Summary
holding petitioner must plead and prove a time-bar exception in the petition to establish jurisdiction
Summary of this case from Commonwealth v. CannonOpinion
2015-02-06
COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellee v. Gene Leonard BROWN, Appellant.
Christine H. Nooning , Pittsburgh, for appellant. Sandra Preuhs , Assistant District Attorney, Pittsburgh, for Commonwealth, appellee.
Christine H. Nooning, Pittsburgh, for appellant. Sandra Preuhs, Assistant District Attorney, Pittsburgh, for Commonwealth, appellee.
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., JENKINS, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
OPINION BY GANTMAN, P.J.:
Appellant, Gene Leonard Brown, appeals from the order entered in the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas, which dismissed his second petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”). We affirm.
The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows. The Commonwealth charged Appellant with criminal homicide in connection with the shooting death of Victim. Appellant proceeded to a jury trial on June 5, 2001. At trial, the Commonwealth presented the following evidence, inter alia: on July 31, 2000, at approximately 6:00 p.m., Victim was sitting on steps on Cresswell Street in the St. Clair Village housing project with some friends, including Daron Freeman. Appellant was walking on a nearby pathway; and when Appellant saw Victim, Appellant began shooting at him. Appellant initially fired three or four shots, reloaded, and then fired an additional thirteen to seventeen shots. During the shooting, Phil Peterson, one of Victim's friends, began firing shots from a nine-millimeter Glock in Appellant's direction to scare him off. Upon Mr. Peterson's firing, Appellant fled the scene and entered his cousin's vehicle. Appellant told his cousin Appellant shot Victim in the leg. Victim sustained two bullet wounds to the chest, which killed him. The Commonwealth's expert in forensic pathology testified that Victim did not sustain any gunshot wounds to his legs, calves, or buttocks.
Investigators recovered thirteen spent shell casings from the crime scene. Police found three of the shell casings, including the casings from the two bullets recovered from Victim's body, in the pathway of the shots fired by Appellant. Police recovered the remaining ten casings, fired from Mr. Peterson's firearm, in two different locations on and around Cresswell Street. Significantly, the Commonwealth's expert in firearms testing opined that the bullets which killed Victim could not have been fired from Mr. Peterson's gun.
Relevant to this appeal, Mr. Freeman testified at trial that he was sitting with Victim on the day of the shooting. When Mr. Freeman noticed Appellant walking toward them, Mr. Freeman stood up and started to walk away because he suspected trouble. Mr. Freeman thought Appellant and Victim would fight due to a prior incident between them, but Mr. Freeman did not know the details of what had transpired between the two men. Mr. Freeman admitted he was concerned for Victim's safety based on this prior incident. When Mr. Freeman began to walk away, he heard gunshots. Mr. Freeman turned around and saw Victim holding his chest and trying to run away. Mr. Freeman did not see Victim carrying a gun on the day of the shooting.
Appellant testified at trial that he shot Victim in self-defense. Appellant explained that, two weeks before the shooting, Appellant was leaving a bar when Victim walked up to Appellant, pulled out a gun, and began patting Appellant's pocket in an attempt to rob him. Appellant maintained the men struggled for a bit, but ultimately Appellant was able to disarm Victim and turn over Victim's weapon to the police. Appellant insisted that, on the day of the shooting, he was on his way to a birthday party for his mother and just happened to see Victim on the steps. Appellant claimed he was carrying his mother's firearm that day for protection after the attempted robbery. When Appellant walked up to Victim and his friends, Appellant alleged Victim stood up and said: “What are you going to do now? Where is the police at now, you little bitch?” Appellant explained Victim had his hands in his pants and reached into his mid-section area under his shirt, so Appellant suspected Victim might have a gun. Appellant then fired three shots toward the ground to scare Victim away. Upon hearing additional shots fire, Appellant ran away. Appellant adamantly maintained that he fired no more than three shots near Victim, and that if Appellant did fire at Victim, Appellant fired only at Victim's legs. Appellant conceded he did not see Victim with a gun on the day of the shooting. Appellant claimed there was actually a third shooter, but Appellant refused to disclose the identity of this alleged third shooter.
On June 7, 2001, the jury convicted Appellant of first-degree murder. The court sentenced Appellant on June 20, 2001, to life imprisonment. This Court affirmed the judgment of sentence on March 19, 2003, and our Supreme Court denied allowance of appeal on February 17, 2004. See Commonwealth v. Brown, 828 A.2d 394 (Pa.Super.2003), appeal denied,577 Pa. 676, 843 A.2d 1236 (2004) (unpublished memorandum). On July 9, 2004, Appellant timely filed a PCRA petition, which the court denied on April 4, 2007. This Court affirmed the denial of PCRA relief on September 23, 2009, and the Supreme Court denied allowance of appeal on March 9, 2010. See Commonwealth v. Brown, 986 A.2d 1249 (Pa.Super.2009), appeal denied,605 Pa. 692, 990 A.2d 726 (2010) (unpublished memorandum).
On March 26, 2014, Appellant filed pro se the current PCRA petition, claiming he had obtained “newly discovered evidence.” In his petition, Appellant maintains Mr. Freeman failed to tell the “whole story” at trial. Appellant contends Mr. Freeman has since come forward to elaborate on his testimony, stating that, on the day of the shooting, Mr. Freeman heard Victim curse at Appellant, and saw Victim reach into his waistband and stand up. Mr. Freeman then stood up and walked away before the shots fired. Appellant claims Mr. Freeman did not reveal this information sooner because he was married to Victim's cousin. Mr. Freeman's wife has since passed away, so Mr. Freeman felt he should come forward. Appellant insists Mr. Freeman's “new evidence” would have bolstered Appellant's claim of self-defense. Appellant further avers Mr. Freeman relayed this information to Appellant's wife on February 11, 2014; and Appellant became aware of Mr. Freeman's “new” information on February 28, 2014.
Appellant does not claim Mr. Freeman saw Victim with a firearm.
On May 5, 2014, the court issued Pa.R.Crim.P. 907 notice of its intent to dismiss the petition without a hearing, based in part on Appellant's failure to attach to his PCRA petition a declaration from Mr. Freeman attesting to his proposed testimony or a declaration from Appellant's wife stating the date she became aware of Mr. Freeman's testimony. Appellant responded to the court's Rule 907 notice, alleging he had attached Mr. Freeman's declaration to his PCRA petition (and providing proof in the form of a receipt from a prison guard and signature from a mailroom bookkeeper). Appellant attached another copy of Mr. Freeman's declaration to his response, as well as a declaration from his wife indicating she learned of Mr. Freeman's testimony on February 16, 2014. On May 28, 2014, the court dismissed Appellant's petition as untimely. Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal on June 25, 2014. On June 30, 2014, the court ordered Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant timely filed a Rule 1925(b) statement on July 15, 2014.
Appellant does not contend that his wife's declaration constitutes “newly discovered evidence,” but uses it to demonstrate when Appellant learned of Mr. Freeman's statements.
Appellant raises the following issues for our review:
THE PCRA COURT ERRED IN DISMISSING APPELLANT'S SECOND PETITION AS UNTIMELY FILED BECAUSE IT DETERMINED THAT HE FAILED TO MEET THE [REQUIREMENTS] OF THE AFTER–DISCOVERED EVIDENCE EXCEPTION TO THE PCRA WHERE:
A. THE [WITNESS' DECLARATION] WAS TIMELY FILED WITH APPELLANT'S SECOND PCRA PETITION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE MAILBOX RULE, AND
B. APPELLANT PROVIDED THE PCRA COURT WITH AN ADDITIONAL COPY OF THE WITNESS' [DECLARATION] AND EVIDENCE OF TIMELY DELIVERING HIS SECOND PETITION AND [DECLARATION] TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS WITH HIS TIMELY FILED RESPONSE TO THE COURT'S NOTICE OF INTENT TO DISMISS.
THE PCRA COURT ERRED IN DISMISSING APPELLANT'S SECOND PETITION BECAUSE [A DECLARATION] FROM HIS WIFE WAS NOT ATTACHED TO HIS PETITION WHEN APPELLANT ATTACHED HER [DECLARATION] TO THE TIMELY–FILED RESPONSE TO THE COURT'S NOTICE OF INTENT TO DISMISS.
[THE] PCRA COURT ERRED IN DISMISSING [APPELLANT'S] SECOND PCRA PETITION WITHOUT A HEARING BECAUSE IT FOUND THE PETITION TO BE PATENTLY FRIVOLOUS AND LACKING SUPPORT IN THE RECORD WHEN [APPELLANT] ALLEGED FACTS THAT, IF PROVEN, WOULD ENTITLE HIM TO RELIEF IN THE FORM OF A CONVICTION OF A LESSER CHARGE.
THE PCRA COURT ERRED IN DISMISSING [APPELLANT'S] SECOND PCRA PETITION BECAUSE IT FOUND THAT NO FURTHER PURPOSE WOULD BE SERVED BY CONDUCTING AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING WHEN [APPELLANT] ALLEGED FACTS THAT, IF PROVEN, WOULD ENTITLE HIM TO RELIEF IN THE FORM OF A CONVICTION OF A LESSER CHARGE.
THE PCRA COURT ERRED IN DETERMINING THAT APPELLANT WAS NOT ENTITLED TO APPOINTED COUNSEL TO REPRESENT HIM IN HIS SECOND PCRA PETITION.
(Appellant's Brief at 4–5).
As a prefatory matter, the timeliness of a PCRA petition is a jurisdictional requisite. Commonwealth v. Robinson, 12 A.3d 477 (Pa.Super.2011). A PCRA petition, including a second or subsequent petition, shall be filed within one year of the date the underlying judgment becomes final. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1). A judgment is deemed final “at the conclusion of direct review, including discretionary review in the Supreme Court of the United States and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, or at the expiration of time for seeking the review.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(3).
The three statutory exceptions to the timeliness provisions in the PCRA allow for very limited circumstances under which the late filing of a petition will be excused. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1). To invoke an exception, a petition must allege and the petitioner must prove:
(i) the failure to raise the claim previously was the result of interference by government officials with the presentation of the claim in violation of the Constitution or laws of this Commonwealth or the Constitution or laws of the United States;
(ii) the facts upon which the claim is predicated were unknown to the petitioner and could not have been ascertained by the exercise of due diligence; or
(iii) the right asserted is a constitutional right that was recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States or the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania after the time period provided in this section and has been held by that court to apply retroactively.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(i)-(iii). Additionally, a PCRA petitioner must present his claimed exception within sixty days of the date the claim first could have been presented. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(2). “As such, when a PCRA petition is not filed within one year of the expiration of direct review, or not eligible for one of the three limited exceptions, or entitled to one of the exceptions, but not filed within 60 days of the date that the claim could have been first brought, the [PCRA] court has no power to address the substantive merits of a petitioner's PCRA claims.” Commonwealth v. Gamboa–Taylor, 562 Pa. 70, 77, 753 A.2d 780, 783 (2000).
The timeliness exception set forth in Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) requires a petitioner to demonstrate he did not know the facts upon which he based his petition and could not have learned those facts earlier by the exercise of due diligence. Commonwealth v. Bennett, 593 Pa. 382, 395, 930 A.2d 1264, 1271 (2007). Due diligence demands that the petitioner take reasonable steps to protect his own interests. Commonwealth v. Carr, 768 A.2d 1164, 1168 (Pa.Super.2001). A petitioner must explain why he could not have learned the new fact(s) earlier with the exercise of due diligence. Commonwealth v. Breakiron, 566 Pa. 323, 330–31, 781 A.2d 94, 98 (2001); Commonwealth v. Monaco, 996 A.2d 1076, 1080 (Pa.Super.2010), appeal denied,610 Pa. 607, 20 A.3d 1210 (2011). This rule is strictly enforced. Id. Additionally, the focus of this exception “is on the newly discovered facts, not on a newly discovered or newly willing source for previously known facts.” Commonwealth v. Marshall, 596 Pa. 587, 596, 947 A.2d 714, 720 (2008) (emphasis in original).
The timeliness exception set forth at Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) has often mistakenly been referred to as the “after-discovered evidence” exception. Bennett, supra at 393, 930 A.2d at 1270. “This shorthand reference was a misnomer, since the plain language of subsection (b)(1)(ii) does not require the petitioner to allege and prove a claim of ‘after-discovered evidence.’ ” Id. Rather, as an initial jurisdictional threshold, Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) requires a petitioner to allege and prove that there were facts unknown to him and that he exercised due diligence in discovering those facts. See42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(ii); Bennett, supra. Once jurisdiction is established, a PCRA petitioner can present a substantive after-discovered-evidence claim. See42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(vi) (explaining that to be eligible for relief under PCRA, petitioner must plead and prove by preponderance of evidence that conviction or sentence resulted from, inter alia, unavailability at time of trial of exculpatory evidence that has subsequently become available and would have changed outcome of trial if it had been introduced). In other words, the “new facts” exception at:
[S]ubsection (b)(1)(ii) has two components, which must be alleged and proved. Namely, the petitioner must establish that: 1) the facts upon which the claim was predicated were unknown and 2) could not have been ascertained by the exercise of due diligence. If the petitioner alleges and proves these two components, then the PCRA court has jurisdiction over the claim under this subsection.
Bennett, supra at 395, 930 A.2d at 1272 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis in original). Thus, the “new facts” exception at Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) does not require any merits analysis of an underlying after-discovered-evidence claim. Id. at 395, 930 A.2d at 1271.
To obtain relief on a substantive after-discovered-evidence claim under the PCRA, a petitioner must demonstrate: (1) the evidence has been discovered after trial and it could not have been obtained at or prior to trial through reasonable diligence; (2) the evidence is not cumulative; (3) it is not being used solely to impeach credibility; and (4) it would likely compel a different verdict. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Washington, 592 Pa. 698, 927 A.2d 586 (2007); Commonwealth v. D'Amato, 579 Pa. 490, 856 A.2d 806 (2004). The substantive merits-based analysis is more stringent than the analysis required by the “new facts” exception to establish jurisdiction. See Bennett, supra at 395–96, 930 A.2d at 1271–72.
Instantly, the court sentenced Appellant on June 20, 2001. Our Supreme Court denied allowance of appeal on February 17, 2004. Appellant's judgment of sentence became final on May 17, 2004, upon expiration of the time to file a petition for writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court. SeeU.S.Sup.Ct.R. 13. Thus, Appellant's current petition, filed on March 26, 2014, is patently untimely. See42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1). Additionally, Appellant did not acknowledge the untimeliness of his petition or allege in his petition any exception to the PCRA time-bar. See42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(i-iii). Instead, Appellant maintained he had “newly discovered evidence” and was entitled to relief under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543. See42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(vi). Appellant's reliance on Section 9543 as a basis for asserting an after-discovered-evidence claim under the PCRA, however, did not suspend Appellant's initial obligation to establish jurisdiction by alleging and proving (a) the existence of facts that were unknown to him and (b) his exercise of due diligence in discovering those facts. See42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(ii); Bennett, supra. Consequently, as presented, Appellant failed to plead and prove in his petition any exception to the PCRA's time-bar. See42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(i-iii).
On appeal, Appellant similarly advances arguments on the merits of his underlying after-discovered-evidence claim.
Nevertheless, based on Appellant's allegations, the PCRA court treated Appellant's petition as attempting to invoke the “new facts” exception set forth under Section 9545(b)(1)(ii). In dismissing the petition as untimely, the court explained:
In response to the Notice of Intent to Dismiss, [Appellant] submitted [declarations] from his wife, Malik James, and from Damn Freeman, the eyewitness who testified at trial. [Mr.] Freeman's [declaration] states that just before the shooting, he saw [Victim] reach toward his waistband, but then he looked away and did not see the shooting. In his filings, [Appellant] avers that this supports his claim of self-defense. [Ms.] James' [declaration] reiterates [Mr.] Freeman's [declaration] and states that she became aware of this evidence on February 1[6], 2014 when [Mr.] Freeman called her without provocation.
At trial, [Appellant] testified that he was involved in an altercation with [Victim] several days prior to the shooting. [Appellant] also testified to pulling out his gun and shooting [Victim] on the public street, even though he could have run away. Although [Mr.] Freeman now claims not to have seen [Appellant] shoot [Victim], [Appellant] has already admitted he did so. Although [Mr.] Freeman now claims to have seen [Victim] reaching towards his waistband, the physical evidence proved that [Victim] was unarmed. The new “evidence” contained in [Mr.] Freeman's [declaration] does not change any analysis of the facts and there is no reasonable argument that it would compel a different verdict. As such, [Appellant] has failed to satisfy the requirements of the after-discovered evidence exception.
Inasmuch as [Appellant] has failed to satisfy the requirements of the after-discovered evidence exception to the time limitation provisions of the Post Conviction Relief Act, his Petition was properly classified as untimely....
(PCRA Court Opinion, filed September 2, 2014, at 4–5) (emphasis added). The court's reasoning makes clear it conflated the distinct requirements of the “new facts” exception per Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) and the merits-based “after-discovered evidence” analysis relevant to Section 9543(a)(2)(vi). Compare42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(ii)with42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(vi). See also Bennett, supra.
To the extent Appellant complains the court dismissed his petition for failure to attach the required declarations to his petition, the record belies that contention. See id.
Even if we accept the PCRA court's position that Appellant meant to invoke the “new facts” exception at Section 9545(b)(1)(ii), our examination of Appellant's petition confirms he failed in his efforts. Significantly, Mr. Freeman sat on the steps with Victim just before the shooting. Appellant knew Mr. Freeman was present on the steps when Victim allegedly cursed at Appellant and reached in his waistband. Thus, at the time of the shooting and going forward, Appellant would have had reason to believe Mr. Freeman overheard Victim's alleged remarks and saw Victim stand up and place his hands in his waistband. Mr. Freeman testified at trial for the Commonwealth. At no point during Appellant's cross-examination of Mr. Freeman, however, did Appellant attempt to elicit from Mr. Freeman testimony regarding whether Mr. Freeman heard Victim curse at Appellant prior to the shooting or whether Mr. Freeman saw Victim stand up and reach toward his waistband. Further, Mr. Freeman's reluctance to come forward with the purported new information sooner, due to his marriage to Victim's cousin, does not explain why Appellant was unable to discover this information earlier with the exercise of due diligence. Notably, Appellant makes no claim that he attempted to contact Mr. Freeman at any point since trial to determine whether Mr. Freeman had additional information regarding the day of the shooting. See Breakiron, supra; Monaco, supra; Carr, supra. Compare Bennett, supra (holding petitioner alleged sufficient due diligence, for purposes of Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) time-bar exception, where petitioner provided description of steps he took to ascertain status of his case, including writing to PCRA court and Superior Court). Thus, Appellant failed to meet the “new facts” exception to establish jurisdiction. See42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(ii); Bennett, supra. Absent proper jurisdiction, the PCRA court lacked authority to address the substantive merits of Appellant's after-discovered-evidence claim. See Gamboa–Taylor, supra.
Due to our disposition, we need not address Appellant's claim seeking appointment of counsel. SeePa.R.Crim.P. 904(D) (stating on second or subsequent PCRA petition, when unrepresented defendant satisfies court that defendant is unable to afford or otherwise procure counsel and evidentiary hearing is required, court shall appoint counsel to represent defendant).
Based upon the foregoing, we hold that a facially untimely PCRA petitioner attempting to raise a substantive after-discovered-evidence claim must first establish jurisdiction by pleading and proving an exception to the PCRA time-bar. Additionally, the “new facts” exception set forth at Section 9545(b)(1)(ii) does not require any merits analysis of an underlying after-discovered-evidence claim. Rather, to establish jurisdiction under Section 9545(b)(1)(ii), a petitioner must allege and prove (a) the existence of facts that were unknown to him and (b) his exercise of due diligence in discovering those facts. Appellant failed to satisfy this exception. Accordingly, we affirm the order dismissing Appellant's petition as untimely. See generally Commonwealth v. Lee, 947 A.2d 199 (Pa.Super.2008), appeal denied,602 Pa. 676, 981 A.2d 218 (2009) (explaining appellate court can affirm trial court's decision on any basis).
Order affirmed.