Summary
In Duran v. Stagner (N.D.Cal. 1985) 620 F. Supp. 803, the petitioner sought a writ of habeas corpus contending that instructing the jury that consciousness of guilt may be inferred from prior false and misleading statements impermissibly allowed the jury to consider a statement taken in violation of Miranda for a purpose other than evaluation of credibility of the petitioner.
Summary of this case from People v. DuncanOpinion
No.C-85-20005-WAI.
July 9, 1985.
Kevin Morrison, Sheldon Portman, Public Defender, County of Santa Clara, San Jose, Cal., for petitioner.
John Van de Kamp, Atty. Gen., San Francisco, Cal., for respondent.
MEMORANDUM OF DECISION
The application for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 is GRANTED in the manner herein specified.
The following facts are without dispute:
Petitioner was arrested for murder.
Petitioner's exculpatory statement was taken by police officers in circumstances which violated the requirements set forth in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).
A motion to suppress the statement so taken was denied by the trial court.
At trial the statement was not introduced by the People as part of the case in chief. It was first alluded to by defense counsel during the direct examination of petitioner, by eliciting the facts that the statement had been taken, that it was false and the reason given by petitioner for the giving of the statement.
On cross-examination of petitioner, the prosecutor referred to the statement and elicited from petitioner an admission that the statement was false.
After defense rested the prosecutor offered in evidence selected portions of the statement as part of his rebuttal case.
No admonition was given by the trial judge at the time the prosecutor questioned petitioner with respect to the statement or at the time that parts of it were received in evidence.
The trial judge instructed the jury in accordance with CALJIC 2.03 (consciousness of guilt may be inferred from prior false and misleading statements), and 2.20 (prior inconsistent statements for impeachment). Petitioner made timely objection to 2.03.
Petitioner contends that the giving of CALJIC 2.03 impermissibly allowed the jury to consider the statement in question for a purpose other than an evaluation of the credibility of petitioner, which is a use of the statement not constitutionally permissible under Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222, 91 S.Ct. 643, 28 L.Ed.2d 1 (1971), and Hinman v. McCarthy, 676 F.2d 343 (9th Cir. 1982).
Respondent contends that Hinman is distinguishable from this case, because in the instant case, unlike Hinman it is clear from the procedural posture of the case that the statement was offered for purposes of impeachment, and not as evidence of guilt. Respondent points out that a statement which is wholly exculpatory as is the one in issue, is only of value to the prosecution for purposes of impeachment, in that it does not tend to prove petitioner's guilt, but just the opposite.
If Hinman is distinguishable in the manner contended for, respondent urges that this case is controlled solely by Harris.
The instant case is not distinguishable from Hinman because these facts, like those of Hinman, involve the impermissible affirmative use of a statement taken without the protections of Miranda. Respondent's argument is otherwise appealing, but it does not in the court's opinion sufficiently deal with the problem injected by the giving of CALJIC 2.03. The most liberal reading of Harris makes it clear that the court excepted from the operation of the exclusionary rule "the traditional truth-testing devices of the adversary process." To expressly allow the jury to consider such a statement as the one in issue here for any purpose other than credibility of the declarant goes beyond the permissible borders of the Harris holding. Even if the suspect instruction is "icing on the cake" as suggested by respondent, it is apparent that it blazes a new trail.
Moreover, in the view of this court, Hinman v. McCarthy, 676 F.2d 343 (9th Cir. 1982), enjoins the trial courts of this circuit to properly instruct that statements which are not taken in accordance with the rule of Miranda, and which are used properly in accordance with Harris and with Oregon v. Hass, 420 U.S. 714, 95 S.Ct. 1215, 43 L.Ed.2d 570 (1975), may be considered only for the purpose of evaluating the credibility of the declarant/witness.
The broadening of the exceptions to Miranda exclusion articulated in Harris and Hass by the giving of the instruction in issue amounts to constitutional error. Cf. United States v. Valle Valdez, 554 F.2d 911 (9th Cir. 1977).
Such error requires reversal unless it appears beyond a reasonable doubt that the error was harmless, that is, that there is no reasonable possibility that the error materially affected the verdict. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967); Hinman, supra.
Respondent contends that the error is harmless for the same reasons that the California Court of Appeal found that the error was harmless under the somewhat different standards of state law, People v. Duran, 140 Cal.App.3d 485, 189 Cal.Rptr. 595 (1983), and because, unlike the statement in Hinman, the statement in this case is strongly exculpatory, and if believed, would absolve petitioner of guilt.
Petitioner argues primarily the observation in Duran that the extended jury deliberations and the expressed belief of the foreman and 11 members of the jury that they were deadlocked, "point to the closeness of the case." Petitioner further contends that the exculpatory nature of the statement is not material, because instruction 2.03 permits the drawing of the consciousness of guilt inference on the basis of any deliberating false or misleading statement.
This court has carefully examined the entirety of the trial transcript and is unable to find beyond a reasonable doubt that there was no reasonable possibility that the error materially affected the verdict. Petitioner's possession of a knife prior to the stabbing is established by the testimony of a single witness, RT 1011, and is squarely contradicted by petitioner's testimony. An inference of consciousness of guilt may within reasonable possibilities have been a material factor in the finding of the verdict.
Accordingly, an alternative writ of habeas corpus should issue, commanding the vacation of the judgment and sentence and release of petitioner at the expiration of 120 days, unless he be sooner retried on the issues raised by the information and the responsive plea thereto.
Counsel for petitioner shall prepare a form of writ to be submitted to counsel for respondent for approval as to form and then to the court for signature. Petitioner's second contention of jury coercion need not be reached.