Summary
In Cothey, supra, the occupants of an oncoming vehicle were killed in a collision with a tractor-trailer when it was left of center while making a turn into a private driveway.
Summary of this case from Bowe v. JenkinsOpinion
Nos. 38135 and 38136
Decided June 10, 1964.
Motor vehicles — Traffic regulations — Operating vehicle with due regard for safety of others — Section 4511.20, Revised Code — Turning from direct course — Section 4511.39, Revised Code — Duty of ordinary care imposed — Making left turn across path of oncoming vehicle — Issue of negligence a jury question.
1. Section 4511.20, Revised Code, providing that "no person shall operate a vehicle * * * without due regard for the safety and rights of pedestrians and drivers and occupants of all other vehicles * * * so as to endanger the life, limb, or property of any person while in the lawful use of the streets or highways," imposes a duty on a motorist to operate his vehicle in the same manner as would a reasonably prudent person under the circumstances. (Paragraph one of the syllabus of State v. Martin, 164 Ohio St. 54, approved and followed.)
2. Section 4511.39, Revised Code, which provides in part that "no person shall turn a vehicle * * * from a direct course upon a highway until such person has exercised due care to ascertain that the movement can be made with reasonable safety to other users of the highway," imposes a duty of ordinary care on a person intending to turn left into a private driveway.
3. In an action for wrongful death or for personal injuries, where the evidence most favorable to the plaintiff shows that defendant's tractor-trailer made a left turn across the path of plaintiff's oncoming car, that at the time of collision the tractor-trailer substantially blocked plaintiff's side of the road, and that plaintiff was traveling at a lawful rate of speed, there is sufficient evidence of a violation of Sections 4511.20 and 4511.39, Revised Code, to require the overruling of a motion by defendant for a directed verdict at the close of plaintiff's case.
APPEALS from the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County.
These actions originated in the Court of Common Pleas. Case number 38135 is an action for the wrongful death of William Cothey brought by the administratrix of his estate, for the benefit of his wife and four minor children. Case number 38136 is an action for personal injuries sustained by Rose Cothey, hereinafter referred to as plaintiff, in her husband's automobile in the same motor vehicle collision. (The actions will be referred to herein in the singular.)
Brookpark road, at the time and place of the collision, extended in an easterly and westerly direction, with two unmarked traffic lanes going in each direction. The eastbound lanes were separated from the westbound lanes by a double yellow line. On the north side of Brookpark Road and contiguous thereto was the private driveway of the Clifton Concrete Company.
At about 12:35 p.m. on October 4, 1957, William Cothey was driving west on Brookpark in the north curb lane. As he was passing the Clifton Concrete Company driveway, he collided with a tractor-trailer driven by an employee of defendant, Jones-Lemley Trucking Company. As a result of the collision William Cothey and Edward Root, a passenger in the automobile, were killed. Plaintiff, another passenger in the automobile, sustained injuries.
The right front of the automobile collided with the right side of the tractor-trailer, between the rear tractor wheels and the front tandem trailer wheels. The point of impact was seven feet north of the center line. Following the impact, the tractor-trailer traveled in a northeasterly direction and came to a stop in the Clifton Concrete Company driveway.
At the close of plaintiff's evidence, the trial court directed the jury to return a verdict for the defendant.
The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the Common Pleas Court, saying in its opinion that there was no evidence that the driver of defendant's truck was negligent.
The cause is before this court upon the allowance of a motion to certify the record.
Messrs. Redmond Ugan and Messrs. Snyder, Neff Chamberlin, for appellants.
Messrs. Johnson, Weston, Blackmore, Cory Hurd, for appellee.
The sole question presented by this appeal is whether the evidence introduced by plaintiff as to the negligence of defendant's driver was sufficient to withstand a motion for a directed verdict made at the conclusion of plaintiff's case.
The principles relating to directed verdicts are well settled. The primary test is whether, after construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the party against whom the motion is made, reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to such party. Hamden Lodge v. Ohio Fuel Gas Co., 127 Ohio St. 469, paragraph three of the syllabus. It is equally well settled that on such a motion the trial court must make all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party. Martin v. Heintz, 126 Ohio St. 227, paragraph three of the syllabus.
It should be pointed out here that it is not necessary that every element of plaintiff's case be supported by direct proof in order to avoid a directed verdict. It is sufficient if there is evidence upon which a reasonable inference may be predicated to support each such element. Industrial Commission v. Schick, 125 Ohio St. 419, 421; State Automobile Mutual Ins. Assn. v. Lind, 122 Ohio St. 500.
We must, therefore, determine whether, from the evidence introduced, reasonable minds could conclude that the driver of the tractor-trailer was negligent in attempting to turn in front of plaintiff's oncoming car.
In the instant case, there is evidence that plaintiff was traveling at a lawful rate of speed, 25 to 35 miles per hour in a 35-mile-per-hour zone. The evidence shows also that defendant's driver had started to turn across plaintiff's side of the road into the private driveway. The point of impact was on plaintiff's side of the road, seven feet north of the double yellow center line and 15 feet south of the north curb line and the entrance of the driveway. The right front of plaintiff's automobile struck the middle of the right side of the tractor-trailer. Since the tractor-trailer was approximately 29 1/2 feet long, at the time of impact it would have substantially blocked both lanes of traffic on plaintiff's side of the road.
If the collision had occurred after the right of way statute had been amended (130 Ohio Laws, H. 14, 1963) the answer would be clear. Section 4511.42, Revised Code, now requires any motorist intending to turn left to yield the right of way to any vehicle approaching from the opposite direction. At the time in question, it only applied to vehicles within an intersection. It was, therefore, not applicable to a motorist, like defendant, who attempted to turn into a private driveway.
However, Sections 4511.20 and 4511.39, Revised Code, did apply to the defendant.
Section 4511.20, Revised Code, provides:
"No person shall operate a vehicle * * * without due regard for the safety and rights of pedestrians and drivers and occupants of all other vehicles * * * so as to endanger the life, limb, or property of any person while in the lawful use of the streets or highways."
This section imposes a duty on a motorist to operate his vehicle in the same manner as would a reasonably prudent person under similar circumstances. State v. Martin, 164 Ohio St. 54, paragraph one of the syllabus.
A reasonably prudent person would realize that a left turn in the middle of the block involves an unreasonable risk to vehicles approaching from the opposite direction unless such vehicles are far enough away that, assuming they are proceeding in a lawful manner, the turn may be completed in safety.
A left turn into a private driveway is even more dangerous than one made at an intersection. A driver might expect that left turns will be made at intersections. It would be an undue burden, however, for one proceeding on a public highway to guard against such turns into every driveway entering the highway.
Section 4511.39, Revised Code, requires that "no person shall turn a vehicle * * * from a direct course upon a highway until such person has exercised due care to ascertain that the movement can be made with reasonable safety to other users of the highway * * *."
This section requires a person intending to make a left turn to exercise due care to ascertain whether it can be made with reasonable safety, before he attempts it. It is obvious that such a turn cannot be made with reasonable safety until vehicles, approaching from the opposite direction and which are close enough to involve an unreasonable risk of collision, are permitted to pass.
Section 4511.39, Revised Code, as applied to similar facts, was before this court in Van Jura, a Minor, v. Row, 175 Ohio St. 41. There, the defendant was waiting to make a left turn into a private driveway. A truck, approaching from the opposite direction in the lane nearest the center line, stopped, and its driver motioned for defendant to proceed in front of his vehicle. Defendant did so, although, because the truck blocked his view, he could not see what vehicles if any were in the curb lane. Defendant collided with a vehicle proceeding in the curb lane and in which plaintiff was a passenger. The court held, in paragraph two of the syllabus, that a motorist who "attempts to complete his left turn without exercising due care, and collides with another having a lawful right to proceed, is guilty of negligence as a matter of law."
The fact that in this case defendant's tractor-trailer was struck by, instead of striking, the vehicle in which plaintiff was a passenger is immaterial. It is just as negligent to pull into the immediate path of a vehicle as to run into a vehicle.
The rule of conduct expressed by Sections 4511.20 and 4511.39, Revised Code, with regard to a motorist intending to turn left into a private driveway, is substantially the same as the duty now imposed by Section 4511.42, Revised Code, the right-of-way-when-turning-left statute.
Giving the required favorable construction to the evidence submitted by the plaintiff, it is impossible to say that reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion and that is that defendant was free from negligence. At this point of the proceedings, the issue of defendant's negligence was a jury question, and the trial court, therefore, erred in sustaining the motion for a directed verdict.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the Common Pleas Court for a new trial.
Judgments reversed.
TAFT, C.J., ZIMMERMAN, GRIFFITH, HERBERT and GIBSON, JJ., concur.
O'NEILL, J., dissents.