Summary
enforcing under Full Faith and Credit Clause judgment validly obtained in another state that could not have been obtained in Virginia
Summary of this case from Rahmani v. Resorts Intern. Hotel, Inc.Opinion
46430 Record No. 891525
September 21, 1990
Present: All the Justices
In an action for enforcement of a valid foreign judgment based upon a gambling debt, the trial court correctly ruled that the mandate of the Full Faith and Credit Clause and its implementing statutes prevail over Virginia's strongly-expressed public policy prohibiting the enforcement of gambling debts, and entered a domestic judgment against the debtor.
Constitutional Law — Full Faith and Credit — Enforcement of Foreign Judgments — Code Sec. 8.01-465.1 — Gambling Debts — Public Policy — Statutory Construction — Code Sec. 8.01-389(B)
Appellant is a Virginia resident who incurred wagering debts at a casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, where such debts are enforceable. The casino owners obtained a default judgment against him in New Jersey and then filed a notice and affidavit in a Virginia court for the docketing and enforcement of the New Jersey judgment pursuant to the Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act, Code Sec. 8.01-465.1. The Virginia resident filed a motion to vacate the docketing of the New Jersey Judgment on the ground that wagering is unlawful and contrary to the public policy of Virginia and that, under domestic law, debts founded on wagering are void ab initio. The trial court held that the New Jersey judgment was entitled to enforcement in Virginia under the Full Faith and Credit Clause. The Virginia resident appeals.
1. The public policy of Virginia is strongly opposed to enforcement of gambling debts. Code Sec. 11-14 provides that all wagers, loans to pay wagers, and contracts to repay wagers are utterly void. Even a holder in due course is precluded, on public policy grounds, from recovering on a note originally given for a gambling debt.
2. No judgment could have been obtained on the New Jersey gambling debt had the original action been initiated in a Virginia court or, under diversity jurisdiction, in a federal court sitting in Virginia.
3. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a case involving the enforcement of a sister state's judgment in another state, made it clear that the propriety of the underlying transaction was not the issue before the court of the state called upon to enforce the judgment. Rather the issue was the effect of other state's final judgment, which was conclusive as to all questions of law necessarily decided.
4. The effect of the Full Faith and Credit Clause is to render the foreign judgment immune from reexamination for error in the domestic court.
5. A domestic court may always examine a foreign judgment for want of jurisdiction, and there are very limited exceptions in which the judgment of one state may not override the laws and policy of another, but the U.S. Supreme Court is the final arbiter of the exceptions. No exceptions exist in cases of money judgments in civil suits.
6. The federal constitutional mandate requires each state to give a foreign judgment at least the res judicata effect it would be accorded in the state in which it was rendered, even though the sister state's judgment reflects policies hostile to those of the forum state.
7. Since the New Jersey judgment is valid and enforceable under the laws of that state, the Full Faith and Credit Clause requires the same res judicata effect in Virginia as it would have in New Jersey. Only the foreign judgment is before the Court and not the underlying transaction the trial court correctly refused to interpose Virginia's domestic public policy as an exception to the operation of the Full Faith and Credit Clause.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Virginia Beach. Hon. Alan E. Rosenblatt, judge presiding.
Affirmed.
Gregory K. Pugh (Moody E. Stallings, Jr.; Stallings, Richardson Rawls, on brief), for appellant.
George H. Heilig, Jr. (Debra L. Mosley; Heilig, McKenry, Fraim and Lollar, on brief), for appellee.
In a Virginia court, enforcement of a valid foreign judgment based upon a gambling debt was opposed on public-policy grounds. The court ruled that the mandate of the Full Faith and Credit Clause and its implementing statutes prevailed over Virginia's strongly-expressed policy which prohibits the enforcement of gambling debts. The court entered a domestic judgment against the debtor. We agree with the trial court's analysis and affirm.
"Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof." U.S. Const. art. IV, Sec. 1.
In 1790, Congress provided that judgments "shall have such faith and credit given to them in every court within the United States as they have by law or usage in the courts of the State from which they are taken." Act of May 26, 1790, c. 11, 1 Stat. 122. See present 28 U.S.C. § 1738.
In Virginia, Code Sec. 8.01-389B. provides: "Every court of this Commonwealth shall give such records of courts not of this Commonwealth the full faith and credit given to them in the courts of the jurisdiction from whence they come."
The essential facts are stipulated. Thomas Coghill incurred wagering debts at a casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, operated by Boardwalk Regency Corporation, trading as Caesars. Wagering debts are enforceable in that jurisdiction. On March 8, 1989, Caesars obtained a default judgment against Mr. Coghill in the amount of $12,768.75 in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Atlantic City, Law Division.
On May 5, 1989, Caesars filed a notice and affidavit in the Circuit Court of the City of Virginia Beach for the docketing and enforcement of the New Jersey judgment pursuant to the Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act, Code Sec. 8.01-465.1, et seq. The defendant filed a motion to vacate the docketing of the New Jersey judgment on the ground that wagering is unlawful and contrary to the public policy of Virginia and that, under domestic law, debts founded on wagering are void ab initio. After hearing oral arguments and reviewing memoranda of law, the trial court, in a written opinion, held that the New Jersey judgment was entitled to enforcement in Virginia under the Full Faith and Credit Clause. The court entered a final order to that effect on September 18, 1989, and we granted the defendant an appeal.
The public policy of Virginia with respect to the legal enforcement of gambling debts could scarcely be more forcefully expressed. Code Sec. 11-14 provides that all wagers, loans to pay wagers, and contracts to repay wagers "shall be utterly void." In Kennedy v. Annandale Club, 221 Va. 504, 272 S.E.2d 38 (1980), we held that this section rendered a gaming contract "a complete nullity, one that has no legal force or binding effect. It is one which never had any legal existence or effect, and one which cannot in any manner have life breathed into it." Id. at 506, 272 S.E.2d at 39. We held in Glassman v. F.D.I.C., 210 Va. 650, 173 S.E.2d 843 (1970), that even a holder in due course is precluded, on public policy grounds, from recovering on a note originally given for a gambling debt. Indeed, the statutory scheme goes so far as to permit a losing gambler, in an action at law, to recover money paid to the winner. Code Sec. 11-15. These statutes have been in force, with little change, since the early 1700 's.
See 1727, 4 Hen. Stats. at Large p. 214; 1748, 6 Hen. Stats. at Large p. 76 edit. 1752 c. 31 Sec. 3 and edit. 1769 c. 25 Sec. 3.
It is obvious that no judgment could have been obtained on Caesars' claim if its original action had been initiated in a Virginia court, Kennedy, supra, or, under diversity jurisdiction, in a federal court sitting in Virginia, Resorts Intern. Hotel, Inc. v. Agresta, 569 F. Supp. 24 (1983), aff'd, 725 F.2d 676 (4th Cir. 1984). Against that background, we examine the requirements of the Full Faith and Credit Clause.
The seminal decision was written for a divided Supreme Court by Justice Holmes in Fauntleroy v. Lum, 210 U.S. 230 (1908). There, a transaction resulting from gambling in cotton futures, void under Mississippi law, resulted in an arbitration award in favor of the creditor. Finding the debtor temporarily in Missouri, the creditor sued on the award, recovered a Missouri judgment, and sought to enforce it in Mississippi. Id. at 233-34. The Supreme Court of Mississippi refused to enforce the foreign judgment on grounds of the domestic illegality of the underlying transaction. The Supreme Court of the United States reversed, holding that the Missouri judgment was entitled to full faith and credit in Mississippi despite the requirements of local public policy. The Court made clear that the propriety of the underlying transaction was not the issue before the Mississippi court. Rather, the issue was the effect of the Missouri court's final judgment, which was conclusive as to all questions of law necessarily decided. Id. at 237-38. One such question was, of course, the enforceability of the underlying transaction.
The effect of the Full Faith and Credit Clause was to render the foreign judgment immune from reexamination for error in the domestic court. Id. at 237. Therefore, even if the Missouri court had erred with respect to the enforceability of the underlying transaction (by misperceiving the law of Mississippi) the remedy for that error was direct appeal, not collateral attack in the courts of a sister state. Id. Fauntleroy was a five-to-four decision, but the Supreme Court has followed it consistently. See Magnolia Petroleum Co. v. Hunt, 320 U.S. 430 (1943), overruled on a different ground, Thomas v. Washington Gas Light Co., 448 U.S. 261 (1980); Morris v. Jones, 329 U.S. 545 (1947); Union National Bank v. Lamb, 337 U.S. 38 (1949). Thus, the rule of Fauntleroy is firmly entrenched, and we are bound by it.
It is true that a domestic court may always examine a foreign judgment for "want of jurisdiction over either the person or the subject-matter," Fauntleroy, 210 U.S. at 237, and that "there may be exceptional cases in which the judgment of one state may not override the laws and policy of another," Magnolia Petroleum, 320 U.S. at 438. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court held, in Magnolia Petroleum, that "this Court is the final arbiter of the extent of the exceptions . . . [a]nd . . . the actual exceptions have been few and far between. . . . We are aware of no such exception in the case of a money judgment rendered in a civil suit." Id. (Citations omitted.)
Indeed, in Morris the Court observed that most controversies involving the Full Faith and Credit Clause arise where state policies differ, and if the Clause were not applied in those situations, it would fail where the need for it was the greatest. 329 U.S. at 553.
The reasoning of our own decisions has been to the same effect. In Wallihan v. Hughes, 196 Va. 117, 82 S.E.2d 553 (1954), suit was brought in Virginia for the enforcement of a Nevada divorce decree which incorporated a postnuptial agreement. The defendant objected on the ground that the agreement was made before separation, facilitated separation and divorce, and would therefore have been unenforceable in a Virginia court under the state of the law then existing. We refused to decide the question of enforceability, holding that whether the Nevada court was right or wrong, there was no question of the validity of its decree in Nevada. Citing Fauntleroy, we held that the Nevada court had "bestowed upon the contract the dignity of a judgment, and it now stands upon that higher plane." Id. at 127, 82 S.E.2d at 560 (citation omitted). We further observed that "[t]he assertion of a right under the full faith and credit clause of the Constitution is the assertion of a federal right, and its final determination rests with the Supreme Court of the United States." Id.
We reached the same conclusion in Osborne v. Osborne, 215 Va. 205, 207 S.E.2d 875 (1974), where we said that the federal constitutional mandate requires each state to give a foreign judgment at least the res judicata effect it would be accorded in the state in which it was rendered. Id. at 208, 207 S.E.2d at 879. We added, "[s]ubject to rare exceptions, the full faith and credit rule applies even though the sister state's judgment reflects policies hostile to those of the forum state." Id. (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
There is no question that the New Jersey judgment is valid and enforceable under the laws of that state. The Full Faith and Credit Clause therefore requires us to accord it the same res judicata effect in Virginia as it would have in New Jersey. We have only the foreign judgment before us, not the underlying transaction on which it was based. For that reason, the trial court correctly refused to interpose Virginia's domestic public policy as an exception to the operation of the Full Faith and Credit Clause.
Accordingly, the judgment will be
Affirmed.