Opinion
March 10, 1975.
June 24, 1975.
Criminal Law — Practice — Involuntary manslaughter — Indictments — Subsequent indictment based on same transaction as first indictments — Subsequent offense not known by prosecutor until after preliminary hearing on first indictment was completed — Commonwealth v. Campana, 452 Pa. 233 (1973) to be applied prospectively only — Double jeopardy — Consolidation of charges.
1. The defendant was involved in a head-on collision. As a result of the accident, two persons died immediately and defendant was charged with two counts of involuntary manslaughter. A preliminary hearing on the indictable manslaughter charges was held and defendant was bound over to the grand jury. In less than two weeks after the preliminary hearing, a third victim died and subsequently a third charge of involuntary manslaughter was filed against the defendant. The defendant was found guilty of three counts of involuntary manslaughter. It was Held that the convictions were proper and, since all charges in both indictments were consolidated at one trial, the defendant was not subjected to double jeopardy.
2. Commonwealth v. Campana, 452 Pa. 233 (1973) held that all offenses known to the prosecuting officer must be brought together.
3. Commonwealth v. Campana, supra, does not apply to cases which arose before that decision was announced.
4. In this case, the third victim did not die until after the defendant's preliminary hearing, and therefore the third offense of involuntary manslaughter was not known to the prosecuting officer until after that proceeding was ended. It was Held, under these circumstances, that it was not error for the Commonwealth to issue a second indictment, charging the defendant with conduct similar to that in the first indictment and based on the same transaction.
Evidence — Opinion evidence — Testimony of police officer as to point of impact.
5. A police officer who investigates an accident and who has a claim to special knowledge may properly express his opinion as to the point of impact where the jury is cautioned about the weight to be accorded his testimony.
Criminal Law — Practice — Sentences — Defendant improperly sentenced on separate charges of involuntary manslaughter where the deaths result from one accident — Merger of sentences — Driving on wrong side of highway not a lesser included offense to the crime of involuntary manslaughter.
6. Where more than one death results from a single accident, there is but one injury to the Commonwealth.
7. A court has no power to impose sentence on more than one charge of involuntary manslaughter arising from one accident, and any attempt to sentence on additional charges is a nullity.
8. A sentence for the summary offense of driving in the wrong lane of traffic does not merge with an involuntary manslaughter sentence.
9. Driving on the wrong side of the highway is not a lesser included offense to the crime of involuntary manslaughter.
Before WATKINS, P.J., JACOBS, HOFFMAN, CERCONE, PRICE, VAN der VOORT, and SPAETH, JJ.
Appeal, No. 28, March T., 1975, from judgments of sentence of Court of Common Pleas of Adams County, Feb. T., 1973, Nos. 70 and 121, and Oct. T., 1973, No. 23, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Raymond Wayne Speelman. Judgment of sentence imposed at No. 23, October Term, 1973 affirmed; case remanded for resentencing at Nos. 70 and 121, February Term, 1973; petition for reargument refused July 22, 1975.
Proceedings on appeal from summary conviction of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor. Before MacPHAIL, P.J.
Proceedings on appeal from summary conviction of violation of The Vehicle Code. Before MacPHAIL, P.J.
Indictments charging defendant with three counts of involuntary manslaughter. Before MacPHAIL, P.J.
Verdicts of guilty and judgments of sentence entered thereon. Defendant appealed.
Robert W. Geigley, for appellant.
Oscar F. Spicer, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
Submitted March 10, 1975.
The appellant, Raymond Wayne Speelman, has brought this appeal from judgments entered following two separate trials. The appeal from No. 23 October Term, 1973, follows appellant's conviction of driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor. This charge was not tried at the same time, nor did it result from the same set of facts as the appeal from Nos. 70 and 121 February Term, 1973. Appellant was charged with driving while under the influence in August of 1973, approximately one year after the accident occurred which gave rise to the other indictments. The only issue raised concerning the drunken driving conviction is the severity of the sentence. However, the sentence of 1 1/2 to 3 years imprisonment, to run concurrently with sentence imposed at Nos. 70 and 121 February Term, 1973, is within the statutory maximum provided in The Vehicle Code. Therefore, it is affirmed.
The Vehicle Code, Act of April 29, 1959, P.L. 58, § 1037 (75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1037).
The appeal from judgments entered at Nos. 70 and 121, February Term, 1973, first raises the question of whether the double jeopardy provision of the United States Constitution requires this court to vacate appellant's convictions. For the reasons which follow, we hold that it does not.
The facts are that appellant was involved in a head-on collision on September 23, 1972. As a result of the accident, three victims died; two immediately after the accident and the third on November 18, 1972. A complaint charging appellant with two counts of involuntary manslaughter and with the summary offense of failing to yield one-half of the right of way to an approaching vehicle, was filed on September 28, 1972. A preliminary hearing on both the indictable manslaughter charges and the summary offense was held by a district justice on November 7, 1972. Appellant was found guilty of the summary offense and bound over for the grand jury on the manslaughter charges.
The Penal Code, Act of June 24, 1939, P.L. 872, § 703 ( 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4703), repealed Act of Dec. 6, 1972, P.L. 1482, No. 334, § 1 ( 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2504).
The Vehicle Code, Act of April 29, 1959, P.L. 58, § 1006 (75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1006).
Less than two weeks after the preliminary hearing, on November 18, 1972, the third victim died. Subsequently, on November 24, 1972, a third charge of involuntary manslaughter was filed against appellant, who waived the preliminary hearing. The grand jury returned true bills on all three counts of involuntary manslaughter, the charges were consolidated, and trial began on January 22, 1973. Appellant also appealed his summary conviction under Pa.R.Crim.P. 67(e), and it was heard by the trial judge in a de novo proceeding after the jury retired. The jury convicted appellant of three counts of involuntary manslaughter and the lower court found him guilty of the summary offense.
Post-trial motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment were filed and argued. Before the court disposed of the motions, however, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court decided Commonwealth v. Campana, 452 Pa. 233, 304 A.2d 432 (1973). Reargument was then permitted on the issue of double jeopardy. On August 17, 1973, the court below held that Campana did not apply to the charge arising from the November 18, 1972, death. Decision was deferred as to the other charges, pending United States Supreme Court review of Campana. After that court remanded and our Supreme Court decided that Campana was based on its supervisory powers, the lower court determined that that decision did not apply retroactively. All post-trial motions were then denied, and on April 1, 1974, appellant was sentenced. He then instituted this appeal.
We find no error in the lower court's holding. We have recently held that Campana will not be applied to cases which arose before that decision was announced. Commonwealth v. Kloch, 230 Pa. Super. 563, 327 A.2d 375 (1974); Commonwealth v. Beam, 227 Pa. Super. 293, 324 A.2d 549 (1974). Commonwealth v. Kloch, supra, is factually similar to the instant case in that Campana was decided while post-trial motions were pending. Therein, we decided that Campana would not be applied where the first prosecution was brought before May 4, 1973, the date of the Campana decision. We see no reason to depart from that holding. Consequently, appellant's assertion that Campana requires us to vacate the two manslaughter convictions charged at No. 70 February Term, 1973, is without merit.
Moreover, we agree with the lower court that Campana is inapposite to the third count of manslaughter, filed at No. 121 February Term, 1973. Campana itself requires only those offenses known to the prosecuting officer to be brought together. See Commonwealth v. Campana, 452 Pa. at 247, 304 A.2d at 438. In the instant case, the third victim did not die until after appellant's preliminary hearing. Therefore, the third offense of involuntary manslaughter was not known to the prosecuting officer until that proceeding was ended. Under these circumstances, it is not error for the Commonwealth to issue a second indictment, charging a defendant with conduct like that in the first indictment and based on the same transaction. See the Crimes Code, Act of Dec. 6, 1972, P.L. 1482, No. 334, § 1 (18 Pa. C.S. § 110(1) (ii)). Moreover, because all charges in both indictments were consolidated at one trial, the appellant was not subjected to double jeopardy.
Appellant next asserts that the lower court erred in permitting a state police officer who investigated the accident to express his opinion as to the point of impact. As authority for this contention, appellant relies exclusively on Smith v. Clark, 411 Pa. 142, 190 A.2d 441 (1963), which we find to be inapposite to the case now before us. In Smith, a police officer who did not see the accident under investigation was asked what caused the accident. The Supreme Court held that the admission into evidence of his answer was reversible error, because it called for a conclusion about the ultimate issue which was for the jury's determination.
In the case at bar, the state trooper was thoroughly questioned about what he saw at the scene of the accident. He was then asked his opinion of the location of the accident, not of its cause. His opinion was based on his observations of the oil, debris, and gouge marks at the scene and his training in accident investigation. The officer has a claim to special knowledge which made his testimony useful to the jury. Altman v. Lande, 84 Pa. Super. 399 (1925). See also Commonwealth v. Ross, 452 Pa. 500, 307 A.2d 898 (1973). Moreover, the jury was cautioned about the weight to be accorded his testimony. The lower court, therefore, was correct in admitting this testimony.
Appellant also contends that there was fundamental error in the charge. However, only a general objection was taken to the charge, and no error has been preserved for our review. Commonwealth v. Watlington, 452 Pa. 524, 306 A.2d 892 (1973).
Appellant finally contends that he was illegally sentenced following his conviction of three counts of involuntary manslaughter. Appellant was sentenced to 1 1/2 to 3 years imprisonment at No. 70 and 1 1/2 to 3 years at No. 121, sentences to run concurrently. We agree with appellant that the sentence was illegal, and will remand for resentencing only.
It has long been the law of this Commonwealth that where more than one death results from a single accident, there is but one injury to the Commonwealth. Commonwealth v. McCord, 116 Pa. Super. 480,
176 A. 834 (1935). Consequently, the courts of Pennsylvania are without power to impose sentence on more than one charge of involuntary manslaughter arising from that accident. Any attempt to sentence on additional charges is a nullity. Commonwealth v. Cox, 209 Pa. Super. 457, 228 A.2d 30 (1967); Commonwealth ex rel. Brockway v. Keenan, 180 Pa. Super. 78, 118 A.2d 255 (1955); Commonwealth v. McCord, supra; Commonwealth v. Ernesto, 93 Pa. Super. 339 (1928).
These cases are distinguishable from those cited in our recent decision, Commonwealth v. Marker, 231 Pa. Super. 471, 331 A.2d 883 (1974). Marker dealt with the commission of separate crimes against different individuals, each constituting a separate punishable action. Marker, therefore, is inapposite to the present case. The appellant herein was sentenced on two separate charges of involuntary manslaughter, although the deaths resulted from one accident. The sentence on the second indictment, therefore, is a nullity, and appellant is entitled to be resentenced.
Resentencing in no way affects the underlying convictions. Commonwealth v. McCord, 116 Pa. Super. 480, 176 A. 834 (1935).
Appellant also contends that his sentence for the summary offense of driving in the wrong lane of traffic should merge with the involuntary manslaughter sentence. We do not agree with this contention. Driving on the wrong side of the highway is not a lesser included offense to the crime of involuntary manslaughter, although the facts in this particular case establish that appellant violated both the Penal Code and The Vehicle Code by his conduct.
The judgment of sentence imposed at No. 23 October Term, 1973 is affirmed. The case is remanded for resentencing at Nos. 70 and 121 February Term, 1973.