Opinion
45882.
DECIDED SEPTEMBER 22, 1988.
Habeas corpus. Gwinnett Superior Court. Before Judge Jackson.
James Cherry, pro se. Michael J. Bowers, Attorney General, J. Michael Davis, Dennis R. Dunn, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee.
Petitioner, a black male, filed a writ of habeas corpus contending the state had exercised its peremptory strikes to exclude all black jurors from the panel selected to try his case, and therefore his convictions were in violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 ( 106 S.C. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69) (1986). Batson had not been decided at the time of petitioner's trial. Petitioner's trial counsel made no objections to the state's use of its peremptory strikes against all three black members of the panel. In his petition for habeas corpus, petitioner also alleged that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the use of the state's peremptory strikes in this manner.
Batson was decided while petitioner's application for certiorari from his direct appeal was pending in this court.
The habeas court found initially that trial counsel had not been ineffective in failing to object to the use of the state's peremptory strikes because there was no evidence to show the state exercised these strikes in a racially discriminatory manner. The habeas court also found that since petitioner could have raised this claim at trial under the principles enunciated in Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202 ( 85 S.C. 824, 13 L.Ed.2d 759) (1965), he could not show that the "factual or legal basis for [the] claim was not reasonably available to counsel," Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488 ( 106 S.C. 2639, 91 L.Ed.2d 397) (1986), such as would establish cause for the procedural default within the meaning of Black v. Hardin, 255 Ga. 239, 240 ( 336 S.E.2d 754) (1985). The habeas court denied relief to petitioner. We granted his application for probable cause to determine whether a legal basis for the Batson claim was reasonably available to petitioner's counsel at trial.
In Swain v. Alabama, supra, the Supreme Court held that a defendant could make out a prima facie case of racial discrimination by the state in exercise of its peremptory strikes by showing that the peremptory challenge system was "being perverted" in this manner. 280 U.S. at 224. However, the Court held that in order to make out a prima facie case, the defendant must offer proof beyond the facts of his own case. Id. at 224-228.
In Batson, supra, the Court pointed out that "since the decision in Swain, this Court has recognized that a defendant may make a prima facie showing of purposeful racial discrimination in selection of the venire by relying solely on the facts concerning its selection in his case," citing Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 240 ( 96 S.C. 2040, 48 L.Ed.2d 597) (1976) and Alexander v. Louisiana, 405 U.S. 625 ( 92 S.C. 1221, 31 L.Ed.2d 536) (1972). Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. at 95. (Emphasis in original.) Batson clarified the evidentiary standards necessary to make out a prima facie showing of discriminatory selection of the venire. We hold, therefore, that the legal basis for a Batson claim was reasonably available to petitioner at the time of his trial. See Bowden v. Kemp, 256 Ga. 70 ( 344 S.E.2d 233) (1986). He has not shown cause for the procedural default in failing to object to the state's use of its peremptory strikes. Black v. Hardin, supra. The habeas court did not err in denying his petition for relief.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.