No. 14-06-00889-CR
Opinion filed November 6, 2007. DO NOT PUBLISH. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
On Appeal from the 338th District Court, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 1059194.
Panel consists of Chief Justice HEDGES and Justices ANDERSON and SEYMORE.
ADELE HEDGES, Chief Justice.
Appellant, Robert Edward Collins, appeals from his conviction for possession with intent to deliver of between 4 and 200 grams of cocaine. After the trial court denied appellant's motion to suppress, appellant pleaded guilty, and the trial court found him guilty and sentenced him to seven years confinement, probated for seven years, and a $500 fine. In two issues, appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because the arresting officer (1) did not have reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigative detention, and (2) exceeded the scope of a search permitted during an investigative detention and did not have probable cause for such search. We affirm.
Background
At the motion to suppress hearing, Sergeant Michael Tollison of the Jacinto City Police Department testified that on February 25, 2006, at approximately 2:35 a.m., he was patrolling an area of convenience stores subject to robberies. He observed a vehicle with two people inside of it parked at gasoline pumps at one of the convenience stores. The occupants were just sitting there, and this appeared suspicious to him because they were not filling their car with gas and seemed to have no connection with the store. When he approached them on foot, "they became startled and appeared to be nervous." He identified the driver as Nathan Lee Solley, and the passenger as appellant. When he approached, he asked Solley what they were doing; both occupants answered that they were pumping gas, which they were not. While he was talking to them, they still appeared nervous, and their hands were trembling. Tollison asked Solley to step out of the vehicle; he then asked Solley for consent to search the vehicle, to which Solley replied "go ahead." He further asked Solley to stay with the other officer at the scene, and he asked appellant to step out of the vehicle. As appellant was exiting, "clear plastic baggies fell to the ground and he kicked them underneath the car." The "baggies" fell from appellant's clothing. Tollison retrieved the baggies; there was nothing inside them. He testified that based on his experience, the baggies were of a type narcotics suspects use to hold marijuana, cocaine, or LSD and to hide it on their bodies. He explained that the baggies in question differ from sandwich bags because they are "[a] little bit thicker, smaller" and square. He asked Solley and appellant to take off their shoes. Appellant complied, and when he removed his shoes, Tollison saw a plastic baggie in appellant's left shoe containing a green leafy substance. Tollison retrieved the baggie, and based on his experience, he determined that it looked and smelled like marijuana. His field test on the substance was positive for marijuana. He then placed appellant under arrest. During booking at a police substation, while Tollison performed a search of appellant's clothing, a plastic baggie holding several smaller baggies fell out of appellant's underwear. The smaller bags contained a white powdery residue that was determined to be cocaine weighing 5.5 grams. On cross-examination, Tollison acknowledged that plastic bags of that type do have other uses and are not made solely for the purpose of carrying narcotics. He also admitted that he did not check inside the convenience store to determine whether anyone with Solley and appellant may have been in the store. He did not inquire with anyone inside the store as to whether Solley or appellant had been inside to buy anything. After the trial court denied the motion to suppress, appellant pleaded guilty, and the trial court found him guilty. The trial court subsequently certified appellant's right to appeal. Standards of Review
We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Villarreal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). At a suppression hearing, the trial judge is the sole fact finder. Arnold v. State, 873 S.W.2d 27, 34 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993). We give almost total deference to the trial court's determination of historical facts when supported by the record, particularly if the findings turn on witness credibility and demeanor. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000); Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). The same deference is accorded to determinations of mixed questions of law and fact if their resolution depends upon witness credibility and demeanor. Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 856. Issues that present purely legal questions are considered under a de novo standard. Id. We will sustain the trial court's ruling if it is reasonably supported by the record and is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case. Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at 138. There are three basic categories of interaction between police officers and citizens: encounters, investigative detentions, and arrests. Francis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 176, 178 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). An encounter is a friendly exchange of pleasantries or mutually useful information. Id. (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)). In an encounter, a police officer is not required to possess any particular level of suspicion, because the citizen is under no compulsion to remain. Id. In an investigative detention (also known as a temporary detention or " Terry-stop"), however, the officer must be able to articulate specific facts that, in light of his experience and personal knowledge, together with inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion on the freedom of the citizen stopped. Id. (citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 21). In other words, to justify a detention, there must be a reasonable suspicion by the officer that some unusual activity is or has occurred, that the detained person is connected with the activity, and that the unusual activity is related to the commission of a crime. Id. An investigative detention is a seizure under which the citizen is not free to leave, at least for some period of time. Id. An arrest imposes the highest level of intrusion and thus requires the highest level of suspicion, or "probable cause," that the citizen involved has engaged in or is engaging in criminal activity. Id. (citing Henry v. United States, 361 U.S. 98, 103 (1959)). The seizure involved in an arrest will generally not be brief. Id. The key questions in determining whether an interaction is an encounter or a detention are whether a reasonable person would have believed he or she was free to leave and whether they actually yielded to the officer's show of authority. Id. The key issue in determining whether an interaction constitutes a detention or an arrest is whether a reasonable person would have believed the seizure was to be brief. It is also important to note that these differing levels of interaction often flow from one into the next, and sometimes the lines between them may blur in any given transaction. See id. "[W]hat may begin as a consensual encounter can readily become an investigative detention, which may evolve into an arrest." Id. Investigative Detention
In his first issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because Officer Tollison did not possess the requisite reasonable suspicion to initiate an investigative detention. Specifically, appellant contends that what began as a casual encounter became an investigative detention when Tollison ordered Solley and appellant out of the vehicle. At least in regards to appellant, we disagree. To begin with, the record does not reflect that Tollison ordered either man out of the vehicle. Tollison testified that he asked Solley to step out of the vehicle and then asked Solley for permission to search the vehicle. Only after Solley consented to the vehicle search did Tollison ask appellant to get out of the vehicle, apparently so that he (Tollison) could then search the vehicle. Whether Tollison acted properly in initially asking Solley to exit the vehicle is not a matter about which appellant can complain. See Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 59 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004) ("[A defendant] has no standing to complain about the invasion of someone else's personal rights.") (citing United States v. Salvucci, 448 U.S. 83, 84-85 (1980)); Tucker v. State, 183 S.W.3d 501, 506-07 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (discussing Kothe). The most important point here is that there is no evidence in the record that Tollison asked appellant to exit for any reason other than to conduct the driver authorized search. Furthermore, there is no evidence that Tollison told appellant not to go anywhere or restricted his movement in any other way. In Stone v. State, the Amarillo Court of Appeals held that no detention occurred when a passenger was asked to vacate a vehicle in order for a consensual search to proceed, stating "it reasonably falls within the scope of the consent granted by the person in control of the vehicle to ask those in the car to exit it so the search can be conducted." 147 S.W.3d 657, 660 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2004, pet. ref'd). We agree with our sister court's reasoning. Accordingly, the trial court could have reasonably determined that a detention did not occur when Tollison asked appellant to step out of the vehicle; thus, a reasonable suspicion was not required for Tollison to make that request. Additionally, even assuming that Tollison's request for appellant to step out of the vehicle constituted an investigative detention, Tollison articulated specific facts that — when combined with rational inferences therefrom — justified the temporary investigative detention. See Francis, 922 S.W.2d at 178. Tollison testified that at approximately 2:35 a.m., he observed appellant parked in a vehicle at a convenience store in an area where convenience stores were subject to robberies. Appellant and the driver of the vehicle were just sitting there. This situation appeared suspicious to Tollison because they were not filling the car with gas and, indeed, seemed to have no connection with the store. When he approached them on foot, "they became startled and appeared to be nervous." He asked the driver what they were doing, and both occupants answered that they were pumping gas, which they were not. While he was talking to them, both continued to appear nervous, and their hands were trembling. Nervousness alone does not constitute grounds to reasonably suspect criminal activity is afoot. Munera v. State, 965 S.W.2d 523, 531 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. refd.). Likewise, a person's mere presence in a high crime area is insufficient to create reasonable suspicion justifying a search. Gurrola v. State, 877 S.W.2d 300, 303 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994). And, certainly, simply sitting in a parked car at 2:35 a.m. is not sufficient. However, we find that the totality of the circumstances here — including nervousness and trembling, presence in a high crime area (specifically presence in front of a convenience store in an area known for convenience store robberies), sitting in a parked car in a public place at 2:35 a.m., and giving inaccurate information to a police officer — constituted sufficient articulation of specific facts to support the trial court's determination to validate the temporary investigative detention. See, e.g., Crooks v. State, 821 S.W.2d 666, 668-69 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, no pet.) (holding that validity of investigative detention was supported by evidence that defendant was observed at night sitting in a vehicle in an empty parking lot in a high crime area and acted "nervous and jittery" when he saw police officer). Accordingly, we overrule appellant's first issue. Search Seizure
In his second issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because: (1) Tollison's search of appellant's shoes, in which contraband was discovered, exceeded the permissible scope of a search incident to an investigative detention, and (2) Tollison did not otherwise have probable cause to search appellant's shoes. We find both of appellant's arguments to be without merit. Regarding the first argument, there is no evidence in the record that Tollison conducted a pat-down search for weapons incident to an investigative detention; thus, the law regarding such searches is not implicated here. See generally Terry, 392 U.S. at 29-30 (authorizing a pat-down search for weapons when the officer is justified in believing a detainee may be armed and dangerous); Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 769-70 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002) (discussing Terry). Regarding appellant's second argument, although appellant states that Tollison "told both young men to take off their shoes," in his testimony, Tollison stated only that he asked appellant to remove his shoes, and appellant complied. Appellant neither asserts nor cites evidence suggesting that his removal of his shoes was anything other than consensual, or that the consent was the product of any express or implied duress or coercion. Generally, in the absence of duress or coercion, when a person voluntarily and expressly consents to a request to search, there is no need for the requesting law enforcement officer to have probable cause for the search. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219-23 (1973); Flores v. State, 172 S.W.3d 742, 749 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.); see also Champenois v. State, 874 S.W.2d 254, 258 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd) (holding that defendant's consent to search his shoes was voluntarily given). Accordingly, appellant's second issue is overruled. We affirm the trial court's judgment.