Opinion
No. 72515-2.
Argued March 13, 2003.
Decided June 19, 2003.
David J. Smith, for petitioners.
Thomas A. Carr, City Attorney, and Darby N. Ducomb and Roger D. Wynne, Assistants, for respondent.
John M. Groen on behalf of Master Builders Association, Pacific Legal Foundation, and Building Industry Association of Washington, amici curiae.
Richard L. Settle and John E. Keegan on behalf of West Beach Condominium Association, amicus curiae.
[As amended by order of the Supreme Court September 2, 2003.]
Rory Crispin seeks reversal of an unpublished Court of Appeals opinion affirming a decision that a tax lot he purchased was not created in compliance with chapter 58.17 RCW, the state statute on lot boundary adjustments, and a Seattle ordinance governing the division of land. Crispin argues the Court of Appeals decision conflicts with the language of the statute and with prior decisions of this court. Finding the lot was exempt from the requirements of the statute, we reverse.
FACTS
This case arises from property located adjacent to 47th Avenue S.W. in West Seattle. Between 1928 and 1968, there were a variety of deed transfers that resulted in legally carving out 10 separate properties. In the late 1960s, the then owners of the property combined the 10 parcels of land into three tracts, lots A, B, and C, through another deed transfer. Four apartment buildings were built on the lots. In 1970, the owners of the parcels received three building permits and again changed the boundaries of the three tracts. At this time, two buildings were on the north parcel, and one building was on each of the southwest and southeast parcels. Before 1972, the city of Seattle (the City) did not regulate land divisions of four lots or less. Similarly, Washington law governing subdivisions applied only to plats creating five or more lots. LAWS OF 1969, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 271, § 2(1); see also RCW 58.17.020(1). Until 1972, properties could be subdivided in the City without the need for any governmental permission. In May 1972, the City passed an ordinance that required any person who sought to divide land into two, three, or four lots for the purpose of sale to submit an application to the City for approval. Seattle Ordinance 101027 (May 24, 1972). The penalty for failure to comply with the city ordinance was that the new lots would be deemed "illegal." Seattle Ordinance 101027, § 42. No building permits would be issued for such lots, nor could the lots be sold or transferred. Essential to triggering the subdivision law was that the division of lots would result in more lots, tracts, parcels, or sites than previously existed.
At the time the apartment buildings were erected, the three parcels looked like:
Seattle Ordinance 101027, § 5 provides that "[a]ny person desiring to divide land situated within the City of Seattle into two, three or four lots for the purpose of sale or lease, shall submit an application for approval of a short subdivision to the Administrator."
Later in 1972, the owners of the lots converted the four apartment buildings into condominiums. In complying with the State Condominium Act, chapter 64.34 RCW, a licensed surveyor signed off on the final survey creating the condominiums in September 1972 and realigned the property boundaries. It was at this time the City officially recognized the property as three separate tax lots. Of the three lots, one was left vacant and became known as tax lot 164. The four apartment buildings, now condominiums, were located on the other two lots.
According to RCW 64.32.100, at the time condominiums are created a survey map of the surface must be submitted to the county auditor. Also, a set of plans of the building or buildings showing the vertical and horizontal boundaries, the dimensions of the condominiums, value, number of bedrooms and bathrooms, and square footage must be submitted. All plans need to either be signed by a registered architect, professional engineer, or land surveyor certifying that the plans accurately depict the location and dimensions of the condominiums as built.
Breakdown of the three lots after the 1972 adjustment.
In 1982, Seattle created the 47th Street S.W. water main local improvement district (LID) and assessed $23,480.40 on tax lot 164, assuming the lot would be suitable for a multiunit development after the installation of the water main. The owner of tax lot 164, Terry Gilmour, did not challenge the assessment, and it was approved in March 1985. Payment of the $23,480.40 was to be made in 10 annual installments. Subsequently, Gilmour failed to pay the assessment and real estate taxes on the property. In 1990, King County foreclosed on tax lot 164 for the unpaid real estate taxes. In January 1990, Crispin bought the vacant lot at auction for $493. At the tax sale/auction, the property was sold as is and the county made no guaranty as to the condition of the title to the lot.
In June 1990, the City brought a foreclosure action for the unpaid LID assessment on tax lot 164. When informed of this, Crispin undertook a due diligence investigation to see if the property warranted payment of the assessment. During this investigation, Crispin spoke to the City's Department of Construction and Land Use (DCLU), the Seattle city attorney's office, and searched the records at the City's engineering department. He found that the property was zoned for multifamily use and was potentially "buildable." Neither the city attorney's office nor the DCLU claimed the property was created illegally in 1972. Satisfied with the results of his investigation, Crispin paid the amount necessary to stop the foreclosure.
In 1991 the residents of the surrounding neighborhood hired a land use consultant, Kevin Weare, to block the development of lot 164. At the time Weare became involved, the city government considered all three lots legally created and buildable. Weare contended that tax lot 164 had never been legally created under the City's subdivision ordinance. Originally, DCLU rejected Weare's contention and issued a letter dated July 8, 1991 stating that lot 164 had been legally created in the latter part of 1972.
Having failed to convince the DCLU, Weare next turned to the city council for support. Soon after, the help of the Seattle City Attorney's office was enlisted. In 1992, the city attorney's office, which had originally told Crispin that the engineering department had determined lot 164 "buildable," changed its position and claimed that tax lot 164 did not comply with Seattle Ordinance 101027 and was, therefore, illegal. After the city attorney's office changed its position, the DCLU director was written and asked to ensure that no building or development permits would be issued until the property was properly subdivided. DCLU complied.
In 1997, at Crispin's request, the DCLU issued a formal interpretation that tax lot 164 was not a legal building site because the lot was not created in compliance with state and city subdivision laws. Crispin appealed the interpretation to the city hearing examiner asserting that DCLU improperly applied the law. The examiner dismissed the appeal and Crispin did not seek further review at that time.
During this time, the City continued to bill Crispin for the LID assessment. The assessment evidently was based on lot 164 being "buildable." After the 1997 interpretation, Crispin failed to make the final LID payment, and the City brought another foreclosure action. At this time, Crispin counterclaimed for declaratory relief arguing lot 164 had been legally created in 1972 by virtue of a boundary line adjustment which did not need city approval. The trial court granted the City's motion for summary judgment dismissing Crispin's claim. Crispin appealed and the Court of Appeals affirmed.
ANALYSIS
The primary issue in this case concerns whether the division of land that created tax lot 164 qualified as a boundary line adjustment for purposes of the exemption from the subdivision statutes set forth in RCW 58.17.040(6). Crispin asserts that because tax lot 164 was a division made for the purpose of alteration by adjusting boundary lines and did not create additional lots, it is exempt from the requirements of chapter 58.17 RCW governing land division, which the City's ordinance mirrors, and is, thus, a legal lot. The City claims the creation of tax lot 164 neither complied with applicable subdivision regulations nor qualified as an exemption under RCW 58.17.040(6). Moreover, the City claims since Crispin failed to seek a timely review of the DCLU's decision concerning the lot through the Land Use Petition Act (LUPA), chapter 36.70C RCW, he is now barred from asking this court to review the issue through this non-LUPA action.
Chapter 58.17 RCW regulates the subdivision of land in Washington. Section .020(1) defines subdivision as "[t]he division or redivision of land into five or more lots, tracts, parcels, sites, or divisions for the purpose of sale, lease, or transfer of ownership. . . ." A "'[s]hort subdivision' is the division or redivision of land into four or fewer lots, tracts, parcels, sites, or divisions for the purpose of sale, lease, or transfer of ownership." RCW 58.17.020(6) (emphasis added). The subdivision act provides that "[no] building permit . . . shall be issued for any lot . . . divided in violation of this chapter or local regulations adopted pursuant thereto." RCW 58.17.210. Specifically at issue in this case is RCW 58.17.040 which states the provisions of this chapter shall not apply to:
(6) A division made for the purpose of alteration by adjusting boundary lines, between platted or unplatted lots or both, which does not create any additional lot, tract, parcel, site, or division nor create any lot, tract, parcel, site, or division which contains insufficient area and dimension to meet minimum requirements for width and area for a building site;
(Emphasis added.)
Before the 1972 adjustment there were three lots, each with at least one building. After the adjustment there were still three lots, now with two buildings on two, and one left vacant. Crispin argues that RCW 58.17.040(6) does not condition lot boundary adjustments on the degree of change, only that there must not be new lots created. In light of this, he claims the Court of Appeals holding conflicts with this court's decision in Island County v. Dillingham Development Co., 99 Wn.2d 215, 662 P.2d 32 (1983), which interpreted this statutory exemption. We agree.
In Dillingham, Island County brought suit against land developers claiming the boundary adjustments in that case resulted in an illegal subdivision because the owners never received permission to make the adjustments. We disagreed and held a reconfiguration of boundary lines without the creation of additional lots was a boundary line adjustment that did not require approval under state or local subdivision laws. Dillingham, 99 Wn.2d at 223. We relied on the exemption in RCW 58.17.040, the same statute applicable in the present case. The land owner in Dillingham had adjusted the boundaries of an old plat to combine what had been substandard lots into fewer, larger lots that met the current zoning requirements. After the adjustment, the lots could then be sold. We held the reconfiguration was a boundary line adjustment exempt from the subdivision process. The interpretation of the statute we adopted in Dillingham established that boundary line adjustments which do not result in the creation of any additional lots are exempt from the platting requirements of local planning commissions and are exempt under the specific language of RCW 58.17.040.
Here, the City argued, and the Court of Appeals agreed, that R/L Associates, Inc. v. Klockars, 52 Wn. App. 726, 763 P.2d 1244 (1988), was controlling. In Klockars, the Court of Appeals held some boundary adjustments which do not result in additional lots still fall outside the exemption in RCW 58.17.040(6). Klockars involved two lots with a building straddling the line between them. Because of this, both lots were unsuitable for further development. The owner sought to adjust the boundaries to situate the existing building on one lot and free up the second lot for development. The Court of Appeals held the adjustment created a new site and was therefore outside of the exemption because the statute is intended only to apply to minor boundary changes, not to changes that result in increased development or density otherwise regulated by the applicable land use code. Klockars, 52 Wn. App. at 732 (emphasis added). We find no support in the statute for this distinction.
Klockars directly conflicts with our holding in Dillingham. Despite the sizeable change to the plat, we held that the adjustments in Dillingham fell under the exemption set forth in RCW 58.17.040(6). This conclusion is based on the specific statutory language which states as long as there are no "new" lots created, the reconfiguration is exempt. The Court of Appeals in this case followed the Klockars approach, even though the 1972 adjustment which created lot 164 did not produce any new lots. The Court of Appeals found the changes "substantial" and therefore the lot boundary adjustment created an illegal lot. However, as we recognized in Dillingham, the statute does not support the distinction the Court of Appeals draws between adjustments that are minor compared with substantial. Nor would such a rule be workable, and would perhaps be unconstitutional. We have recognized that the regulation of land use must proceed under an express written code and not be based on ad hoc unwritten rules so vague that a person of common intelligence must guess at the law's meaning and application. See Burien Bark Supply v. King County, 106 Wn.2d 868, 725 P.2d 994 (1986). As can be seen from the record in this case, the City itself issued conflicting interpretations on the legal status of the lot. Under the Court of Appeals approach, the final decision would rest on the determination of whether the boundary adjustment was substantial or not. Such a result conflicts with the specific language of RCW 58.17.040(6).
The City also argues that Crispin's failure to appeal the 1997 interpretation should not allow him to relitigate the issue since a proper LUPA appeal was not pursued. The City did not timely identify the issue for our review as required by RAP 10.3(a) or RAP 10.3(b). Additionally, RAP 13.4 states that if a responding party to a petition for review seeks review of an issue not raised in the petition, then that party must raise the new issue in its answer. Here, the City failed to raise the LUPA issue in its answer to Crispin's petition for review; therefore, the City is foreclosed from raising the issue.
CONCLUSION
Tax lot 164 is a legally created lot with the statutory exemption under RCW 58.17.040(6) and in accord with our previous decision in Dillingham. As in Dillingham, the reconfiguration of boundaries resulted in no new lots. Three lots existed before the adjustment and three lots existed after the adjustment. The fact that a buildable site was created does not prevent application of the boundary line adjustment exemption found at RCW 58.17.040(6). The Court of Appeals decision is reversed.
ALEXANDER, C.J., and MADSEN, SANDERS, IRELAND, BRIDGE, CHAMBERS, OWENS, and FAIRHURST, JJ., concur.
After modification, further reconsideration denied September 2, 2003.