to ensure that projects on which state agencies had invested time, effort, and resources in the preparation of a state environmental impact statement would not thereafter be required to undergo a consistency review.
It is also worth noting that a federal environmental impact statement does not necessarily or automatically satisfy SEQRA, as the regulation obviates the need for a SEQRA environmental impact statement only insofar as a federal environmental impact statement "is sufficient to make findings" under the SEQRA regulations (6 NYCRR 617.15 [a] ).
The Appellate Division rejected as irrational the Department of State's position that the final environmental impact statements must have been prepared pursuant to SEQRA. The Court was persuaded by Entergy's argument that SEQRA permits the use of final environmental impact statements prepared under NEPA and that there is no indication that the final environmental impact statements prepared for Indian Point 2 and 3 would not have complied with SEQRA. But the fact that SEQRA permits the use of a statement prepared under NEPA misses the point. The Department's interpretation is rational given the references to the part 600 regulations in the bracketed language of the second exemption and the explained purpose of the exemption; those regulations relate only to state agencies' review of their own actions and apply only to actions undertaken by state agencies. In other words, it is the context of part 600,
and not the definition of an environmental impact statement in part 617, that matters. When considered in context, the language of the exemption is tied to the Department's intent in drafting the exemption.
Entergy also argues that, if the second exemption is interpreted as the Department of State contends, then the exemption never applied to anything, and is essentially a null set. However, the exemption did apply to something, but it only applied to projects by state agencies that were in progress as of the effective date of the CMP regulations and that, without the exemption, would have been subject to CMP review.
The Department has informed this Court that in September 2016, it submitted to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management a routine program change to the CMP that would eliminate certain provisions that the Department has concluded are obsolete, including the exemptions at issue in this appeal.
Finally, aside from Department of State's interpretation of the specific language of the exemptions, it is plain that these narrow exemptions for projects that had final environmental impact statements completed prior to the adoption of the CMP do not apply to re-licensing. Entergy's current application for a license to operate the Indian Point nuclear reactors for an additional 20 years is a new federal action, involving a new project, with different impacts and concerns than were present when the initial environmental impact statements were issued over 40 years ago. Thus, just as renewal of a license to operate a nuclear power plant triggers the requirement that the NRC produce a supplemental environmental impact statement (see 10 C.F.R. 51.20 ), both the Coastal Zone Management Act and the CMP require consistency review for re-licensing of nuclear facilities. The Department's position that the Indian Point reactors are not forever exempt from consistency review under the CMP is reasonable.In sum, the Department of State's interpretation of the exemptions in the Coastal Management Program, and its conclusion that Entergy's application to re-license the nuclear reactors at Indian Point is subject to consistency review are rational, and must be sustained. Accordingly, the Appellate Division order should be reversed, with costs, the petition denied, and judgment granted in favor of the Department of State appellants in accordance with this opinion.
As noted by the Department, it has previously conducted federal consistency reviews of NRC license renewal applications for three other aged nuclear power plants located in New York—the James A. FitzPatrick power plant, the R.E. Ginna nuclear plant, and the Nine Mile Point Unit 1 plant.
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Chief Judge DiFIORE and Judges PIGOTT, RIVERA, STEIN, FAHEY and GARCIA concur.
Order reversed, with costs, petition denied, and judgment granted in favor of appellants in accordance with the opinion herein.