Opinion
No. 26283
Decided March 31, 1937.
Taxation — Forfeited land sales — Claimant of title not deprived of property without due process, when — State may enact retrospective laws for collecting taxes — Purchaser at land forfeiture sale acquires prima facie and absolute title, when — Sections 5744 and 5762, General Code — Due process determined by method of executing law by administrative officers — Three-member board empowered to omit delinquent property from foreclosure proceedings — Section 5718-1, General Code, constitutional.
1. Where a claimant of title to premises purchased at a forfeited land sale has adequate judicial process in which the validity or invalidity of the sale may be determined and has invoked such process, as in the instant case, he cannot claim he has been deprived of his property without due process of law.
2. The requirement of due process does not prevent a state from enacting retrospective laws changing the method of or giving additional remedies for the collection of taxes.
3. Sections 5744 and 5762, General Code (114 Ohio Laws, 838 and 841), plainly indicate that a purchaser at a land forfeiture sale acquires, as against the owner, not merely a lien, but a prima facie and absolute title to the property, where the statutory proceedings have been legally complied with and no constitutional rights of the owner have been abridged.
4. Whether a state law transcends the due process clause of the federal Constitution may be determined, in special cases, by the method of its execution by administrative officers.
5. Section 5718-1, General Code (114 Ohio Laws, 835), conferring discretion upon the three-member board therein named to omit delinquent property from foreclosure proceedings if, in its judgment after investigation, such board is of opinion that the property "will not bring upon sale a sufficient amount of money to pay all taxes, assessments, and penalties thereon in arrears, together with costs of foreclosure," is not violative of any constitutional rights of the owner where the board has not used its judgment arbitrarily or been guilty of an abuse of the discretion so conferred upon it by the statute. The record in the instant case reveals no such abuse upon the part of the board.
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals of Geauga county.
This was a suit brought by M.B. Cech, the appellant, against Louie W. Schultz, the appellee, seeking to quiet title to a small lot in the county of Geauga and to set aside a deed made to Schultz by the county auditor. The appellee filed his cross-petition wherein he also prayed that his title to the premises be quieted and that a deed made by one McDonald to the appellant be set aside. The trial court granted the relief asked for by the appellee and quieted his title to the premises as against the appellant. Appeal being taken to the appellate court on questions of law and fact, that court also found in favor of the appellee, and quieted his title to the premises as against any lien or claim that the appellant may have had. The decree of the appellate court was similar to the one made by the trial court. The cause is now in this court for review.
On June 28, 1934, the appellant leased a lot and cottage from one A.C. McDonald, the owner of the legal title, for a period of five years ending June 28, 1939. The lease provided that "rental to be free for the duration of this lease providing the party of the second part repairs this cottage to the full satisfaction of the first party, also taxes to be paid by the party of the second part [Cech]." It appears that prior to the execution of the lease, McDonald, the owner of the premises, had suffered them to become delinquent for the non-payment of taxes; that immediately after the August settlement of 1931 the county auditor had certified the taxes to be delinquent and had taken proper legal proceedings to have the premises forfeited and sold under the provisions of Sections 5718-1 and 5744, General Code. No complaint is made that any record irregularities occurred in the official proceedings of the county officials in respect to the delinquency of the taxes or sale of the premises.
The premises in controversy consisted of a very small lot, about thirty by one hundred eleven feet in size, on which was located a summer cottage. The actual value of the building is not disclosed. Prior to its repair, in 1933, the appraised valuation of the premises was carried at $90 on the auditor's duplicate. However, the appraised value on the duplicate in 1933 was increased to the sum of $470 in 1934 by reason of repairs made on the cottage during the year preceding, and the delinquent taxes amounted to $25.76, according to the finding of the board that the property be omitted from foreclosure proceedings.
Acting under the provisions of Section 5718-1, General Code, the county auditor submitted the delinquent list to the president of the board of county commissioners, the county auditor and the county treasurer for the purpose of determining, after investigation, whether the premises should be sold at vendue or by way of foreclosure. On November 28, 1934, those officials certified to the county auditor that they found that, in their judgment and discretion, the premises in controversy would "not bring upon sale a sufficient amount of money to pay all taxes, assessments and penalties thereon in arrears, together with costs of foreclosure," and ordered them to be omitted from foreclosure proceedings as provided by law. Proceedings were thereafter had whereby the county auditor forwarded to the auditor of state the list of forfeited lands, among which was the lot in question. The county auditor, after receiving the forfeited list from the auditor of state, caused notice of the sale of the lot to be duly advertised, and, the taxes not having been paid on March 11, 1935, the premises were sold at the door of the courthouse at public auction to Schultz, the highest bidder. It appears that Schultz bid the sum of $45 for the premises, which was more than sufficient to pay the delinquent taxes. The actual sum paid by Schultz to the county auditor was $66.85, which probably included taxes accruing since the delinquency. On March 11, 1935, Schultz received from the county auditor a deed for the premises, which was recorded two days later.
On March 4, 1935, while the forfeited land sale proceedings were pending, Cech obtained a deed from McDonald, his predecessor in title, which was recorded on May 15, 1935. This deed had previously been presented to the county auditor, who refused to transfer it because the premises had been earlier transferred to Schultz, the purchaser at forfeited land sale.
Mr. Martin A. Phillips and Mr. W.R. Davis, for appellant.
Messrs. Bostwick Bostwick, for appellee.
Neither in this nor in the appellate court have counsel for appellant challenged the regularity of the official proceedings culminating in the forfeited land sale for the payment of delinquent taxes; however, the appellant attacks the finding of the board under Section 5718-1, General Code, contending that it is arbitrary and that the board committed a gross abuse of discretion in failing to submit the delinquent premises to sale by way of foreclosure.
In his petition to quiet title, the appellant offered to pay the appellee the amount of money paid by him at the tax sale, together with interest and expenses incurred. One of the appellant's contentions is based upon the proposition that, by his purchase at the tax sale, Schultz, the appellee, acquired not a fee simple title, but merely succeeded to the lien of the state for the amount of delinquent taxes. His counsel succinctly state the legal question involved as follows: "Does the purchaser at a forfeited land sale for delinquent taxes obtain merely the lien of the state of Ohio and become the assignee of the state of Ohio in the amount paid at such forfeited land sale?" In their brief, however, counsel for the appellant expand their attack by claiming that, in this particular case, the operative effect of Section 5718-1, General Code, deprives the appellant of his property in violation of the due process clause of the federal Constitution.
In Castle v. Mason, 91 Ohio St. 296, 110 N.E. 463, Ann. Cas. 1917A, 164, the first proposition of the syllabus reads: "The constitutionality of a law may be determined by its operative effect, though on its face it may be apparently valid." On page 303, the opinion quotes Mr. Justice Harlan in Minnesota v. Barber, 136 U.S. 313, 319, as saying: "There may be no purpose upon the part of a Legislature to violate the provisions of that instrument, and yet a statute enacted by it, under the forms of law, may, by its necessary operation, be destructive of rights granted or secured by the constitution." Adverting to the due process clause in connection with the levy and collection of taxes, Mr. Justice Day, in Leigh v. Green, 193 U.S. 79, 87, 48 L.Ed., 623, 24 S.Ct., 390, said:
"The right to levy and collect taxes has always been recognized as one of the supreme powers of the state, essential to its maintenance, and for the enforcement of which the Legislature may resort to such remedies as it chooses, keeping within those which do not impair the constitutional rights of the citizen. Whether property is taken without due process of law depends upon the nature of each particular case."
In the instant case, can it be maintained that the appellant has been deprived of due process? If there be any invalidity in the proceedings involving the sale of lands for non-payment of taxes, Section 5767, General Code, plainly indicates that a claimant asserting and establishing such invalidity may recover the land sold upon payment to the tax sale purchaser of the amount of taxes and penalties paid by him, in addition to interest and costs. Moreover, the appellant cannot assert that he has been deprived of his property without due process, since he has had adequate judicial process in an action which he himself invoked, where his plea of invalidity has been adversely determined.
Although the taxes became delinquent in 1931 before the appellant and appellee obtained their respective deeds for the premises, the statutes applying to the sale of forfeited lands, including Section 5718-1, General Code, did not become effective until October 15, 1931. But the General Assembly is not bound by the retrospective effect of its laws pertaining to the mode and manner of its tax collections. Mr. Gray, in his Limitations of Taxing Power, on page 605, states the general rule as follows:
"The requirement of due process of law does not prevent a state from enacting retrospective laws changing the method of collecting taxes, or laws giving to the state an additional remedy for the collection of delinquent taxes. A delinquent taxpayer has no vested right in an existing mode of collecting taxes. There is no contract between him and the state that the latter will not vary the mode of collection."
Counsel for the appellant cite and rely upon statutes formerly in existence in this state which provided, either expressly or by implication, that a purchaser at a forfeited land tax sale secured a lien for taxes rather than a title to the property under an auditor's deed. However, since the state, under the rule heretofore stated, may act retrospectively respecting the methods of its tax collection, this case must be disposed of upon the character of the title obtained under a forfeited land sale under statutes as they existed at the time of sale. Section 5744, General Code, provides in substance that land omitted from foreclosure proceedings and duly advertised shall be forfeited to the state; and "thenceforth all the right, title, claim, and interest of the former owner or owners thereof, shall be considered as transferred to, and vested in, the state, to be disposed of as the General Assembly may direct." This section comprises substantially the provisions of an old section of similar import construed in Kahle v. Nisley, 74 Ohio St. 328, 78 N.E. 526, where the syllabus reads as follows:
"Where, under Section 2899, Revised Statutes, lands have been duly forfeited to the state for the nonpayment of taxes and penalty, a valid sale and conveyance of such lands by the county auditor, extinguishes all previous titles thereto, either legal or equitable, and invests the purchaser with a new and perfect title to said lands, discharged from all previous liens and incumbrances."
Section 5762, General Code (114 Ohio Laws, 841), also indicates that the intention of the Legislature is to give to the purchaser of premises at forfeited land sales a title to the premises rather than a lien for taxes paid. That section reads as follows:
"The county auditor on making a sale of a tract of land to any person, under this chapter, shall give to such purchaser a certificate thereof. On producing or returning to the county auditor the certificate of sale the county auditor, on payment to him by the purchaser, his heirs, or assigns, of the sum of one dollar and twenty-five cents shall execute and deliver to such purchaser, his heirs, or assigns, a deed therefor, in due form, which deed shall be prima facie evidence of title in the purchaser, his heirs, or assigns."
Conferring upon the purchaser " prima facie evidence of title," must be construed as meaning that if the proceedings under which the sale of forfeited lands has been made have been legally complied with and no constitutional rights of the owner have been abridged, the title of the purchaser is absolute.
Section 5718-1, General Code (114 Ohio Laws, 835), in force during the taxation proceedings terminating in the sale of the forfeited premises, reads as follows:
"Before making the certificates provided for in Section 5718 of the General Code, the county auditor shall submit the list of lands on the delinquent list and subject to foreclosure, to a board composed of the president of the board of county commissioners, the county auditor and the county treasurer, and if, after investigation, in their judgment and discretion, such board is of the opinion that such list contains property or properties so certified, which will not bring upon a sale a sufficient amount of money to pay all taxes, assessments and penalties thereon in arrears, together with costs of foreclosure, such board may order the same to be omitted from the foreclosure proceedings, as hereinafter provided; and as to such land so ordered to be omitted, no delinquent land tax certificate shall be made."
The record discloses that the premises sold for nonpayment of taxes were delinquent after the August settlement in 1931. They were sold at a public sale to the appellee on March 11, 1935, for the sum of $45, he being the highest bidder, the tax delinquencies then amounting to $25.76. Although the valuation of the premises was placed upon the duplicate in 1933 at the sum of $90, that valuation was in the following year increased on the duplicate to the sum of $470. It is upon this feature of the case (a sale of property so valued for the payment of such a small amount of delinquent taxes), that the appellant's counsel base their argument of arbitrariness and abuse of discretion upon the part of the board in failing to submit the premises for sale at proceedings in foreclosure. The record is silent as to the real value of the premises or the real value of the structure in 1934. The total valuation of $470 shown by the duplicate may not have been the real value. The three-member board, acting under the provisions of Section 5718-1, General Code, apparently was of the opinion that it was not the real value, and the judgment of the board is, in a measure, supported by the fact that the premises were sold at public sale for the sum of $45. The board certified to the county auditor that, after investigation, in its judgment the property in controversy would not "bring upon sale a sufficient amount of money to pay all taxes, assessments and penalties thereon in arrears, together with costs of foreclosure."
There may be instances where the disproportion between the actual value of the property and the amount of taxes due is so great that it would be highly inequitable to the owner to have his property sold in the summary manner provided by statute instead of by judicial proceedings in foreclosure where the owner has the advantage of statutory notice. But we find no such disproportion in the present case, or any abuse on the part of the board of the discretion which the statute authorizes it to exercise. On this record the case of the appellant is one of dubious equity. When he leased the premises from McDonald, he covenanted to pay the taxes upon the leased property. This he did not do. He paid no taxes during the interim between June 28, 1934, and March 11, 1935; whether he knew the lands were advertised as being delinquent and for later sale, he does not say.
Finding no prejudicial error committed by the Court of Appeals, its judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
WEYGANDT, C.J., MATTHIAS, DAY, ZIMMERMAN and MYERS, JJ., concur.