Opinion
2011-11-3
David DUMAS, Individually and as Administrator of the Estate of Kirsten Lorraine Dumas, Deceased, and as Parent and Guardian of Elizabeth Dumas et al., Infants, Appellant,v.ADIRONDACK MEDICAL CENTER et al., Respondents.
Powers & Santola, L.L.P., Albany (Michael J. Hutter of counsel), for appellant.Thuillez, Ford, Gold, Butler & Young, L.L.P., Albany (Karen A. Butler of counsel), for Adirondack Medical Center and another, respondents.Maguire, Cardona & Ryan, P.C., Albany (Kyran D. Nigro of counsel), for Edward Frost, respondent.
Powers & Santola, L.L.P., Albany (Michael J. Hutter of counsel), for appellant.Thuillez, Ford, Gold, Butler & Young, L.L.P., Albany (Karen A. Butler of counsel), for Adirondack Medical Center and another, respondents.Maguire, Cardona & Ryan, P.C., Albany (Kyran D. Nigro of counsel), for Edward Frost, respondent.
KAVANAGH, J.
Appeals from two judgments of the Supreme Court (Williams, J.), entered May 25, 2010 and June 22, 2010 in Saratoga County, upon a dismissal of the complaint at the close of plaintiff's case.
On February 4, 2005, decedent was admitted to defendant Adirondack Medical Center after she had attempted to commit suicide. While at the hospital, decedent made two further attempts to take her life and defendant Edward Frost, her attending physician at the hospital, determined that her condition required that she be immediately transferred to the mental health unit of Glens Falls Hospital. Frost signed orders authorizing the transfer, but did not direct in those orders that decedent be placed in restraints while being transported. A nurse at the hospital, defendant Richard Land, met the ambulance that would transport decedent and advised the ambulance attendants of decedent's attempts
at suicide and her suicidal ideation. After decedent was placed in the ambulance, she was secured with standard safety belts across her waist and ankles, and covered with a blanket. An attendant was assigned to ride in the back of the ambulance and watch over her during the transport. Several minutes into the transport, decedent was able to unlock her safety belts, jumped up and threw herself out of the rear door of the vehicle, sustaining fatal injuries.
Plaintiff, decedent's husband and the administrator of her estate, commenced this action against the ambulance attendants and ambulance service, the hospital, Frost and Land, and later entered into a stipulation of discontinuance with the ambulance service and attendants. At trial, the remaining defendants moved for a directed verdict at the close of plaintiff's proof ( see CPLR 4401). The motion was granted and this appeal ensued.
“A directed verdict pursuant to CPLR 4401 is appropriate when, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party and affording such party the benefit of every inference, there is no rational process by which a jury could find in favor of the nonmovant” ( Hytko v. Hennessey, 62 A.D.3d 1081, 1083, 879 N.Y.S.2d 595 [2009] [citations omitted]; see Caruso v. Northeast Emergency Med. Assoc., P.C., 85 A.D.3d 1502, 1504, 926 N.Y.S.2d 702 [2011] ). Plaintiff's claim against Frost was premised on a finding that proper medical care required that when ordering decedent transferred to the psychiatric facility, he should have directed that she be placed in restraints while traveling in the ambulance. Supreme Court, in directing a verdict in his favor, found that Frost's decision not to order decedent restrained constituted a choice between “two or more medically acceptable courses of action” for which no liability could be imposed (PJI 2:150; see Centeno v. City of New York, 40 N.Y.2d 932, 932, 389 N.Y.S.2d 837, 358 N.E.2d 520 [1976], affg. 48 A.D.2d 812, 369 N.Y.S.2d 710 [1975]; Betty v. City of New York, 65 A.D.3d 507, 509, 884 N.Y.S.2d 439 [2009]; Durney v. Terk, 42 A.D.3d 335, 336, 840 N.Y.S.2d 30 [2007], lv. denied 9 N.Y.3d 813, 848 N.Y.S.2d 24, 878 N.E.2d 608 [2007]; Paradies v. Benedictine Hosp., 77 A.D.2d 757, 759, 431 N.Y.S.2d 175 [1980] ).
“[A] doctor is not liable in negligence merely because a treatment, which the doctor as a matter of professional judgment elected to pursue, proves ineffective” ( Nestorowich v. Ricotta, 97 N.Y.2d 393, 398, 740 N.Y.S.2d 668, 767 N.E.2d 125 [2002]; see Schrempf v. State of New York, 66 N.Y.2d 289, 295, 496 N.Y.S.2d 973, 487 N.E.2d 883 [1985] ), and liability will not be imposed for an error in judgment if “it is a judgment that a reasonably prudent doctor could have made under the circumstances” (PJI 2:150; see Centeno v. City of New York, 40 N.Y.2d at 932, 389 N.Y.S.2d 837, 358 N.E.2d 520; Betty v. City of New York, 65 A.D.3d at 509, 884 N.Y.S.2d 439; Durney v. Terk, 42 A.D.3d at 336, 840 N.Y.S.2d 30; Paradies v. Benedictine Hosp., 77 A.D.2d at 759, 431 N.Y.S.2d 175). However, such a decision if made “without proper medical foundation, that is, one which is not the product of a careful examination, is not to be legally insulated as a professional medical judgment” ( Fotinas v. Westchester County Med. Ctr., 300 A.D.2d 437, 439, 752 N.Y.S.2d 90 [2002] ).
Here, prior to ordering decedent transferred, Frost discussed her condition and all applicable treatment options with the hospital's psychiatric staff. He knew that decedent, when admitted to the hospital, had been diagnosed with tachycardia and had to be intubated to assist in her breathing, conditions that plaintiff's expert acknowledged could be aggravated if decedent
were placed in restraints. Because of decedent's attempt to commit suicide, Frost ordered that while she was in the hospital, she be sedated on an as-needed basis and restraints be employed as a last resort. In his deposition, Frost stated that he decided not to order decedent restrained while riding in the ambulance because, during her last 2 1/2 hours at the hospital, decedent was not restrained when someone was seated with her and she “had been calm and had not made any suicidal gestures.” Moreover, Frost rightfully assumed that the ambulance attendants charged with decedent's transport would closely monitor her, especially given the warnings that they had received from Land regarding her recent suicide attempts and existing suicidal ideation.
Therefore, we agree with Supreme Court that Frost's decision not to impose restraints during decedent's transfer “was a matter of professional judgment for which [Frost] cannot be held” liable ( Topel v. Long Is. Jewish Med. Ctr., 55 N.Y.2d 682, 684, 446 N.Y.S.2d 932, 431 N.E.2d 293 [1981] ), and the verdict was properly directed in his favor.
Land testified at his deposition that he specifically warned the ambulance attendants prior to the transfer that they should be concerned about decedent and that “this girl means it. She is the one who is going to jump out of your ambulance.”
As for Land, plaintiff argues that his failure to question Frost why restraints were not being ordered when decedent was placed in the ambulance constitutes professional negligence. Land had no information regarding decedent that Frost did not have and, moreover, plaintiff's expert acknowledged that Land, as a nurse, had no authority to direct that restraints be used. In addition, there is no record evidence indicating that Frost would have ordered restraints had Land raised the issue. As a result, plaintiff failed to make a prima facie case of negligence against Land, and the hospital vicariously, and Supreme Court's order directing a verdict in their favor should in all respects be affirmed.
ORDERED that the judgments are affirmed, with costs.
ROSE, J.P., MALONE JR., STEIN and McCARTHY, JJ., concur.