Summary
In Clifton v. Holliday, 85 Ohio App. 229, 88 N.E.2d 304 (1949), the court held that the stable owner was not liable for the head injury suffered by a rider as a result of hitting a low beam within the stable when the horse she was riding bolted and ran through an unbarred stable door.
Summary of this case from Dolezal v. CarbreyOpinion
No. 7061
Decided February 21, 1949.
Negligence — Basis for liability — Affirmative evidence required — Risks incident to horseback riding — Court's duty to direct verdict for defendant, when — No proof of owner's knowledge of dangerous tendencies of horse.
1. Liability for negligence is based upon conduct involving unreasonable risk to another, which must be established by affirmative evidence tending to show that such conduct falls below the standard represented by the conduct of reasonable men under the same or similar circumstances.
2. In an action for personal injuries received while riding a saddle horse, where the plaintiff, an experienced horsewoman, rented a saddle horse from defendant operator of public stables, and, after riding away from the stables, turned the horse back toward the stables and was unable to manage the horse, due to no peculiar characteristics of that horse not common to all horses rented to the public for riding, and the horse ran through an unbarred stable door toward its stall and the plaintiff struck a low beam within the stable and was injured, there being no evidence that a recognized standard of care requires such stables to be equipped with bars over entrance to stalls, evidence to the contrary appearing in the record, and the sole specification of negligence being failure on the part of the defendant to provide such bars across the entrance to the stall of the horse; it is the duty of the trial court to instruct a verdict for the defendant upon being requested so to do.
3. Where there is no evidence of any known trait, condition or propensity of the horse, which would subject the rider to greater risks than ordinarily attach to horseback riding, it is error for the trial judge to submit such case to the jury. Defendant's motion for an instructed verdict should be granted.
APPEAL: Court of Appeals for Hamilton county.
Mr. John M. McCaslin and Mr. Richard H. Pennington, for appellee.
Mr. Robert M. McIntosh and Mr. Peter J. McCarthy, for appellant.
This is an appeal on questions of law from a judgment of the Common Pleas Court of Hamilton county, entered upon a verdict of a jury in favor of the plaintiff in the sum of $2,000 and reduced by the court, on consent of plaintiff to remittitur, to $1,000. Summons was returned October 6, 1947.
The plaintiff, in her amended petition, states that she is a minor; that the defendant operates the "Beechmont Riding Club" where saddle horses may be hired for riding; that on May 20, 1947, at about 4 p.m., she applied to the defendant's employee for a saddle horse to ride; that a horse was saddled for her; that she mounted it and was directed by such employee to ride the horse to a nearby "riding ring" (a circular path used for exercising horses); that she proceeded toward the ring, but "after having gone about seventy-five feet the horse turned and bolted toward the stable door, that she was unable to control the horse and was carried through the door into the stable"; and that her head struck a beam and she was thrown off the horse and severely injured, her scalp being badly cut and torn. Plaintiff states further that the defendant was negligent in that "knowing the proclivities of horses to return to the stable, habitually, kept a bar across the aforementioned door just for the purpose of preventing horses from running back to their stalls from outside, but that said defendant failed to place said bar across the stable door during the time plaintiff attempted to go riding." (Emphasis in quotations added.)
The answer was in effect a general denial.
Trial resulted in a verdict of $2,000 for the plaintiff. A motion non obstante veredicto was filed by the defendant and overruled. Judgment was entered on the verdict for $2,000. A motion for new trial was filed and, after consent to remittitur of $1,000, was overruled, and judgment entered for the sum of $1,000. An appeal on questions of law is taken to this court from such judgment.
It may be questioned whether the petition in this case states a cause of action; in any event, the evidence fails to sustain any cause of action against the defendant.
It appears from the evidence that the plaintiff, a young married woman 18 years of age, lived in the neighborhood of defendant's stables and saw various persons hiring horses and riding them, that upon the day hereinbefore mentioned she went over to the defendant's stables and asked an employee for a horse to ride, and that she was asked if she could ride and she told the attendant she had ridden before. It appears from her own evidence that plaintiff had been riding horses ever since she was 12 years of age and was thoroughly familiar with saddle horses. Plaintiff told the attendant she did not want a "dead head." She was shown a particular horse and she said it would be satisfactory.
Plaintiff was directed to try the horse first in a nearby riding ring and she started to ride toward it, when, feeling that the saddle was loose, she turned the horse about to ride back and have the saddle adjusted.
When the horse was turned it "reared up, took off towards the barn."
The plaintiff states she "sawed" on the reins, but the horse ran back into the lower part of the barn through a low door and toward its stall. The plaintiff "ducked" the lintel of the door, but apparently her head struck a low beam inside the barn and she was knocked from the horse and suffered severe injuries to her scalp and head.
There is not the slightest evidence in the record to indicate that this particular horse possessed any peculiar characteristic not common to all saddle horses. In fact, it will be noted in the amended petition, and the testimony of a number of witnesses for the plaintiff sustain the statement therein, that it is a normal characteristic of horses in general and particularly hired riding horses to return to their stalls if permitted to do so. The plaintiff states the defendant knew this and should have had a bar across the entrance to the stable. There is evidence that the defendant at times maintained a bar across the entrance to the stalls. There is no evidence that this fact was known to the plaintiff. The familiarity with horses, admitted by plaintiff, would justify the conclusion that she also knew of this normal propensity of horses to return to their stalls. There is not the slightest evidence that this particular horse was vicious, intractable or more unmanageable than any normal horse.
The position of the plaintiff in assigning the absence of the bar across the door as the proximate cause of her injuries presupposes that the horse either was not or could not be controlled by the rider, for if it is a normal characteristic of all horses to return to their stalls, certainly it would seem that, unless controlled, they will do so. Two things will keep them from going back to their stalls, one, control by the rider, the other, an obstruction across the entrance to the stalls. If the rider has no responsibility, it is difficult to see how a horse could ever be ridden away from the stable.
Wherever horses are used for riding, there is present a contests of wills, the inclination of the horse and the purpose of the rider. If the latter does not know how to control the normal horse, obviously the horse will have its way. Again, there is no evidence that this particular horse had any characteristic not possessed by riding horses in general, which would prevent normal control of its actions.
The obvious, inescapable conclusion, deducible from the evidence, is that the plaintiff's injuries were caused solely by the fact that she could not or did not control this (according to her own statement and allegation) perfectly normal horse.
To justify the plaintiff's conception of liability of the defendant, it must be accepted as a predicate that all horses are uncontrollable, that is, that riders have no control over the actions of horses; that they will all run to their stalls; and that the sole means of preventing injury to such riders is to have bars across the entries to the stalls. In other words, one who hires a saddle horse is not presumed to be able to control its movements. Such a predicate for responsibility is completely untenable and has been repudiated by all courts in considering cases involving questions of liability growing out of the use of hired saddle horses.
The syllabus in Troop A Riding Academy v. Miller, 127 Ohio St. 545, 189 N.E. 647, is as follows:
"1. One who rides a horse, which he has hired for that purpose, takes the ordinary risks incident to such pursuit.
"2. In order to recover for injuries received when a horse hired for riding runs and falls, one who sues in tort must show knowledge, on the part of the owner or his agents, of some trait, condition or propensity from which a probability of the horse's running away or falling might reasonably be inferred.
"3. When there is no evidence of any known trait, condition or propensity of the horse, which would subject the rider to greater risks than ordinarily attach to horseback riding, it is error for the trial judge to submit such case to the jury. Defendant's motion for an instructed verdict should be granted."
To the same effect is Reynolds v. Kenwood Riding Club, Inc., 59 Ohio App. 453, 18 N.E.2d 612, where it is stated in the first paragraph of the syllabus:
"A person riding a hired horse must take the ordinary risks incident to such pursuit and, in order to recover in tort from the owner of the horse for injuries sustained as a result of being thrown from the horse, the rider must show that the owner had some knowledge of a trait, condition or propensity of the horse, which was not as obvious to the rider as to the owner, that would subject the rider to greater than the ordinary risks of riding."
There may be peculiar circumstances involving a particular horse, justifying liability as where the rider is inexperienced, and the horse is known by the owner to be unbroken, as was the case in Cousino v. Huss, 71 Ohio App. 107, 47 N.E.2d 919, or where the equipment furnished with the horse is defective, or improperly or negligently adjusted, as was the case of Wenrick v. Hendrickson, 17 Ohio Law Abs., 451, 456.
Negligence is never presumed. It must be proved, and it must be shown to be the proximate cause of a plaintiff's injuries.
There is no evidence in the record indicating a standard of care appropriate to the operation of riding facilities requiring a bar across the door or entrance to the stalls for horses rented for riding. On the contrary, the evidence is to the opposite effect. That it is necessary to introduce evidence sustaining such standard of care in cases in which the public has not common knowledge of the requirements is held in Englehardt v. Philipps, 136 Ohio St. 73, 23 N.E.2d 829, where it is stated in the second paragraph of the syllabus:
"Legal liability for negligence is based upon conduct involving unreasonable risk to another, which must be established by affirmative evidence tending to show that such conduct falls below the standard represented by the conduct of reasonable men under the same or similar circumstances."
And, at page 78, it is stated:
"Legal liability for negligence is based upon conduct involving unreasonable risk to another which must be established by affirmative evidence tending to show that such conduct falls below the standard represented by the conduct of reasonable men under the same or similar circumstances. Moreover, in determining whether the defendant should recognize the risks which are involved in his conduct as being unreasonable, only those circumstances which the defendant perceives or should perceive at the time he acts or fails to act are to be considered. Until specific conduct involving such unreasonable risk to the plaintiff is made manifest by some evidence, there is no issue to submit to the jury."
The defendant in the instant case moved for a directed verdict at the conclusion of all the evidence. This motion should have been granted, and this court renders the judgment for the defendant which the trial court should have rendered.
Accordingly, it is unnecessary to comment on other assignments of error.
Judgment reversed.
ROSS, P.J., HILDEBRANT and MATTHEWS, JJ., concur in the syllabus, opinion and judgment.