Opinion
Submitted November 21, 1969.
October 9, 1970.
Criminal Law — Murder — Malice — Evidence — Intentional use, without legal justification, of deadly weapon on vital parts of another human body.
1. Malice may be inferred from the intentional use, without legal justification, of a deadly weapon on a vital part of another human body. [170]
Criminal Law — Evidence — Confession — Alleged physical coercion — Burden of proof — Miranda applicable only prospectively — Plea of guilt — Plea allegedly not knowingly and intelligently entered — Burden of proof — Silent record — Credibility of petitioner.
2. In a collateral proceeding, the burden is upon defendant to prove that his confession was unconstitutionally obtained in that he was physically coerced. [170]
3. For confessions, Miranda will be applied only to those cases tried after Miranda was decided. [171]
4. In a collateral proceeding, in which petitioner alleges that his plea of guilty was not knowingly and intelligently entered, and the record is silent, the hearing court may disbelieve petitioner, even though the Commonwealth presents no witnesses. [171]
Before BELL, C. J., JONES, COHEN, EAGEN, O'BRIEN, ROBERTS and POMEROY, JJ.
Appeals, Nos. 252 and 265, Jan. T., 1969, from judgment of sentence of Court of Oyer and Terminer of Montgomery County, Sept. T., 1949, No. 64-1, in case of Commonwealth v. George Stromberg. Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Petition for post-conviction relief. Before VOGEL, J.
Order entered granting leave to defendant to file an appeal nunc pro tunc. Defendant appealed.
Richard M. Lovenwirth, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
Richard A. Devlin and Stewart J. Greenleaf, Assistant District Attorneys, Parker H. Wilson, First Assistant District Attorney, and Milton O. Moss, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
In 1950 appellant pleaded guilty to murder generally. Following a degree of guilt hearing, he was found guilty of first degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. No appeal was taken. In 1968 he filed a Post Conviction Hearing Act petition alleging that his plea of guilty was not knowingly and intelligently entered, that a coerced confession was admitted into evidence at his degree of guilt hearing, and that he was denied his right to appeal. Counsel was appointed and a hearing held. The court granted him his right to appeal, but denied relief on all other claims. This appeal followed and we affirm.
Since the hearing court determined that appellant had been denied his constitutional right to file an appeal from his original conviction, see Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353, 83 S.Ct. 814 (1963), appellant initially urges that the evidence produced at his degree of guilt hearing was insufficient to make out a case of first degree murder. That evidence indicated that appellant stabbed decedent in the shoulder with a scissor, while the two were in the Graterford prison dining hall. Appellant argues that since the stabbing occurred in prison, where it is common to carry some sort of weapon merely for self-protection, the normal inferences of malice cannot be drawn from appellant's possession of the scissor.
Our cases are clear, however, that it is not the mere carrying of the weapon which gives rise to the possible inference of malice. Malice "may be inferred from the intentional use, without legal excuse or legal justification, of a deadly weapon on a vital part of another human body: [citing cases]." Commonwealth v. Winebrenner, 439 Pa. 73, 79, 265 A.2d 108, 112 (1970) (emphasis added). Further, appellant, in his confession introduced without objection at the degree of guilt hearing, stated that he had secreted the scissor on his person for the very purpose of stabbing the decedent, and that he had intended to kill him. In light of this evidence, therefore, we cannot say that the trial court erred in finding appellant guilty of murder in the first degree.
Appellant also urges that his confession was unconstitutionally obtained, in that he was physically coerced and was not given his Miranda warnings. As to the coercion claim, although the Commonwealth produced no evidence on the point, the burden of persuasion in this collateral proceeding rested with the petitioner, see Commonwealth v. McBride, 440 Pa. 81, 269 A.2d 737 (1970), and the hearing court reasonably disbelieved his testimony. Additionally, we note that this confession was admitted into evidence without objection.
Further, appellant cannot now avail himself of the ruling in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602 (1966). Appellant urges that under Commonwealth v. Little, 432 Pa. 256, 248 A.2d 32 (1968), Miranda applies to all convictions not yet finalized when Miranda was decided. Little, however, deals only with the area of tacit admissions, and it followed the standard of retroactivity set out in Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 85 S.Ct. 1731 (1965). See Commonwealth v. Dravecz, 424 Pa. 582, 592, 227 A.2d 904, 909 (1967) (EAGEN, J., speaking for a majority of the Court). But see Commonwealth v. Stevens, 429 Pa. 593, 240 A.2d 536 (1968); Commonwealth ex rel. Berkery v. Myers, 429 Pa. 378, 239 A.2d 805 (1968). Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 86 S.Ct. 1772 (1966), makes clear that for confessions, Miranda will be applied only to those cases tried after Miranda was decided. Since the instant case does not involve a tacit admission, the ruling in Little is not available; since the case was tried before Miranda, Miranda is not available. Hence, appellant is not entitled to relief on this point.
Finally, appellant urges that his plea was not knowingly and intelligently entered. At the PCHA hearing the Commonwealth presented no witnesses. Appellant testified that he did not know that by pleading guilty to murder he could be found guilty of first degree murder, that he was not informed of his possible defenses, and that counsel promised he would get no more than ten to twenty years. In addition, the on-the-record colloquy made at the degree of guilt hearing does not indicate whether appellant had any knowledge of the consequences of his plea. Nevertheless, "[t]he trial court, faced with a silent record, must either choose to disbelieve what appears to be credible and internally consistent testimony by the prisoner that he was never examined as to the consequences of his plea or grant the relief requested." Commonwealth ex rel. West v. Rundle, 428 Pa. 102, 106, 237 A.2d 196, 198 (1968). The hearing court chose to disbelieve appellant, and we cannot say this factual finding was error. See Commonwealth v. McBride, 440 Pa. 81, 269 A.2d 737 (1970).
The judgment of sentence of the Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, of Montgomery County is affirmed.