Opinion
2014-05-6
In the Matter of EMPIRE CENTER FOR NEW YORK STATE POLICY, Appellant, v. NEW YORK STATE TEACHERS' RETIREMENT SYSTEM, Respondent. In the Matter of Empire Center for New York State Policy, Appellant, v. Teachers' Retirement System of the City of New York, Respondent.
Levine Sullivan Koch & Schulz, LLP, New York City (Alia L. Smith and David A. Schulz of counsel), for appellant in the first and second above-entitled proceedings. Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, Albany (Jeffrey W. Lang, Barbara D. Underwood and Andrew D. Bing of counsel), for respondent in the first above-entitled proceeding.
Levine Sullivan Koch & Schulz, LLP, New York City (Alia L. Smith and David A. Schulz of counsel), for appellant in the first and second above-entitled proceedings. Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, Albany (Jeffrey W. Lang, Barbara D. Underwood and Andrew D. Bing of counsel), for respondent in the first above-entitled proceeding.
Michael A. Cardozo, Corporation Counsel, New York City (Elizabeth I. Freedman and Leonard Koerner of counsel), for respondent in the second above-entitled proceeding.
Richard E. Casagrande, New York City, and Keith J. Gross for New York State United Teachers, amicus curiae in the first and second above-entitled proceedings.
Jonathan R. Donnellan, Office of General Counsel, Hearst Corporation, New York City (Diego Ibarguen of counsel), J.P. Crafty, Lee Enterprises, Incorporated, Davenport, Iowa, Eugenie C. Gavenchak, General Counsel, News Corporation, New York City, Mark Jackson, General Counsel,Dow Jones & Company, Inc. (Jason P. Conti of counsel), Matthew A. Leish, General Counsel, Daily News, L.P., David E. McCraw, General Counsel, New York Times Company, Dina Sforza, Cablevision Systems Corporation, Bethpage, and Sabin, Bermant & Gould LLP, Syracuse Media Group, New York City (Richard Bernstein and Neil M. Rosenhouse of counsel), for Albany Times Union and others, amici curiae in the first and second above-entitled proceedings.
Lisa M. King, Albany, and Jessica C. Caggiano for New York State Public Employees Federation, AFL–CIO, amicus curiae in the first and second above-entitled proceedings.
Atlantic Legal Foundation, Larchmont (Martin S. Kaufman and Briscoe R. Smith of counsel), for Citizens Budget Commission and another, amici curiae in the first and second above-entitled proceedings.
OPINION OF THE COURT
SMITH, J.
We hold that Public Officers Law § 89(7) exempts from the Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) only the home addresses, not the names, of retirees who receive benefits from public employees' retirement systems.
Petitioner, Empire Center for New York State Policy, describes itself as a “think tank” whose purpose is “to inform voters and policymakers” about issues including pension reform. Petitioner sought disclosure under FOIL from the New York State Teachers' Retirement System and the Teachers' Retirement System of the City of New York of the names of the retired members of the systems. The retirement systems refused to provide the names, and petitioner brought these CPLR article 78 proceedings to vacate the refusals and to compel disclosure. Supreme Court dismissed both petitions, and the Appellate Division affirmed in each case (Matter of Empire Ctr. for N.Y. State Policy v. New York State Teachers' Retirement Sys., 103 A.D.3d 1009, 961 N.Y.S.2d 329 [3d Dept.2013]; Matter of Empire Ctr. for N.Y. State Policy v. Teachers' Retirement Sys. of the City of N.Y., 103 A.D.3d 593, 959 N.Y.S.2d 911 [1st Dept.2013] ). We granted leave to appeal in both cases (21 N.Y.3d 859, 2013 WL 3197661 [2013] ), and now reverse.
The governing statute, Public Officers Law § 89(7), says:
“Nothing in this article [i.e., FOIL] shall require the disclosure of the home address of an officer or employee, former officer or employee, or of a retiree of a public employees' retirement system; nor shall anything in this article require the disclosure of the name or home address of a beneficiary of a public employees' retirement system or of an applicant for appointment to public employment; provided however, that nothing in this subdivision shall limit or abridge the right of an employee organization, certified or recognized for any collective negotiating unit of an employer pursuant to article fourteen of the civil service law, to obtain the name or home address of any officer, employee or retiree of such employer, if such name or home address is otherwise available under this article.”
The answer to the question before us—are retirees' names exempt from disclosure?—is plain from the face of the statute. It exempts “the home address ... of a retiree,” but not the retiree's name. By contrast, it exempts both the name and home address of “a beneficiary of a public employees' retirement system.” A “beneficiary” of a retirement system, as the term is commonly used, is a family member of an employee or retiree who is entitledto benefits after the employee's or retiree's death; it is so used on the website of one of the retirement systems in this case (NYSTRS, Glossary of Benefit Terms, http:// nystrs. org/ main/ glossary. html [last visited Apr. 21, 2014] ). In some contexts, “beneficiary” might be read more broadly to include a retiree, for retirees do benefit from retirement systems. But “beneficiary” was obviously not used in that sense in this statute, because the statute provides a separate and more limited exemption for a “retiree.”
The courts below were not blind to this logic ( see Matter of Empire Ctr. for N.Y. State Policy v. New York State Teachers' Retirement Sys., 103 A.D.3d at 1010, 961 N.Y.S.2d 329 [“Well-settled principles of statutory construction lend support to the interpretation advanced by petitioner”] ). But they believed themselves bound to deny disclosure of the names by our decision in Matter of New York Veteran Police Assn. v. New York City Police Dept. Art. I Pension Fund, 61 N.Y.2d 659, 472 N.Y.S.2d 85, 460 N.E.2d 226 (1983). The lower courts read that case too broadly.
The Veteran Police case was brought by an organization of retired police officers, seeking “access to the names and addresses of all retirees of the New York City Police Department currently receiving pensions and annuities” (61 N.Y.2d at 660, 472 N.Y.S.2d 85, 460 N.E.2d 226). The Association's purpose was to use the list to solicit new members. When the proceeding was commenced, Public Officers Law § 89(7) did not exist, and the Appellate Division, interpreting more general provisions of FOIL and relying on its previous decision in Matter of New York Teachers Pension Assn. v. Teachers' Retirement Sys. of City of N.Y., 71 A.D.2d 250, 422 N.Y.S.2d 389 (1st Dept.1979), granted the relief requested ( Matter of New York Veteran Police Assn. v. New York City Police Dept. Art. I Pension Fund, 92 A.D.2d 772, 459 N.Y.S.2d 770 [1st Dept.1983], revd. 61 N.Y.2d 659, 472 N.Y.S.2d 85, 460 N.E.2d 226 [1983] ). The police pension funds appealed to this Court.
While the appeal was pending, the legislature enacted section 89(7), specifying that it was to take effect immediately and was to apply to any requests for information as to which judicial review had not been completed (L. 1983, ch. 783, § 2). The obvious effect, and apparent intention, of the new law was to overrule the Appellate Division's Veteran Police holding, and we accordingly reversed the Appellate Division decision in a memorandum, saying:
“The provisions of the amendment apply to this proceeding which was pending before the court at the time it became effective and foreclose relief to petitioner” (61 N.Y.2d at 661, 472 N.Y.S.2d 85, 460 N.E.2d 226).
The Veteran Police case involved a request for the names and home addresses of retirees. The petitioner in that case clearly wanted and needed both; a list of names without addresses, in 1983, would have been of little use to an organization that wanted to send out a membership solicitation. We have seen nothing to indicate that any party in the Veteran Police case ever suggested, or that we ever considered requiring, the disclosure of a list of names without addresses.
The lower courts in this case, however, read our statement in Veteran Police that the provisions of section 89(7) “foreclose relief to [the] petitioner” as meaning that it foreclosed even partial relief—though partial relief was never in issue in Veteran Police. Thus, the courts below concluded that Veteran Police held that the statute exempted the names of retirees from disclosure ( see also Empire Ctr. for N.Y. State Policy v. New York City Police Pension Fund, 88 A.D.3d 520, 930 N.Y.S.2d 576 [1st Dept.2011] ). In this they erred. Our decisions are not to be read as deciding questions that were not before us and that we did not consider.
The retirement systems also argue that the disclosure petitioner seeks should be denied as an “unwarranted invasion of personal privacy” (Public Officers Law § 87[2][b] ). They suggest that, by the use of modern technology, it might not be difficult for someone with a list of the names of retirees to find most, if not all, of their home addresses, thus frustrating the purpose of section 89(7) and exposing the retirees to intrusive communications. On this record, however, the idea that anyone's privacy will be invaded is speculative. This petitioner is not, as the petitioner in the Veteran Police case was, interested in sending membership solicitations to retirees. When a FOIL request that seems to have such a purpose is made, it will be time to consider the effect of the privacy exemption ( seePublic Officers Law § 89[2][b][iii] [“unwarranted invasion of personal privacy” includes “sale or release of lists of names and addresses if such lists would be used for solicitation or fund-raising purposes”]; Matter of New York State United Teachers v. Brighter Choice Charter School, 15 N.Y.3d 560, 915 N.Y.S.2d 194, 940 N.E.2d 899 [2010] ).
Accordingly, in each case, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, with costs, and the retirement system directed to disclose the requested names. Chief Judge LIPPMAN and Judges GRAFFEO, READ, PIGOTT and RIVERA concur; Judge ABDUS–SALAAM taking no part.
In Matter of Empire Ctr. for N.Y. State Policy v. New York State Teachers' Retirement Sys.: Order reversed, with costs, and the New York State Teachers' Retirement System is directed to disclose the requested names. Chief Judge LIPPMAN and Judges GRAFFEO, READ, PIGOTT and RIVERA concur; Judge ABDUS–SALAAM taking no part.
In Matter of Empire Ctr. for N.Y. State Policy v. Teachers' Retirement Sys. of the City of N.Y.: Order reversed, with costs, and the Teachers' Retirement System of the City of New York is directed to disclose the requested names.