Opinion
CIVIL ACTION NO. 09-AR-1562-S.
September 17, 2010
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This court has previously held, and still believes, that Rule 56, F.R.Civ.P., was not designed for, and is only awkwardly used for, the resolution of disputes over entitlement to disability benefits under the Employee Retirement Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001, et seq. ("ERISA"). Nevertheless, the case law as it has evolved since 1974, despite the variants and contradictions introduced to the hodge — podge by the courts forced to deal with it, overlooks the plain language Congress used in ERISA. ERISA, properly understood, simply provides a trial de novo in all cases in which an application for benefits under an ERISA plan is finally turned down by the plan functionary. Section 502(a)(1)(B) of ERISA ( 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B)) straightforwardly says that any participant in a plan governed by ERISA can bring a "civil action" "to recover benefits due him under the terms of his plan". (emphasis added). What is a "civil action", if not a lawsuit? The courts have substituted for the trial de novo unequivocally mandated by Congress a procedure akin to, and borrowed from, the review of an administrative law judge's decision on a Social Security disability benefits claim. The words "judicial review" nowhere appear in ERISA. "Judicial review" is expressly provided for in a section of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), which is itself entitled "Judicial Review". ERISA complaints and Social Security appeals are different animals.
The above-entitled case perfectly illustrates the problem inherent in an attempt to use Rule 56 as the device for resolving an ERISA controversy, especially when only one of the parties files a motion for summary judgment, and the parties do not agree to submit on the record. In the instant case, defendants, Disability Reinsurance Management Services, Inc. and Boston Mutual Life Insurance Co. ("defendants"), have jointly moved for summary judgment. Defendants are represented by the same counsel, and agree that they are to be treated as one. Siamese twins do not ask to be separated if they are happy together.
In the joint report of parties' planning meeting, the parties on October 8, 2009, expressed a stark difference of opinion as to the procedure under which their dispute must be resolved. The court, at the present instant, cannot resolve their ultimate dispute, but the court must resolve the difference of opinion as to how to proceed at this juncture. Defendants' position on October 8, 2009, was that "the Court's review of the claim decision is limited to the administrative record and no discovery is appropriate beyond production of the administrative record with the possible exception of information relating to Plaintiff's income and other financial information that would be pertinent to Plaintiff's ongoing claim for benefits". On the other hand, plaintiff, Tommy Edgar ("plaintiff"), on October 8, 2009, took the position that limited discovery should be allowed and that the de novo standard of review applies. On October 9, 2009, the court entered its scheduling order, adopting the parties' joint suggestion of dates for early disclosure of expert witnesses. Plaintiff was to disclose experts by February 12, 2010, and defendants by March 12, 2010. Those dates have passed. What the purpose of disclosing experts was if a trial was not contemplated is not explained by defendants. Plaintiff has only implicitly and enigmatically attempted to explain it. The court ordered a discovery deadline of July 16, 2010, and a dispositive motion deadline of August 20, 2010. The lengthy time period between entry of the scheduling order and the deadline for completing discovery suggests that some discovery outside the administrative record was contemplated. Exactly what discovery has actually been undertaken is not known by the court, because there have been no objections to any discovery requests and no motions to compel.
Although the parties did not request a planning meeting with the court before the court entered its scheduling order, the court eventually sensed what it should have sensed much earlier, namely, that the parties have diametrically opposing views about the so-called "standard of review". When the light dawned, the court ordered a conference on May 24, 2010, for the purpose of exploring and deciding upon the proper "standard of review". On June 8, 2010, defendants formally conceded that the "standard of review" is de novo. The reason for this concession may be that defendants' "discretionary clause", a provision now found in virtually every ERISA disability plan, and given overriding significance by the Supreme Court in Firestone Tire Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 109 S.Ct. 948 (1989), is defective. Perhaps defendants' draftsman did not understand Bruch.
If defendants had admitted ab initio that the "standard-of-review" is de novo, and had convinced the court that the case must be decided on the administrative record alone, this case would have been decided much sooner, and with less expense. An early motion for partial summary judgment on the "standard of review", would have helped.
The joint report of parties filed on October 8, 2009, requested, inter alia, a "final pretrial conference with the Court 30 days before trial"; that "final lists of trial witnesses and experts under Rule 26(a)(3) must be filed by the parties 30 days before trial"; that "objections be filed within 10 days after a service of final list of trial evidence"; and that "the case should be ready for trial by October 4, 2010" (emphasis added). The scheduling order entered on October 9, 2010, provided, inter alia: "All in limine motions based on Daubert must be filed prior to the final pre-trial conference." The court's reference to Daubert was without meaning unless a challenge by one party of the credentials and opinions of the opponent's experts was a future possibility. There can be no gate-keeping role for the court if an administrative record provides the only basis for decision.
The parties' planning report concluded with these revealing counter-expressions: "Defendants request a trial on briefs because this is an ERISA case and the Court's review is limited to the administrative record", whereas, "Plaintiff requests a bench trial and states that the trial is expected to last two days". Why would defendants even speak of a "trial"? The word "trial" does not fit an appellate review. Who ever heard of a "trial" in the Supreme Court, unless in a conflict between States? The "summary judgment" concept is not employed in appellate review any more than is a "trial". Defendants must have meant to be requesting oral argument on anticipated motions for summary judgment.
Defendants timely filed their Rule 56 motion, now under submission. Perfectly consistent with plaintiff's unwaivering position, he did not file a motion for summary judgment. Instead, he argues that there are disputes of material fact that preclude summary judgment, either for him or for defendants.
No citation is needed to support the long established acknowledgment by the federal courts, including the Supreme Court and the Eleventh Circuit, that on its face Rule 56 places upon the movant the burden of demonstrating that there are no disputes of material fact and that movant, on those facts, is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The presentation of evidence by the non-movant, together with all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, is to be treated as true for the purposes of deciding whether there is a genuine issue of material fact. It is not surprising that defendants' rendition of the evidence (lifted from the administrative record) is only supportive of, and consistent with, the conclusion, adverse to plaintiff, that was reached by the defendants' ERISA plan decision-makers. Defendants necessarily argue that upon a de novo consideration of the administrative record, they were right to deny plaintiff's claim for disability benefits. The evidence employed by the claim evaluators to reach their decision is elaborately described by defendants. There is no recognition by defendants of contra proferendum, a rule that applies to contract interpretation upon any de novo consideration of a contract. Defendants have no trouble in construing in their favor the contract they drafted. Defendants' evidence, of course, may prove ultimately successful at trial. It need not be repeated or analyzed here. Plaintiff's evidence proffered in opposition to defendants' Rule 56 motion is also detailed, but plaintiff concentrates upon his argument that there are disputes of material fact, rendering Rule 56 inappropriate. This court agrees with plaintiff on this score. The parties have not cited a single Eleventh Circuit or Supreme Court case, and this court has found none, making a persuasive argument that ERISA alters the routine way Rule 56 motions are to be treated and decided. It is somewhat strange that there is such a dearth of jurisprudence attempting to solve this procedural anomaly. There is some academic comment on the subject, but this court finds nothing to compare with the following thoughtful treatment of the problem by the Seventh Circuit in Krolnik v. Prudential Ins. Co., 570 U.S. 841, 843 (7th Cir. 2009), a case that fits this case like a glove:
Firestone holds that "de novo review" is the norm in litigation under ERISA. Cases such as this show that "de novo review" is a misleading phrase. The law Latin could be replaced by an English word, such as "independent." And the word "review" simply has to go. For what Firestone requires is not "review" of any kind; it is an independent decision rather than "review" that Firestone contemplates. The Court repeatedly wrote that litigation under ERISA by plan participants seeking benefits should be conducted just like contract litigation, for the plan and any insurance policy are contracts. 489 U.S. at 112-13, 109 S.Ct. 948. In a contract suit the judge does not "review" either party's decision. Instead, the court takes evidence (if there is a dispute about a material fact) and makes an independent decision about how the language of the contract applies to those facts.
That's well understood in insurance litigation under the diversity jurisdiction. If the plaintiff says that a fire at his home destroyed a valuable painting, and the insurer declines indemnity after finding that (a) there was no such painting, and (b) the fire was caused by arson, the federal judge won't ask what evidence the insurer considered. The court will decide for itself where the truth lies. A judge would not dream of forbidding the parties to take discovery, let alone of rejecting affidavits that did not depend on discovery. Evidence is essential if the court is to fulfill its fact-finding function. Just so in ERISA litigation. When review is deferential — when the plan's decision must be sustained unless arbitrary and capricious — then review is limited to the administrative record. See Perlman v. Swiss Bank Corp., 195 F.3d 975 (7th Cir. 1999). Otherwise, however, the court decides on the record made in the litigation. And, if material evidence conflicts, then there must be a trial.
(emphasis in original). The Seventh Circuit denied rehearing and rehearing en banc.
What can a trial court do when there is a legitimate dispute of material fact in an ERISA benefits case in which the parties have not agreed to submit on the administrative record? The Seventh Circuit was entirely correct in Krolnik when it held that an ERISA benefits claim is nothing more or less than a claim for breach of contract. Rule 56 does not lend itself to making credibility determinations or decisions about ambiguous language when witnesses disagree about crucial facts, such as the conflicting medical findings in this case. At trial, the burden of proof will, of course, be on the plaintiff, as in any contract case, to prove by a preponderance of the evidence the terms of the contract, and that the contract was materially breached. The court assumes that plaintiff understands his obligation.
This court does not pretend to have the right, much less the ability, to decide a controversy based upon unsworn opinions and unseen, uncross-examined witnesses. From experience as a trial lawyer and as a judge, this court knows that a trier-of-fact may find that the "light was green" on the basis of one sharp-eyed, disinterested witness, even though he is contradicted by three other witnesses, all of whom say the "light was red", when one of the three was drunk, one is the best friend of the injured party, and one is vision-impaired. Believability is something that cannot be fairly determined on a cold record that is made up of disputed renditions of the evidence upon which differing conclusions can reasonably be reached.
Defendants' final brief in response to plaintiff's brief spends little time trying to refute plaintiff's contention that Rule 56 is not the appropriate vehicle for a decision in this case. Instead, defendants reiterate the evidence and arguments that accompanied their Rule 56 motion, and upon which they may very well prevail at trial. Oral argument would be fruitless at this time. Material facts are in dispute, and defendants' denial of benefits is not to be accorded deference. The inevitable, structural conflict-of-interest recognized in Metropolitan Life v. Glenn, 552 U.S. 1161, 128 S.Ct. 1117 (2008), may be at play at trial, but it is not relevant now. Defendants' argument that Rule 56 disposition is mandatory under the present circumstances makes no sense. If the "standard of review" had been "abuse of discretion" or "arbitrary and capricious" (synonyms in the Eleventh Circuit), the court would be bound by precedent (with which it respectfully disagrees), and would have had to decide this dispute without a trial on the merits, whether under Rule 56 or under the "made-up" procedure employed by some courts. A de novo standard requires an entirely different approach. This standard has been statutorily mandated by Michigan and Montana where "discretionary clauses" are forbidden. See Am. Council of Life Insurers v. Ross, 558 F.3d 600 (6th Cir. 2009), and Standard Insurance Company v. Lindeen, 584 F.3d 837 (9th Cir. 2009), cert.den. ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 3275 (2010). Why Alabama has not followed Michigan and Montana is an academic question because the way to look at this dispute is anew.
For the foregoing reasons, defendants' motion for summary judgment is DENIED. This opinion would have required a fist full of pages if the court had been forced under the deferential standard to struggle to explain why the evidence does provide or does not provide a rational basis for defendants' denial decision. The fact that the standard here is de novo, or, as the Seventh Circuit says, "independent", locks in the requirement that the case be tried on the merits.
ERISA badly needs revision, but this court is not Congress and is neither authorized to rewrite ERISA nor to amend the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
The case is hereby SET for pretrial conference in Courtroom 4B, at 9:30 a.m., September 30, 2010, in accordance with the attached pretrial instructions.
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA
The cases shown on the attached docket are set for pre-trial hearing pursuant to Rule 16 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. A conference-type hearing will be held in chambers in the Federal Courthouse in Birmingham at the time indicated.The hearings will be addressed to consideration of the matters provided in Rule 16, including the limitation of issues requiring trial, rulings on pleading motions, and settlement possibilities.
Counsel attending the conference are expected to be well informed about the factual and legal issues of the case, and to have authority to enter appropriate stipulations and participate in settlement discussions. Counsel appearing at the conference may be required to proceed at trial notwithstanding the naming of others as designated trial counsel.
Promptly upon receipt of this notice, plaintiff's counsel is to initiate discussions with other counsel aimed at ascertaining which basic facts are not really in dispute, at clarifying the parties' contentions (for example, just what is denied under a "general denial") and at negotiating workable procedures and deadlines for remaining discovery matters. At least 4 days in advance of the conference, plaintiffs counsel is to submit to the Judge's office (not to the court Clerk) a proposed Pre-trial Order, furnishing other counsel with a copy. It is anticipated that in most cases the proposed order, with only minor insertions and changes, could be adopted by the court and signed at the close of the hearing. The standard Exhibit A to the sample order need not be reproduced by counsel unless significant changes are involved.
A sample of a proposed Pre-trial Order is attached at the end of this docket to illustrate the format prefered by the court and the substance of an order in a typical case. Each order must, of course, be tailored to fit the circumstances of the individual case.
The objective is to produce the highest quality of justice in the shortest time and with the lowest cost consistent therewith. If the indicated pre-trial procedure is considered in a particular case to frustrate this objective or to create problems, counsel are encouraged to confer with one another and contact the court.
IN ANY CASE WHERE COUNSEL HAVE ANNOUNCED SETTLEMENT TO THE COURT, A CONSENT JUDGMENT IN SATISFACTORY FORM MUST BE PRESENTED TO THE COURT PRIOR TO THE SCHEDULED TRIAL DATE; OTHERWISE, THE CASE WILL BE DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA SOUTHERN DIVISION THOMAS S. SMITH, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) VS. ) CV 85-Z-1998-S ) COLLINS CONSTRUCTION CO., ) INC., ET AL., ) ) Defendants. ) ______________________________ ELIZABETH D. SMITH, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) VS. ) CV 85-Z-1999-S ) COLLINS CONSTRUCTION CO., ) INC., ET AL., ) ) Defendants. ) ______________________________PRETRIAL ORDER
A pretrial conference was held in the above cases on November 5, 1986, wherein, or as a result of which, the following proceedings were held and action taken:1. Appearances. Appearing at the conference were:
[Leave space for completion by the court.]
2. Jurisdiction and venue. Subject matter jurisdiction exists under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 by reason of the amounts in controversy and the admitted diversity of citizenship. Personal jurisdiction and venue are not contested.
3. Consolidation. These actions (CV 85-Z-1998-S and CV 85-Z-1999-S) involve common questions of law and fact and are hereby ORDERED CONSOLIDATED under Rule 42 for further proceedings and trial.
4. Parties and trial counsel. Any fictitious defendants are hereby DELETED. The parties before the court are correctly named as set out below and the designated trial counsel for the parties are as set out below:PARTIES TRIAL COUNSEL Plaintiffs: Defendants:
Thomas S. Smith Robert Stephens (Brown, Brownlee Stephens); Gene Baird (Baird Jones) Elizabeth D. Smith Same counsel Collins Construction Co., Inc. James Johnson and Robert Donovan (Phillips Randall) James K. Adams Same counsel 5. Pleadings. The following pleadings (with the modifications contained in this order) have been allowed: Complaint (as amended June 5, 1985) on behalf of each plaintiff; answer on behalf of the defendants to each complaint. The answers filed to the original complaints suffice as answers to the amended complaints without refiling.6. Statement of the case.
(a) Agreed summary. This case arises out of a collision between two vehicles which occurred August 5, 1984, at the intersection of 21st Street and 5th Avenue South in the city limits of Birmingham, Alabama. An automobile owned and then being operated by plaintiff Thomas S. Smith (and in which his wife, plaintiff Elizabeth D. Smith, was a passenger) was proceeding northward on 21st street (a one-way street for northbound traffic). A truck owned by defendant Collins Construction Co., Inc., and then being operated by the other defendant, James K. Adams, was proceeding eastward on 5th Avenue South (two-way traffic). A standard traffic control device (green/yellow/red lights) governed traffic entering the intersection and was functioning on this occasion. Both drivers claim to have had the green light. The corporate defendant admits that Adams was its employee and was acting within the line and scope of such employment at the time.
(b) Plaintiffs' positions. Plaintiff Thomas S. Smith seeks $75,000 in compensatory damages for his own personal injuries, medical expenses and lost wages; for property damage to his automobile; and for his wife's medical expenses (past and future) and the loss of her services and consortium (past and future). Plaintiff Elizabeth D. Smith seeks $125,000 in compensatory damages for her personal injuries and disfigurement (past and future). Plaintiffs claim that these damages were proximately caused by the negligence of the defendants, asserting that Adams was negligent in (1) violating Ala. Code § 32-5A-3l (running yellow or red light) and/or (2) failing to exercise ordinary care under the circumstances. Plaintiffs withdraw any contention of wanton misconduct on the part of the defendants. Plaintiff Thomas S. Smith denies any contributory negligence on his part.
(c) Defendants' positions. Defendants deny any negligence on the part of Adams and contest the amount of damages claimed by plaintiffs. As to the claims made by Thomas S. Smith, defendants assert that Smith was himself contributorily negligent by (I) violating Ala. Code § 32-5A-31 and/or (2) failing to exercise ordinary care under the circumstances. Defendants withdraw any contention of contributory negligence on the part of plaintiff Elizabeth D. Smith.
7. Discovery and other pretrial procedures.
(a) The parties are given leave to proceed with further discovery provided it is commenced in time to be completed (by ________________________________________) (at least __________ days prior to trial).
(b) The Standard Pretrial Procedures specified on Exhibit A hereto are adopted as part of this order.
(c) Pending discovery motions:
[Here list motions, if any, with space for court's ruling.]
8. Trial. [Jury case] When the case is called for trial, the parties shall present to the court any special questions or topics for voir dire examination of the jury venire, and, to the extent the same can be anticipated, any requests for instructions to the jury (including extracts of any statutes on which instructions are requested).
For a non-jury case paragraph 8 should be left out.
ORDERED this __________ day of ______________________________, 1986, that the above provisions be binding on all parties unless modified by further order for good cause shown.
_______________________________ UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGEExhibit A STANDARD PRETRIAL PROCEDURES
1. Damages. The parties shall (by ____________________) (at least __________ days before trial) exchange (and file with the court) lists itemizing all damages and equitable relief sought, showing the amount (and, where applicable, the method and basis of computation) of such items.2. Witnesses.
(a) (by ___________________) (at least __________ days before trial) exchange (and file with the court) lists stating the names and addresses of all expert witnesses whom they may offer at trial and stating, to the extent not previously provided, the information specified in FRCP 26(b)(4)(A)(i) with respect to any such person other than a medical expert.
(b) (by ___________________) (at least __________ days before trial) exchange (and file with the court) lists of all witnesses (other than expert witnesses) whom they may offer at trial.
(c) appropriately indicate on such lists (I) which are their "primary" witnesses (those persons whose testimony they expect to offer, absent a favorable ruling on summary judgment, directed verdict, or involuntary dismissal), (2) which are their "optional" witnesses (those persons whose testimony will probably not be needed but who have been listed merely to preserve their right to offer such testimony should the need arise in the light of developments at trial), and (3) which of their primary and optional witnesses they anticipate presenting by means of depositions.
Unless specifically agreed between the parties or allowed by the court for good cause shown, the parties shall be precluded from offering substantive evidence through any witness not so listed. The listing of a witness does not commit the party to have such witness available at trial or to call such witness to testify, but does preclude the party from objecting to the call of such witness by another party. Except to the extent written notice to the contrary is given within 5 days after receiving such list, each party shall be deemed to have agreed that the conditions of FRCP 32(a)(3) are satisfied with respect to the deposition of any listed medical expert and of any other person identified in the list as one whose testimony is expected to be offered by deposition.
3. Exhibits.
(a) Exchange of lists. The parties shall (by ____________________) (at least __________ days before trial) exchange (and file with the court) lists describing all writings, recordings, summaries, documents, bills, reports, records, photographs and other exhibits (collectively called "exhibits") which they may utilize at trial. Unless specifically agreed between the parties or allowed by the court for good cause shown, the parties shall be precluded from offering as substantive evidence any exhibit not so identified. Except where beyond a party's control or otherwise impracticable (e.g., records from an independent third party being obtained through subpoena), each party shall make such exhibits available for inspection and copying. Except to the extent written notice to the contrary is given at the time of filing such list or within 5 days after receiving such list, each party shall be deemed to have agreed (for purposes of this litigation only):
Although exhibits sometimes may be adequately identified by a group description (e.g., `exhibits attached to deposition of Ronald Jones'), a general reference, such as `all documents produced by XYZ Co. In response to requests for production," is not sufficient.
(1) that the originals of the listed exhibits are authentic within FRE 901 and 902;
(2) that a duplicate, as defined in FRE 1001, of the listed exhibit is admissible to the same extent as would be the original;
(3) that any of the listed exhibits purporting to be records described in FRE 803(6) meet the requirements of such rule without extrinsic evidence;
(4) that any of the listed exhibits purporting to be correspondence were sent by the purported sender on approximately the date shown and were received by the purported recipients in accordance with customary delivery schedules;
(5) that any listed photographs fairly and accurately portray the scene depicted therein as of the time when made;
(6) that any listed bills for services or materials are reasonable in amount for the services or materials therein billed; and
(7) that any disputes regarding the accuracy of any listed exhibit purporting to be a summary under FRE 1006 affect only the weight, not the admissibility of such exhibit.
(b) Marking for trial. Each party which anticipates offering as substantive evidence as many as six exhibits shall premark such exhibits in advance of trial, using exhibit labels and exhibit lists available from the Clerk of Court. By the time the case is scheduled for trial, a copy of the exhibit list shall be provided to opposing counsel and the exhibits be made available for inspection by opposing counsel; the presentation of evidnece at trial shall not ordinarily be interrupted for opposing counsel to examine a document that has been so identified.
4. Special medical provisions. Counsel for all parties are hereby granted the right to inspect and copy all hospital and medical reports relative to the medical care, treatment, diagnosis, condition, and history of ________________________________________, together with the right to depose on due notice or to interview (in person or otherwise) all physicians, administrators and other personnel in connection therewith. A copy of this order shall constitute sufficient authority for such inspection, copying or interview. Any party claiming damages for his or her own personal injuries shall submit, if requested by counsel for an opposing party, to a medical examination by a physician selected by (and compensated by) such opposing party; but counsel for the injured party shall be furnished a copy of any reports of such examination and shall have the right to depose or interview the examining physician.