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finding that the jury could understand, without the aid of expert testimony, that failing to remove a hypodermic needle from the plaintiff's neck after surgery would cause severe pain in the plaintiff's right arm, hand, and neck
Summary of this case from Freeman v. United StatesOpinion
Record No. 961531
April 18, 1997
Present: Carrico, C.J., Compton, Stephenson, Lacy, Hassell, and Koontz, JJ., and Whiting, Senior Justice
If the facts alleged and admitted by a doctor in a medical malpractice case were presented to a jury, the jurors, absent expert testimony, reasonably could determine, by calling upon their common knowledge and experience, whether the doctor was negligent and whether his negligence was a proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries, and thus the trial court erred in ruling that expert testimony was necessary to establish the standard of care. The trial court's judgment for the defendant is reversed and the case remanded.
Practice and Procedure — Medical Malpractice — Expert Witnesses — Evidence — Negligence — Summary Judgment — Res Ipsa Loquitur
The plaintiff patient filed an action against a neurosurgeon, his professional entity, a registered nurse and an operating room technician, alleging that a hypodermic needle had been left in her neck during surgery and that it had caused her severe pain over the course of 20 months following the surgery. Responding to pretrial discovery requests, the plaintiff named only a psychiatrist/neurologist and a radiologist as expected expert witnesses. The trial court, relying solely upon the pleadings and pretrial discovery material, granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants. The court ruled that expert testimony was necessary to establish the appropriate standards of care and breaches thereof. The plaintiff appeals.
1. In almost all malpractice cases, expert testimony is necessary to assist a jury in determining a health care provider's appropriate standard of care and whether there has been a deviation from that standard.
2. In certain rare cases, when the alleged negligent acts or omissions clearly lie within the range of a jury's common knowledge and experience, expert testimony is unnecessary.
3. In considering a motion for summary judgment, a court must adopt those inferences from the facts that are most favorable to the nonmoving party, unless the inferences are forced, strained, or contrary to reason. Summary judgment will not be entered if any material fact is genuinely in dispute.
4. In the present case, based upon the record before the court, if the facts alleged and admitted by the neurosurgeon were presented to a jury, the jurors, absent expert testimony, reasonably could determine, by calling upon their common knowledge and experience, whether the physician was negligent and whether his negligence was a proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries and, therefore, the trial court erred in ruling that expert testimony was necessary to establish the standard of care.
5. The trial court also acted prematurely in entering summary judgment in favor of the nurse and operating room technician because the record has not been developed sufficiently to enable either the trial court or this Court to determine whether the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur is applicable.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Chesapeake. Hon. Thomas Forehand, Jr., judge presiding.
Reversed and remanded.
Bernard T. Holmes (Holmes Edmonds, on briefs), for appellant.
R. Barrow Blackwell; (Ann Mayhew Golski; Kaufman Canoles, on brief), for appellees Nasrollah Fatehi and Atlantic Neurosurgery, P.C.
A. William Charters (John A. Heilig; Deborah S. Prince; Heilig, McKenry, Fraim Lollar, on brief), for appellees Rachel Jacobs, R.N., etc. and Millicent P. Spruill, ORT, etc.
In this medical malpractice action, the trial court, relying solely upon the pleadings and certain pretrial discovery material, granted summary judgment in favor of a physician and two nurses. The court ruled, inter alia, that expert testimony was necessary to establish the appropriate standards of care and breaches thereof, and the principal issue in this appeal is whether that ruling was erroneous.
Shirley Dickerson filed this action against Nasrollah Fatehi, M.D., a neurosurgeon, and his professional entity, Atlantic Neurosurgery, P.C. (collectively, Fatehi), and against Rachel Jacobs, R.N., and Millicent P. Spruill, ORT. Dickerson alleged that, on February 27, 1989, she was admitted to Chesapeake General Hospital for neck surgery to be performed by Fatehi. The next day, Fatehi, assisted by Jacobs, the circulating nurse, and by Spruill, the surgical technician who acted as the scrub nurse, performed an anterior cervical diskectomy.
Dickerson also filed this action against Chesapeake General Hospital. In a separate action which was consolidated with this suit, Dickerson sued Edward Habeeb, M.D., and his professional entity. Orthopaedic Surgeons, Ltd. (collectively, Habeeb). On Dickerson's motion, however, Habeeb and the Hospital were nonsuited.
Dickerson further alleged that, during the course of the surgery, Fatehi "used a blunt tip 18 gauge hypodermic needle, including [a] plastic attachment to the syringe, as a metallic marker [which] was intended to be removed prior to closure of the operative site." Fatehi, however, negligently "failed to remove [the] hypodermic needle" from Dickerson's neck at the close of surgery, and Jacobs and Spruill, in violation of their duty of care, negligently failed "to maintain a proper needle count . . . [to] ensure the removal of the needle" after surgery.
Following the surgery, Dickerson allegedly experienced "severe pain . . . [in] her right arm, hand and neck." Fatehi referred her to Dr. Edward Habeeb, an orthopedic surgeon. Habeeb ordered x-rays of Dickerson's neck and shoulder, but was unable to determine the cause of her pain. He referred her to Fatehi for therapy.
Approximately 20 months after the surgery, Dr. Thomas Queen, a general surgeon, discovered and removed the needle, including the plastic attachment to the syringe, from Dickerson's neck. Dickerson alleged that the negligence of Fatehi, Jacobs, and Spruill (collectively, the Defendants) was a proximate cause of her injuries.
Responding to the Defendants' pretrial discovery requests that Dickerson identify the expert witnesses she expected to call at trial, Dickerson named only a psychiatrist/neurologist and a radiologist. Dickerson had not named any other expert witnesses when the court-ordered discovery cut-off date arrived.
The Defendants moved for summary judgment on the ground that the two experts named by Dickerson were not qualified to testify on the appropriate standards of care. The trial court agreed and granted summary judgment in favor of the Defendants. At the same time, the trial court rejected Dickerson's contention that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur applied. The court reasoned that Dickerson's pleadings and "the undisputed facts" showed that the needle marker "was not in the exclusive control of any one defendant."
The Defendants relied upon Code § 8.01-581.20 regarding the requisite knowledge, skill. and experience that a proffered witness must have in order to qualify as an expert witness on the appropriate standard of care. Code § 8.01-581.20, however, does not require a plaintiff to present expert testimony in all medical malpractice actions, Beverly Enterprises v. Nichols, 247 Va. 264, 269, 441 S.E.2d 1, 4 (1994), and, given our decision in the present case, we do not reach the question whether the proffered witnesses were qualified to testify as experts on the standard of care.
Dickerson contends, on appeal as she did in the trial court, that, based upon the facts shown by her pleadings and the Defendants' admissions, expert testimony is not necessary to establish the appropriate standards of care and breaches thereof. Dickerson asserts that "whether a reasonably prudent neurosurgeon . . . should account for and remove a hypodermic needle from a patient's body before closing the operative wound is within the range of common experience of a jury." Similarly, Dickerson also asserts that "whether a reasonably prudent circulating nurse and scrub nurse . . . [made] and report[ed] an accurate account of all needles . . . used during the surgical procedure . . . [also is a matter] within the common knowledge and experience of a jury."
[1-2] In almost all medical malpractice cases, expert testimony is necessary to assist a jury in determining a health care provider's appropriate standard of care and whether there has been a deviation from that standard. Raines v. Lutz, 231 Va. 110, 113, 341 S.E.2d 194, 196 (1986); Bly v. Rhoads, 216 Va. 645, 653, 222 S.E.2d 783, 789 (1976). In certain rare cases, however, when the alleged negligent acts or omissions clearly lie within the range of a jury's common knowledge and experience, expert testimony is unnecessary. Beverly Enterprises v. Nichols, 247 Va. 264, 267, 441 S.E.2d 1, 3 (1994); accord Jefferson Hospital, Inc. v. Van Lear, 186 Va. 74, 41 S.E.2d 441 (1947).
In considering a motion for summary judgment, a court must adopt those inferences from the facts that are most favorable to the nonmoving party, unless the inferences are forced, strained, or contrary to reason. Carson v. LeBlanc, 245 Va. 135, 139-40, 427 S.E.2d 189, 192 (1993). "Summary judgment shall not be entered if any material fact is genuinely in dispute." Rule 3:18.
This case did not go to trial; consequently, the record on appeal is quite limited. In addition to Dickerson's pleadings, the record discloses that Fatehi's attorney conceded in argument before the trial court that "anybody . . . without regard to any medical training would be able to say that unless the object left in the patient has some therapeutic value, you don't leave a foreign object in the body."
Furthermore, Dickerson submitted the following request for admission to Fatehi:
15. Admit that it was your responsibility as surgeon to remove after surgery the 18 gauge blunt tip hypodermic needle placed in . . . Dickerson's neck during anterior cervical diskectomy surgery. . . .
Fatehi responded as follows:
15. Denied. It was the obligation of Dr. Fatehi to remove the needle, as he did, prior to the removal of the disk. The request implies the needle was to be removed only after the surgery was performed. Dr. Fatehi relies on the counts of the hospital's OR Technician and circulating nurse at the end of the operation and prior to closing the wound, which counts indicated all needles were accounted for and none was in the surgical wound site and he believed that the counts necessarily included the needle.
In the present case, based upon the record before us, we are of opinion that, if the facts alleged and admitted by Fatehi were presented to a jury, the jurors, absent expert testimony, reasonably could determine, by calling upon their common knowledge and experience, whether Fatehi was negligent and whether his negligence was a proximate cause of Dickerson's injuries. Therefore, the trial court erred in ruling that expert testimony was necessary to establish the standard of care.
With respect to Jacobs and Spruill, we conclude that the record has not been developed sufficiently to enable either the trial court or this Court to determine that the alleged negligence does not lie within a jury's common knowledge and experience so that expert testimony is necessary. Therefore, the trial court acted prematurely in entering summary judgment in favor of Jacobs and Spruill. Likewise, the record has not been developed sufficiently to enable either the trial court or this Court to determine whether the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur is applicable. See Easterling v. Walton, 208 Va. 214, 216-17, 156 S.E.2d 787, 789-90 (1967) (doctrine applies where means or instrumentality causing injury is in exclusive possession and control of person charged with negligence).
Accordingly, we will reverse the trial court's judgment and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Reversed and remanded.
We need not consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to permit Dickerson to supplement her discovery answers by naming additional expert witnesses because the case will be remanded for further proceedings. Upon remand, the court should establish a new date for the completion of discovery, and, therefore, the issue is moot.