Summary
holding Mathis did not announce a new rule of constitutional law made retroactive by the Supreme Court
Summary of this case from Smith v. United StatesOpinion
No. 16-2683
07-15-2016
John W. Dawkins, Applicant, v. United States of America, Respondent.
Carol A. Brook, William H. Theis, William Todd Watson, Attorneys, Office of the Federal Defender Program, Chicago, IL, for Petitioner. David E. Bindi, Debra Riggs Bonamici, Attorneys, Office of the United States Attorney, Chicago, IL, for Respondent.
Carol A. Brook, William H. Theis, William Todd Watson, Attorneys, Office of the Federal Defender Program, Chicago, IL, for Petitioner.
David E. Bindi, Debra Riggs Bonamici, Attorneys, Office of the United States Attorney, Chicago, IL, for Respondent.
Before Wood, Chief Judge, and Posner and Hamilton, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam.
John Dawkins has filed an application pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3), seeking authorization to file a successive motion to vacate under § 2255. Dawkins, who was sentenced as a career offender, wants to challenge his sentence under Johnson v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 135 S.Ct. 2551, 192 L.Ed.2d 569 (2015), which held that the residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii) is unconstitutionally vague. We assume for purposes of this opinion that Johnson also invalidates the similar residual clause in the career-offender guideline.
Dawkins was convicted of bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), and using a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, id. § 924(c). He was sentenced as a career offender to 262 months' imprisonment. His classification as a career offender rests on Illinois convictions for aggravated vehicular hijacking, 720 ILCS 5/18-4 (1993), and residential burglary, 720 ILCS 5/19-3 (1985). He previously has been denied permission to file a successive § 2255 motion under Johnson v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 135 S.Ct. 2551, 192 L.Ed.2d 569 (2015). See Dawkins v. United States , 809 F.3d 953 (7th Cir. 2016). In denying the previous application, we concluded that residential burglary in Illinois is equivalent to generic burglary of a dwelling, which is enumerated as a crime of violence in the sentencing guidelines. See id. at 956 ; U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2).
Dawkins again asks permission to challenge his sentence under Johnson, but this time he also relies on the Supreme Court's recent decision in Mathis v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S.Ct. 2243, 195 L.Ed.2d 604 (2016). In Mathis, the Supreme Court considered Iowa's burglary statute, which forbids entering “an occupied structure” without permission with the intent to commit a felony. Iowa Code § 713.1. “Occupied structure” is defined by Iowa as “any building, structure, appurtenances to buildings and structures, land, water or air vehicle, or similar place adapted for overnight accommodation of persons, or occupied by persons for the purpose of carrying on business or other activity therein, or for the storage or safekeeping of anything of value.” Id. § 702.12. The Supreme Court first explained that the statute is broader than “generic burglary,” which is enumerated as a violent felony in the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). See Mathis , 136 S.Ct. at 2250–51. The Court next considered how Iowa courts interpret this statute and determined that the different locations are not alternative elements creating separate crimes, but instead are simply alternative means of violating a single locational element. See id. at 2250–51, 2255–56. So, the Court concluded, the district court's reliance on a conviction for Iowa burglary cannot be saved by looking to charging papers and considering whether the defendant actually burglarized a building or dwelling; the statute is nondivisible and categorically not a violent felony. See id. at 2248–49, 2257–58.
Dawkins contends that Illinois's burglary statutes are similarly nondivisible and broader than generic burglary. He points out that the general burglary statute applies to entries into “a building, housetrailer, watercraft, aircraft, motor vehicle, railroad car, or any part thereof,” 720 ILCS 5/19-1, and residential burglary can be committed by entering into a “house, apartment, mobile home, trailer, or other living quarters ,” id. 5/2-6(b) (emphasis added). But even if Mathis does make a district court's reliance on Illinois burglary suspect for purposes of the career-offender guideline or ACCA, which we do not decide now, Dawkins asks for permission to bring this claim as part of a larger claim under Johnson. He has already been denied permission to file a successive § 2255 motion based on Johnson, so this claim is barred by 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(1). See Brannigan v. United States , 249 F.3d 584, 586–89 (7th Cir. 2001) ; Bennett v. United States , 119 F.3d 470, 471–72 (7th Cir. 1997).
Dawkins argues in his reply that Mathis provides an independent basis for authorization. He cites Alexander v. United States , 121 F.3d 312 (7th Cir. 1997), for the proposition that any intervening change in the law would allow a successive application. This proposition clearly is not true, and Alexander does not say otherwise; only new rules of constitutional law, made retroactive by the Supreme Court, can provide a basis for authorization. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2255(h)(2), 2244(b)(2)(A) ; Alexander , 121 F.3d at 314–15 (denying application because applicant did “not point to any new rule made retroactive by the Supreme Court and [did] not have new evidence showing his innocence”). Mathis did not announce such a rule; it is a case of statutory interpretation. An independent claim based on Mathis must be brought, if at all, in a petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. See Brown v. Caraway , 719 F.3d 583, 594–96 (7th Cir. 2013) ; In re Davenport , 147 F.3d 605, 611–12 (7th Cir. 1998). We note that any § 2241 petition would need to be filed in the district where the petitioner is in custody. See 28 U.S.C. § 2241(a) ; Fed. R. App. P. 22(a).
Accordingly, we DENY authorization and DISMISS Dawkins's application.