Opinion
CASE NO. 5:20-cv-361
03-26-2020
KINTAE DAVIS, PLAINTIFF, v. EQUIFAX, INC., DEFENDANT.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Pro se plaintiff Kintae Davis ("Davis") brings this action against the defendant Equifax, Inc. ("Equifax") concerning a data breach. (Doc. No. 1 at 3 ("Compl.").) Davis moves to proceed with this action in forma pauperis (Doc. No. 2), and that motion is granted.
Page number references are to the page identification numbers generated by the Court's electronic filing system.
For the reasons that follow, this case is dismissed.
I. Background
Davis' claim, stated in its entirety, provides as follows:
See attached exhausted/completed administrative remedy/procedure: Conditional Acceptance, Notice of Fault & Opportunity to Cure and subsequent Affidavit and Notice of Default. Plaintiff has exhausted his/her private Administrative remedy/procedure and through the Defendants non-response, acceptance and commercial acquiescence of the facts as outlined in the Affidavit and Notice of Default. Defendants were afforded commercial grace and an opportunity to provide the requested proofs of claims and failed to provide proofs of claim as enumerated in the Conditional Acceptance sent to Defendant via certified mail # 70190700000164935583 and received by Defendant on November twenty-nine, two thousand nineteen. Defendants were then sent a Notice of Fault and Opportunity to cure the fault via certified mail number 70190700000164935729 on and failed to respond. Defendants were also sent a copy of the Plaintiffs' social security card and State of Ohio identification card with Notice of Default. Through Defendants non-response and silence, the Defendants have quietly agreed to all of the facts as outlined in the Notice of Default. Therefore the
Plaintiff states a superior claim upon which relief can be granted and the Defendants fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.(Id. at 5.)
The attachments Davis refers to are not contained in the documents provided to the Court.
II. Discussion
A. Standard of Review
Although pro se pleadings are liberally construed, Boag v. MacDougall, 454 U.S. 364, 365, 102 S. Ct. 700, 70 L. Ed. 2d 551 (1982) (per curiam); Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520, 92 S. Ct. 594, 30 L. Ed. 2d 652 (1972), the Court is required to dismiss an in forma pauperis action under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) if it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, lacks an arguable basis in law or fact, or seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief. See Hill v. Lappin, 630 F.3d 468, 470 (6th Cir. 2010). In reviewing a pro se complaint, the Court must construe the pleading in a light most favorable to the plaintiff. Bibbo v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 151 F.3d 559, 561 (6th Cir. 1998).
Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and have authority to decide only the cases that the Constitution and Congress have empowered them to resolve. See Ohio ex rel. Skaggs v. Brunner, 549 F.3d 468, 474 (6th Cir. 2008). Federal courts "have a duty to consider their subject matter jurisdiction in regard to every case and may raise the issue sua sponte." Answers in Genesis of Ky., Inc. v. Creation Ministries Int'l, Ltd., 556 F.3d 459, 465 (6th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). "If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3).
B. Analysis
Davis brings this action pursuant to the Court's diversity jurisdiction - 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, the Court has original subject matter jurisdiction over civil actions "where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and is between...citizens of different States...." 28 U.S.C. 1332(a)(1).
Diversity of citizenship
Davis identifies as a citizen of the State of Ohio. (Compl. at 2.) Equifax is a corporation and, for purposes of diversity jurisdiction, a corporation is a citizen of the state in which it is incorporated and has its principal place of business. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1). Davis' allegations concerning Equifax's citizenship are the same as the citizenship allegations asserted in a nearly identical case which were determined to be insufficient to establish diversity. (See Compl. at 3.). At this juncture, this Court is not persuaded that Davis' allegations of Equifax's citizenship are insufficient to establish diversity. But regardless of the determination concerning diversity of citizenship, Davis fails to allege facts that show the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.00 and, therefore, fails to establish diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332.
In Mosley v. Equifax, Inc., Civil Case No. 19-11226, 2019 WL 2539349 (E.D. Mich June 20, 2019), a case identical to the instant action with respect to the allegations concerning the citizenship of Equifax, the court found that the allegations did not establish diversity of citizenship. That court nevertheless found diversity of citizenship based upon information about Equifax contained in pending multidistrict litigation concerning the data breach. Id. at *1 ("Plaintiff does not identify [d]efendant's citizenship; however, it appears that [d]efendant is a Georgia corporation with its principal place of business in Atlanta, Georgia.") (citing In re Equifax, Inc. Customer Data Sec. Breach Litig., Case No. 1:17-md-2800-twt (N.D. Ga. filed Dec. 6, 2017)).
Davis also indicates Equifax's address is Atlanta, Georgia. (Compl. at 4.) But merely identifying "a corporate defendant's business address is wholly insufficient to establish either its place of incorporation or its principal place of business, because '[t]he mere fact that a corporation is doing business or is licensed to do business in a state does not make it a citizen of that state for purposes of diversity jurisdiction.'" Barlow v. K.L. Harring Transp., No. 06-CV-14313-DT, 2006 WL 3104705, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Oct. 31, 2006) (quoting Johnson v. Pharmacia & Upjohn Co., No. 99-96, 1999 WL 1005653 at *4 (W.D. Mich. Oct. 12 1999); see also Riggs v. Island Creek Coal Co., 542 F.2d 339, 342 (6th Cir. 1976) (a corporation's headquarters does not "invariably govern the location of its principal place of business").).
Amount in controversy
With respect to the amount in controversy, Davis states that amount exceeds $75,000.00 because:
Equifax, Inc. has willingly, knowingly, intentionally, or voluntarily agreed and acquiesced through its non-response to the facts stated in the Conditional Acceptance/Affidavits sent, and is therefore in default under contract. Equifax has also admitted to the data breach which has affected and injured me personally.(Compl. at 3.)
For relief, Davis seeks:
$75,000,000.00 agreed to and acquiesced by Equifax, Inc through the Plaintiff exhausting his private administrative remedy through request proofs of claim, Equifax, Inc's subsequent non-response to the Notice of Fault and Opportunity to Cure and subsequent non-response and subsequent Default as a result of Equifax, Inc. willful failure to respond. Plaintiff also pray for triple damages, punitive damages and all court costs.(Id. at 5.)
"[T]he amount alleged in the complaint will suffice unless it appears to a legal certainty that the plaintiff in good faith cannot claim the jurisdictional amount." Klepper v. First Am. Bank, 916 F.2d 337, 340 (6th Cir. 1990) (citing St. Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 288-89, 58 S. Ct. 586, 82 L. Ed. 845 (1938)); Davis v. DCB Fin. Corp., 259 F. Supp. 2d 664, 675 (S.D. Ohio 2003) (same) (citing Klepper, 916 F.2d at 340). "The '[m]ere averment of the amount claimed to be in controversy is not enough to confer jurisdiction.'" Mosley v. Equifax, Inc., Civil Case No. 19-11226, 2019 WL 2539349, at *1 (E.D. Mich. June 20, 2019) (quoting Breault v. Feigenholtz, 380 F.2d 90, 92 (7th Cir. 1967)).
In this case, Davis alleges that the data breach "injured me personally," but the complaint is devoid of factual allegations regarding the nature of the injury or damages sustained by Davis as a consequence of Equifax's data breach. For example, there are no allegations concerning identity theft, misuse of personal information, or the cost of monitoring to protect Davis' personal information. Nor can Davis' claim for punitive damages support a finding that the jurisdictional amount has been satisfied because "such damages must bear some relationship to [plaintiff's] actual damages." Id. at *2 (citing State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 416 (2003) (The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the imposition of grossly excessive or arbitrary punishments on a tortfeasor.")). The only facts offered by Davis to support the jurisdictional amount is that the data breach caused an unspecified injury and that Equifax "agreed to and acquiesced" to relief in the amount of $75,000,000.00 because it did not respond to Davis' "Notice of Default and Opportunity to Cure" and Equifax's "willful failure to respond" resulted in default. (Compl. at 5.) In a case based upon similar facts where $75 million dollars in damages was claimed, the court in Mosley concluded that the plaintiff could not in good faith claim damages that satisfied the jurisdictional amount and dismissed the case without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Mosley, 2019 WL 2539349, at *2.
As the party seeking to invoke the Court's jurisdiction, Davis bears the burden of establishing the Court's authority to hear his case. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377, 114 S. Ct. 1673, 128 L. Ed. 2d 391 (1994). Here, even with the benefit of liberal construction Davis' damages claim is entirely speculative, and the Court concludes it appears to a legal certainty that Davis cannot in good faith claim the jurisdictional amount necessary for this Court's subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. See Williams v. Equifax, Inc., No. 1:19-CV-622, 2019 WL 3556920, at *2-3 (S.D. Ohio Aug. 5, 2019) (dismissing case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction where plaintiff failed to set forth specific claims that would support a damages claim of $75,000,000.00) (citing Mosley), report and recommendation adopted, No. 1:19CV622, 2019 WL 5455557 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 24, 2019); see also Davis v. DCB Fin. Corp., 259 F. Supp. 2d 664, 677 (S.D. Ohio 2003) (claimed damages that are speculative and immeasurable are insufficient to support a good faith claim for the jurisdictional amount); Newton v. Dominion Mgmt. Servs., No. 1:14 CV 763, 2014 WL 4322691, at *5 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 29, 2014) ("Giving a generous reading to the complaint, it is plausible plaintiff could claim damages as high as $6,840.00. He cannot in good faith claim $2,000,000.00 in damages. Consequently, plaintiff has not established the jurisdictional amount in controversy needed to invoke federal diversity of citizenship jurisdiction."); Mason v. Equifax, Inc., No. 1:17-CV-5448-TWT-JKL, 2018 WL 1023599, at *2 (N.D. Ga. Jan. 19, 2018) (recommending dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because plaintiff has not alleged facts to support his claim that the amount in controversy exceeds $68.6 billion) (citing among authority Bradley v. Kelly Servs., Inc., 224 F. App'x 893, 895 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (holding that plaintiff's mere speculation, without any supporting calculations, that the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 is insufficient to meet § 1332's jurisdictional threshold)), report and recommendation adopted sub nom. Mason v. Equifax, Inc, No. 1:17-CV-5448-TWT, 2018 WL 1014629 (N.D. Ga. Feb. 22, 2018).
Therefore, regardless of whether Davis alleged sufficient facts to establish diversity of citizenship, Davis has failed to assert a good faith claim that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional amount necessary for this Court's subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). Davis does not identify any basis for federal question jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (see Compl. at 2) nor can the Court discern from Davis' allegations a federal question at issue in this case. While the Court must liberally construe the complaint, the Court is not required to construct claims on Davis' behalf. See Erwin v. Edwards, 22 F. App'x 579, 580 (6th Cir. 2001).
III. Conclusion
For all the foregoing reasons, this case is dismissed pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. This dismissal is without prejudice, and Davis may refile the claims brought herein in state court or federal court if Davis can allege facts which would support a determination of federal subject matter jurisdiction.
Because the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the Court lacks authority to conduct a screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e) and offers no opinion as to whether this action would have survived any such screening had Davis met his burden to satisfy subject matter jurisdiction. --------
Davis' motion to proceed in forma pauperis is granted (Doc. No. 2).
The Court certifies, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3), that an appeal from this decision could not be taken in good faith.
IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: March 26, 2020
/s/ _________
HONORABLE SARA LIOI
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE