Summary
In Congressional Country Club v. B. O.R. Co., 194 Md. 533, 71 A.2d 696, 699, the employees, maids and housemen of a country club, were hit by a train while on the way to work in a bus owned by the employer.
Summary of this case from Simmons v. SmithOpinion
[No. 85, October Term, 1949.]
Decided February 10, 1950.
Joint Tortfeasors' Act — Defenses — of Employer Joint Tortfeasor — Applicability of, and Conformance with, Workmen's Compensation Act — Workmen's Compensation — Exceptions — Domestic Servants — Maids and Houseman at Country Club Are Not — Course of Employment — Injuries in Course of Free Transportation to Work Occur in — General Requirements for Compensation — Injury Must Have Occurred in Course of Extra-Hazardous Employment — Extra-Hazardous Employment — Country Club Operation Was Not — Nor Regular Duties of Maids and Houseman Employed Therein — Free Transportation to Work in Employer's Bus Does Not Constitute — Traffic Accident Risk Covered Only When Incident to — Estoppel of Insurance Carrier to Deny by Acceptance of Premium — Inapplicable to Employees or Joint Tortfeasors in Action against Employer — Primary Purpose of Act — To Cast Industrial Accident Risk upon Employers — Torts — Joint Tortfeasors — Release of One Releases Other — Admissible in Indemnity or Contribution Action of One against Other — Last Clear Chance — Instruction Properly Refused on Evidence — When Applicable — Defendant's Negligence Must Have Been Sequential, Not Concurrent — Inapplicable in Action for Contribution between Joint Tortfeasors.
If employees are engaged in extra-hazardous employment and injured or killed in an accident arising out of, or in the course of, that employment, and the employer had provided insurance coverage for them, this is a complete defense in a suit by joint tortfeasor against employer for indemnity or contribution. p. 540
Maids and houseman at country club are not "domestic servants" under exceptions to coverage of Workmen's Compensation contained in Code (1947 Supp.), Art. 101, § 67(3). p. 540
Injuries occurring in course of free transportation to work arise out of and in the course of employment within meaning of Workmen's Compensation Act, Code (1947 Supp.), Art. 101. pp. 540-541
Before a claimant is entitled to compensation under Workmen's Compensation Act, Code (1947 Supp.), Art. 101, he must show, first, that he was engaged in an extra-hazardous employment, and secondly, that the injury arose out of, and in the course of, the employment. Both conditions must be shown. p. 541
Country club operation was not industrial enterprise or of an extra-hazardous nature in law or in fact, and regular duties of maids and houseman employed therein are not extra-hazardous in law or in fact, under Workmen's Compensation Act. Code (1947 Supp.), Art. 101. p. 542
Employees in non-extra-hazardous enterprise being given free transportation to work in employer's bus were not engaged in extra-hazardous employment under Workmen's Compensation Act, Code (1947 Supp.), Art. 101, secs. 20(41) and 20(41A) [free-wheeled vehicle operators, helpers and mechanics], or sec. 20(46) [other extra-hazardous employments and work]. p. 541-543
The common risk of traffic accidents is not covered by the Workmen's Compensation Act, Code (1947 Supp.), Art. 101, except where incidental to employment of an extra-hazardous nature, whence employees of non-hazardous enterprise whose duties were otherwise non-hazardous being furnished free transportation to work in employee's bus, were not covered. p. 543
The primary purpose of the Workmen's Compensation Act is to cover industrial accidents, and in that limited class of cases to substitute an absolute, but limited liability, regardless of fault, for the common-law liability of an employer for negligence. p. 543
The statutory estoppel under Code (1947 Supp.), Art. 101, sec. 66 against an insurance carrier of workmen's compensation insurance which has accepted premiums with respect to an employee, to deny that such employee is engaged in extra-hazardous employment, does not run against employee to limit his recourse to common-law remedies against employer, or against a third party asserting a derivative right of contribution against a negligent employer; whence testimony of insurance agent as to existence of policy covering "all the employees at the Congressional Country Club", on which premiums had been paid, together with stipulation that policy had been filed with State Industrial Accident Commission, were properly excluded in action by tortfeasor railroad, which had settled District of Columbia negligence action by employees of non-hazardous Maryland enterprise injured at grade crossing while being furnished free transportation to work in employer's bus, against purportedly negligent employer for contribution or indemnity. p. 543
General releases given by injured party to one joint tortfeasor extinguish common-law right of action of injured party against other joint tortfeasor. p. 544
In action by railroad tortfeasor for contribution or indemnity from employer to meet settlement of District of Columbia action brought by employees in non-hazardous Maryland enterprise injured at grade crossing while being furnished free transportation to work in employer's bus, releases of employees to railroad, purporting to be in consideration of a certain sum each, were admissible, even if not conclusive, where employer, though notified of pendency of action against railroad, had declined to participate in negotiations for settlement, which was presumably for a sum less than the potential value of the claims, and in absence of showing that settlement was unreasonable or made in bad faith. p. 544
In this action by joint tortfeasor railroad against alleged joint tortfeasor employer for indemnity or contribution in respect of settlement reached by railroad with defendant's employees, of their negligence action in the District of Columbia arising out of their injury in grade crossing accident in Maryland while being furnished free transportation in employer's bus to their non-hazardous Maryland employment, it appeared that plaintiff's freight train with 17 loaded cars and caboose was backing across grade crossing at four miles per hour without having stopped and posted flagman as required by company rules, that at this speed train could have been stopped in about 20 feet, and that bus driver did not see train until too close to tracks to stop and then tried to cross ahead of it, though train could have been seen when he was at a distance of 75 feet from the tracks. Engineer testified that he saw the bus at some distance from the tracks, that it then went out of sight, and then suddenly shot across the tracks, and the conductor testified that he saw bus slow down as if it was going to stop and then start off and pull right in front of caboose of backing train. On appeal, held, not error to refuse instruction as to last clear chance on part of railroad company, since there was no evidence to show that train could have been stopped so as to avoid accident after train crew and engineer knew, or by the exercise of reasonable care should have known, that the bus was in a position of helpless peril. pp. 544-545
In action by tortfeasor railroad against purportedly negligent employer for indemnity or contribution in respect of settlement made by railroad of negligence action in the District of Columbia brought by employees of defendant to recover damages for injuries sustained in grade crossing accident in Maryland occurring while they were being furnished free transportation to their non-hazardous Maryland occupation in employer's bus, where court instructed jury as to last clear chance of defendant employer's bus driver and refused to charge as to last clear chance of railroad plaintiff, and thereafter, jury brought in verdict for one-half the amount of the settlement, i.e., for contribution and not indemnity, held, on appeal, unnecessary to consider whether there was sufficient basis for the court's instruction, since by their verdict, the jury did not find that bus driver's act was the last negligent act, but that the negligence of both parties was concurrent. p. 545
For the doctrine of last clear chance to apply, defendant's negligence must have been sequential and not concurrent, and the doctrine can never be invoked when plaintiff's own act is the final negligent act. p. 545
The case at bar arose out of a grade crossing accident in Montgomery County, in which appellant's bus, which was then engaged in furnishing its employees, among whom were maids and a houseman, free transportation from the District Line to work, was struck by appellee's train. Appellant carried a Workmen's Compensation insurance policy on its employees, which was on file with State Industrial Accident Commission, and reported accident to Commission. No joint election under Code (1947 Supp.), Art. 101, § 31 was ever filed by Club or any of its employees. None of injured employees or personal representatives thereof, filed claims for Workmen's Compensation, but they brought action in District of Columbia against railroad plaintiff herein for negligence. Railroad settled these actions for total of $18,500, and thereupon brought this action against Club in separate counts for contribution or indemnity. Employer pleaded that its liability under Workmen's Compensation was exclusive. On appeal from verdict and judgment for plaintiff after trial of case principally on this issue, this Court held: (1) employees were not engaged in extra-hazardous work, either in general or by reason of being passengers in bus whence they were not covered by Workmen's Compensation; (2) evidence offered by appellant as to existence of the policy was properly excluded; (3) releases obtained by appellee incident to settlement were properly admitted to show the amount of settlement; (4) trial court on evidence properly refused to instruct as to last clear chance of railroad; and (5) the verdict for contribution made it unnecessary to consider whether instruction on last clear chance of bus driver was warranted. pp. 538-545
M.C.P., Jr.
Decided February 10, 1950.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Montgomery County (PRESCOTT, J.).
Action by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company against the Congressional Country Club, Inc. in separate counts for indemnity, or contribution under Uniform Contribution among Tortfeasors Act. Code (1947 Supp.), Art. 50, § 21, et seq., on account of a settlement, theretofore arrived at and paid, of certain negligence actions brought against plaintiff in the District of Columbia by certain employees of defendant. From verdict and judgment for plaintiff, defendant appeals.
Affirmed.
The cause was argued before MARBURY, C.J., DELAPLAINE, COLLINS, GRASON, HENDERSON, and MARKELL, JJ.
Vivian V. Simpson and Joseph B. Simpson, with whom were Simpson Simpson and Cornelius H. Doherty on the brief, for the appellant.
C.W. Prettyman and D.E. Betts, with whom was Stephen Ailes on the brief, for the appellee.
This case grew out of an accident at the Dorset Avenue crossing of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Montgomery County, in which a motor bus, owned and operated by the Congressional Country Club, Inc., was struck by a train. Two of the passengers in the bus were killed and one was injured. It was stipulated (with reservations as to materiality) that at the time of the accident these passengers were residents of Washington, D.C., employed by the Club, and were being transported from the District line to their place of employment in Montgomery County at the employer's expense and as a part of their contract of employment. Two of them were employed as maids and one as a houseman at the Club, which is a corporation resident in Montgomery County and not doing business, or authorized to do business, in the District. At the time of the accident the Club had a policy of insurance on file with the State Industrial Accident Commission to compensate employees killed or injured in extra-hazardous employment within the meaning of the Workmen's Compensation Act, and subsequently filed reports of the accident with the Commission, at least in the case of the deceased employees. No joint election was ever filed by the Club or any of its employees, and it does not appear that claims were filed by these employees or their personal representatives.
The personal representatives of the deceased passengers, and the injured passenger, filed suits in the District of Columbia against the Railroad Company. After notice to the Club of the pendency of these suits and after requests for participation in the defense and in settlement negotiations had been declined by the Club, the Railroad Company settled the suits for the total sum of $18,500 and obtained general releases. Thereupon, the Railroad Company sued the Club in Montgomery County in separate counts for indemnity or contribution. By special plea and subsequent pleadings, in addition to its general issue plea, the Club raised the issue that it was a conforming employer and that its liability under the Workmen's Compensation Act was exclusive. The Railroad Company, in its pleadings, denied that the Club was a conforming employer and asserted that these employees were not covered by the Act.
At the trial of the case the court sustained an objection to a question put to an agent of the Hartford Accident Indemnity Company, as to whether that Company had issued a workmen's compensation insurance policy "on the employees at the Congressional Country Club". The appellant made a proffer that the witness would testify that all of its employees were covered, and that the premium on the policy was paid. The court said it was undisputed that the work of the employees in question at the Club was not extra-hazardous, but the dispute was as to whether "the riding on the bus as an incident to a non-hazardous employment would bring" them "within the purview of the Act." The court also excluded the stipulation as to the fact that a policy had been filed with the Accident Commission, on the ground that it was immaterial, nor did he allude to the matter in his charge to the jury, which was full and explicit on other points.
The appellant likewise complains of the court's ruling in admitting in evidence the releases obtained, with the amounts stated therein. The final question raised is as to the Court's action in instructing the jury on the doctrine of last clear chance as applied to the appellant, and refusing to instruct on last clear chance as applied to the appellee. The jury's verdict was for one-half of the amount of the settlement, i.e., for contribution and not for indemnity.
The effect of the court's rulings as to the insurance policy was to remove that question from the jury's consideration and decide as a matter of law that, even if the proffered or stipulated facts were admitted, they would not support the defense raised by the special plea. The appellee does not deny that if the employees in question had been regularly engaged in extra-hazardous employment and injured or killed in an accident arising out of or in the course of that employment, and the employer had provided insurance coverage for them, this would have been a complete defense, not only in a suit by the employees, but in a suit by a joint tort-feasor for indemnity or contribution. Salvuca v. Ryan Reilly Co., 129 Md. 235, 98 A. 675; Baltimore Transit Co. v. State, 183 Md. 674, 39 A.2d 858, 156 A.L.R. 460; Standard Wholesale Phosphate Acid Works v. Rukert Terminals Corp., 193 Md. 20, 65 A.2d 304. The appellee likewise concedes that the employees in question do not fall within the exception as to "domestic servants" under section 67(3), Article 101 of the Code. Barres v. Watterson Hotel Co., 196 Ky. 100, 244 S.W. 308; Savoy Hotel Co. v. London County Council, 1 Q.B. 665. Horowitz, Workmen's Compensation (1944 Ed.) p. 209. The appellee also seems to concede that the injuries, occurring in the course of free transportation to work, arose out of and in the course of the employment. Harrison v. Central Construction Company, 135 Md. 170, 108 A. 874; 137 Md. 256, 112 A. 627. Cf. Heaps v. Cobb, 185 Md. 372, 383, 45 A.2d 73, and cases cited. But it is earnestly contended that it is a prerequisite to liability in any case that the employee must be engaged in extra-hazardous employment, and that these employees were not so engaged. In the Harrison case supra, it was said, ( 135 Md. 176, 108 A. at page 876: "Before a claimant is entitled to compensation he must show, First that he was engaged in an extra-hazardous employment, and secondly, that the injury arose out of and in the course of the employment. Both conditions must be shown."
Section 67 (1) defines "extra-hazardous" to mean "a work or occupation described in Section 20." Section 20 contains a list of 47 extra-hazardous occupations, some of which are in fact hazardous, others, such as those of salesmen and musicians, not necessarily so. Subsection (41) covers "the operation, otherwise than on tracks, * * * of cars, trucks, wagons or other vehicles." Subsection (41A) covers, in a more limited way, resident "truckdrivers, helpers, mechanics, loaders and other persons employed * * * in or about the operation of trucks, wagons or other vehicles." The final subsection covers "all extra-hazardous employments not specifically enumerated herein, and * * * all work of an extra-hazardous nature." Section 67(2) defines "employer" as one "employing workmen in extra-hazardous employments." Section 67(3) defines "employee" as one "who is engaged in an extra-hazardous employment in the service of an employer, carrying on or conducting the same upon the premises or at a plant, or in the course of his employment away from the plant of his employer."
In Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Trunk, 172 Md. 35, 40, 190 A. 756, 759, it was said that an orderly in a hospital, "if injured within the scope and course of his employment, would not be entitled to compensation merely because he was an employee, as would be the case if the hospital were either an industrial enterprise or definitely included in the operation of the Compensation Law. Boteler v. Gardiner-Buick Co., 164 Md. 478, 481, 165 A. 611. Hence, if the husband of the claimant on this record would have been entitled to compensation, it is because the work in the hospital of the claimant's husband is `work of an extra-hazardous nature'." It was held that his work was not extra-hazardous within the meaning of the Act.
In Mattes v. Baltimore, 180 Md. 579, 582, 26 A.2d 390, 391, it was held that a janitor at a municipal airport, admittedly an extra-hazardous enterprise, was not entitled to compensation. Although there was testimony that he occasionally filled gasoline tanks or pushed planes into hangers, the court said he was "predominantly" a janitor and was "working as a janitor when he was hurt." The court noted that in some states all employees in extra-hazardous enterprises were covered, but under the Maryland Statute "to be included, it seems, the workman must have been employed incidentally to the promotion or prosecution of the hazardous work". The decision was criticized in 8 Md. L.R. 158.
In Hart v. Sealtest, Inc., 186 Md. 183, 192, 46 A.2d 293, 297, it was said that the work of a librarian, employed in an experimental laboratory to furnish written material to the technicians, "whether hazardous or nonhazardous, was incidental to the promotion or prosecution of a hazardous work". It was held that she was entitled to compensation for injuries due to chemical fumes.
In the case at bar it is undisputed that the operation of the Club, as such, was not an industrial enterprise and not of an extra-hazardous nature in law or in fact. Likewise, it is clear that the regular duties of maids and a houseman are not extra-hazardous in law or in fact. The appellant contends, however, that since the Act brings the operation of a bus within the category, the coverage should be extended to employees riding therein. We may assume that the driver was covered, ( Thistle Mills v. Sparks, 137 Md. 117, 111 A. 769), if not under subsection (41), then under subsection (41A). But we find nothing in the Act to warrant an extension to riders. The maids and houseman had nothing to do with the operation of the bus, and their employment was not incidental to the promotion or prosecution of that work.
We may assume that their passive action in riding in the bus was in the course of their employment, and, if their principal employment had been within the Act, they would have been entitled to compensation for injuries sustained away from the plant. But we find nothing in the Harrison case, or any of the other cases to which we have been referred, to indicate that the common risk of traffic accidents is covered, except where incidental to employment of an extra-hazardous nature. The primary purpose of the Act, of course, is to cover industrial accidents, and in that limited class of cases, to substitute an absolute, but limited, liability regardless of fault, for the common-law liability of an employer for negligence.
The appellant also contends that the fact that the employer provided a policy broad enough to cover these employees was enough to bring them within the Act. Section 66 of Article 101 provides that "in any proceeding for the enforcement of a claim for compensation * * * if * * * the insurance carrier * * * has accepted * * * a premium or premiums on compensation insurance * * * with respect to such employee, such * * * carrier shall be estopped from asserting, as a defense to such claim, that such employee * * * was not engaged in an extra-hazardous employment * * *." We think, however, that the estoppel cannot be construed to run against an employee, so as to limit his recourse to common-law remedies, nor to a third party asserting a derivative right of contribution against a negligent employer. Cf. Keeney v. Beasman, 169 Md. 582, 595, 182 A. 566, 103 A.L.R. 1515.
This section should be contrasted with Section 14, which provides that "if an employer, besides employing workmen in extra-hazardous employment within the meaning of this Article, shall also employ workmen in employments not extra-hazardous, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the extra-hazardous employments within the meaning of this Article and the workmen employed therein, except as provided in Section 31, of this Article."
Section 31 provides that "any employer, his employee or employees engaged in works not extra-hazardous within the meaning of this Article may, by their joint election, filed with the Commission, accept the provisions of this Article and such acceptances when approved by the Commission, shall subject them to the provisions of this Article to all intents and purposes as if they had been originally included in its terms." It is conceded that no joint election was filed in the case at bar.
In regard to the admission of the releases, the appellant makes the point that they were not approved by the Commission, but since we hold that the employees were not covered, the objection is without merit. It is admitted that the releases extinguished the common-law right of action of the employees against the Club. We may assume that the settlement was for a sum less than the potential value of the claims, so that the appellee was not harmed by admission of the releases, since recovery was limited to the amount of settlement. The appellant declined to participate in the negotiations, and did not produce any evidence to show that the settlement was unreasonable or made in bad faith. Even if not conclusive, the releases were admissible. Baltimore Ohio R.R. Co. v. Howard County, 113 Md. 404, 77 A. 930; Consolidated Coach Co. v. Burge, 245 Ky. 631, 54 S.W.2d 16, 85 A.L.R. 1086; Cf. Code, Article 50, § 22.
The only objections to the charge were as to the court's submitting to the jury the question of last clear chance on the part of the bus driver, and refusing to charge as to last clear chance on the part of the Railroad Company. Evidence was produced to show that a freight train with 17 loaded cars and a caboose backed over the crossing at a speed of four miles per hour, without stopping and posting a flagman as required by a rule of the Company. At that speed the train could have been stopped in a distance of about 20 feet. The bus driver did not see the train until he was too close to the tracks to stop, and then tried to cross ahead of it, although the train could have been seen when he was at a distance of 75 feet from the tracks, and was blowing for the crossing. The engineer saw the bus at some distance from the tracks, then it went "out of sight, I thought it had stopped, and then suddenly it shot out across the tracks," and he put on the emergency brakes. The conductor, on the caboose, saw the bus slow down "like he was going to stop, then it started off and pulled right up in front of us."
It is unnecessary to consider whether there was a sufficient basis in fact for the court's instruction, for the jury did not find that the action of the bus driver was the last negligent act, but on the contrary that the negligence of both parties was concurrent. We think the court properly refused to instruct as to last clear chance on the part of the Railroad Company, since there was no evidence to show that the train could have been stopped so as to avoid the accident, after the train crew and engineer knew, or by the exercise of reasonable care should have known, that the bus was in a position of "helpless peril." Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company v. Leasure, 193 Md. 523, 533 69 A.2d 248, 252. As we said in that case, 69 A.2d at page 251: "the defendant's negligence must have been sequential, and not concurrent for the doctrine of apply." In Jackson v. Forwood, 186 Md. 379, 387, 47 A.2d 81, 85, we said that the doctrine "can never be invoked when the plaintiff's [or the deceased's] own act is the final negligent act."
Finding no reversible error in any of the rulings of the court, the judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.