Opinion
No. H024142.
May 26, 2006.
Appeal from the Superior Court of Santa Clara County, No. CV791029, William J. Elfving, Judge.
Sheuerman, Martini Tabari and Alan L. Martini for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Gibson, Dunn Crutcher and Dean J. Kitchens for Defendant and Respondent Travelers Casualty and Surety Company.
Selman Breitman, Nicholas Banko, Linda Wendell Hsu and James Tenero for Defendant and Respondent Transamerica Insurance Company.
OPINION
This matter has been transferred here from the Supreme Court (S120680) with directions to vacate our previous decision and to reconsider the cause in light of Powerine Oil Co., Inc. v. Superior Court (2005) 37 Cal.4th 377 [ 33 Cal.Rptr.3d 562, 118 P.3d 589] ( Powerine II), and County of San Diego v. Ace Property Casualty Ins. Co. (2005) 37 Cal.4th 406 [ 33 Cal.Rptr.3d 583, 118 P.3d 607] ( Ace). In our earlier opinion, we affirmed a judgment that resulted from orders sustaining demurrers to a complaint seeking insurance coverage. We held that the relevant insurance policy language did not provide coverage for "response costs" incurred pursuant to an administrative order. Powerine II held that certain insurance policy language was broad enough to include coverage for response costs. Ace addressed materially different language and reached a contrary conclusion. The parties have filed supplemental briefs. (Cal. Rules of Court, rules 29.3(f), 13(b).) We hereby vacate our previous decision.
In this insurance coverage action, plaintiffs CDM Investors and Ralph Borelli appeal from a judgment that resulted after the trial court sustained the demurrers of defendants Travelers Casualty Surety Company (Travelers), and Transamerica Insurance Group (TIG). They principally contend that the trial court misinterpreted standard form comprehensive or commercial general liability and excess/umbrella insurance policies (CGL policies) as not providing coverage for "response costs" incurred pursuant to an administrative order that charged plaintiffs with being suspected dischargers of pollutants causing damage to soil and groundwater. We affirm the judgment.
Since our previous decision, plaintiffs have settled the case with and filed a dismissal as to defendants American National Fire Insurance Company, American Alliance Insurance Company, and Great American Insurance Companies (collectively, Great American). To the extent that we reiterate our previous decision, we necessarily omit what pertained only to Great American.
SCOPE OF REVIEW
We review a general demurrer under well-established principles. The appeal presents the question of law whether the complaint, liberally construed, contains facts sufficient to entitle plaintiff to any relief. We assume the truth of all material facts properly pleaded in the complaint unless they are contradicted by facts judicially noticed, but no such credit is given to pleaded contentions or legal conclusions. ( Financial Corp. of America v. Wilburn (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 764, 768-769 [ 234 Cal.Rptr. 653].)
INSURANCE CONTRACT INTERPRETATION
"`While insurance contracts have special features, they are still contracts to which the ordinary rules of contractual interpretation apply.' [Citations.] `The fundamental goal of contractual interpretation is to give effect to the mutual intention of the parties.' [Citation.] `Such intent is to be inferred, if possible, solely from the written provisions of the contract.' [Citation.] `If contractual language is clear and explicit, it governs.' [Citation.]" ( Foster-Gardner, Inc. v. National Union Fire Ins. Co. (1998) 18 Cal.4th 857, 868 [ 77 Cal.Rptr.2d 107, 959 P.2d 265] ( Foster Gardner).)
Ambiguity exists when an insurance policy provision "`is capable of two or more constructions, both of which are reasonable.' [Citations.] The fact that a term is not defined in the policies does not make it ambiguous. [Citations.] Nor does `[d]isagreement concerning the meaning of a phrase,' or `"the fact that a word or phrase isolated from its context is susceptible of more than one meaning."' [Citation.] ` "[L]anguage in a contract must be construed in the context of that instrument as a whole, and in the circumstances of that case, and cannot be found to be ambiguous in the abstract."' [Citation.] `If an asserted ambiguity is not eliminated by the language and context of the policy, courts then invoke the principle that ambiguities are generally construed against the party who caused the uncertainty to exist (i.e., the insurer) in order to protect the insured's reasonable expectation of coverage.' [Citation.]" ( Foster-Gardner, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 868.)
But if "a term in an insurance policy has been judicially construed, it is not ambiguous and the judicial construction of the term should be read into the policy unless the parties express a contrary intent." ( Bartlome v. State Farm Fire Casualty Co. (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 1235, 1239 [ 256 Cal.Rptr. 719].)
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs owned commercial real property that they leased to tenants. In 1989, the California Water Quality Control Board (Board) ordered them to test the property for pollutants after it concluded that they were suspected dischargers of pollutants causing damage to soil and groundwater in the vicinity of the property. Plaintiffs notified defendants of the Board's order and claimed insurance coverage for the costs to respond. Defendants denied coverage. Plaintiffs paid a consulting firm approximately $230,000 to comply with the order. In 1997, the Board closed its investigation without taking further action after essentially concluding that plaintiffs' property was not the source of the pollution. Plaintiffs filed this action in 2000. They basically allege that coverage existed and seek reimbursement for the response costs.
LEGAL BACKGROUND
"[T]he standard comprehensive general liability insurance policy was developed in 1940. [Citations.] Over the years that have followed, it has periodically been revised, appearing in various versions. [Citations.] It had its name changed to the standard commercial general liability insurance policy in 1986." ( Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's of London v. Superior Court (2001) 24 Cal.4th 945, 955 [ 103 Cal.Rptr.2d 672, 16 P.3d 94] ( Powerine I).)
CGL policies generally indemnify the insured for all sums the insured shall be obligated to pay by reason of liability for property damage as defined. ( FMC Corp. v. Plaisted Companies (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 1132, 1142 [ 72 Cal.Rptr.2d 467].) The Supreme Court has established as general propositions "that contamination of the environment is property damage and, in essence, that amounts the insured is required to pay to reimburse government agencies and to comply with government orders under statutes such as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) ( 42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq.) and similar statutes, once hazardous wastes have been released, are sums the insured is obligated to pay by reason of liability for property damage." ( Ibid.)
In Foster-Gardner, at issue was the language in the pre-1986 CGL policy establishing the duty to defend. The policy in the case stated, "`the company shall have the right and duty to defend any suit against the insured seeking damages on account of such bodily injury or property damage, . . . and may make such investigation and settlement of any claim or suit as it deems expedient. . . .'" ( Foster-Gardner, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 863, italics added.) Taking a "`literal' approach" to interpreting the meaning of the word "suit" in the duty-to-defend clause, the court concluded "suit" was not ambiguous and denoted only a court proceeding initiated by the filing of a complaint. ( Id. at pp. 869, 871-872, 879, 887.) Based on this policy language, the court held that the insurer's duty to defend the insured in a "suit" was limited to a civil action prosecuted in a court; it did not extend to an order issued by an administrative agency under an environmental statute. Under the policies in Foster-Gardner, an insurer was required to defend a suit, but had discretion to investigate and settle a claim. ( Id. at p. 878.) Noting the juxtaposition, the court explained that an administrative proceeding under environmental statutes does not constitute a "suit," i.e., a civil action prosecuted in a court, but rather implicates a "claim." ( Id. at pp. 878-888.)
Foster-Gardner was intended to "create a `bright line rule that, by clearly delineating the scope of risk, reduce[d] the need for future litigation,'" by avoiding the "`case-by-case determination whether each new and different letter presenting the claim of an administrative agency is to be deemed the "functional equivalent of a suit brought in a court of law."' [Citation.]" ( Foster-Gardner, supra, 18 Cal.4th at pp. 887-888.) Among the distinctions established by the Supreme Court in Foster-Gardner was the contrast between, on the one hand, a "suit," i.e., a civil action in a court commenced by a complaint, and on the other hand a "claim," which can be initiated by an administrative proceeding. ( Id. at p. 879.)
Powerine I involved interpretation of the word "damages" in the indemnification provision of pre-1986 primary CGL policies issued to the plaintiff by the defendants. While Foster-Gardner addressed the scope of the duty to defend, Powerine I considered the reach of the duty to indemnify.
Specifically limiting its analysis to the standard CGL policy ( Powerine I, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 950), the court in Powerine I held that "the insurer's duty to indemnify the insured for `all sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages' under the standard [CGL] insurance policy is limited to money ordered by a court." ( Id. at pp. 960, 964.)
This holding flowed directly from the so-called Foster Gardner "`syllogism'" ( Powerine I, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 960), which states: "The duty to defend is broader than the duty to indemnify. The duty to defend is not broad enough to extend beyond a `suit,' i.e., a civil action prosecuted in a court, but rather is limited thereto. A fortiori, the duty to indemnify is not broad enough to extend beyond `damages,' i.e., money ordered by a court, but rather is limited thereto." ( Id. at p. 961.)
The Powerine I court further explained that the term "damages" in its "full context" and in its "`ordinary and popular sense'" is limited to "money ordered by a court" because the provision that imposes the duty to defend "links `damages' to a `suit,' i.e., a civil action prosecuted in a court" ( Powerine I, supra, 24 Cal.4th at pp. 961-962, 969), and because "in both the legal and the broader culture, `damages' exist traditionally inside of court." ( Id. at p. 969.) That is, the court elucidated, "`[d]amages' do not constitute a redundancy to a `sum that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay,' but a limitation thereof." ( Id. at p. 963.) This limitation, the court reasoned, "commends itself to society generally as laying down a bright line rule," having "a tendency to promote fairness and efficiency in the judicial sphere." ( Id. at pp. 965 966.)
In reaching its decision, the Powerine I court distinguished between the word "damages," present in the CGL policy, and the term "expenses," ordered by an administrative agency, which latter word did not appear in the analyzed indemnity provision. The duty to indemnify for " damages" in the primary policies, the Supreme Court stated, did " not extend to any expenses required by an administrative agency pursuant to an environmental statute — specifically, here, proceedings conducted before the Regional Water Boards. . . ." ( Powerine I, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 966, italics added.) The reason, the court explained, is that " expenses required by an administrative agency pursuant to an environmental statute, whether for the cleanup of a contaminated site and the abatement of the contamination's effects or otherwise, do not constitute money ordered by a court." (Id. at pp. 966, 969-971, 974, italics added.)
Read together, Foster-Gardner and Powerine I stand for the proposition that the duty to defend a "suit" seeking "damages" under pre-1986 CGL policies is restricted to civil actions prosecuted in a court, initiated by the filing of a complaint, and does not include claims, which can denote proceedings conducted by administrative agencies under environmental statutes. Likewise, the duty to indemnify for "`all sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages'" ( Powerine I, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 961, italics added) in the same standard primary policies is limited to money ordered by a court, and does not include expenses such as may be incurred in responding to administrative agency orders.
"In 1986, the standard insurance form was amended to define `suit' as `a civil proceeding in which damages because of "bodily injury," "property damage," "personal injury" or "advertising injury" to which this insurance applies are alleged. "Suit" includes an arbitration proceeding alleging such damages to which you must submit or submit with our consent.' [Citations.] Since then, this definition has been refined. Moreover, policies issued after 1985 generally include an absolute pollution exclusion." ( Foster-Gardner, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 864, fn. 3.)
DISCUSSION
The relevant insurance policies are attached to the third amended complaint and are standard form CGL policies.
TIG 1989 Primary Policy
The TIG 1989 primary policy covers plaintiffs for "sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of `bodily injury' or `property damage.'" It obligates TIG "to defend any `suit' seeking those damages." It defines "suit" as "a civil proceeding in which damages because of `bodily injury,' `property damage,' `personal injury' or `advertising injury' to which this insurance applies are alleged. `Suit' includes an arbitration proceeding alleging such damages. . . ." And the policy excludes coverage for (1) injury or damage "arising out of the actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, release or escape of pollutants" at or from owned, rented, or occupied premises, and (2) "loss, cost, or expense arising out of any governmental direction or request that you test for, monitor, clean up, remove, contain, treat, detoxify or neutralize pollutants."
Plaintiffs urge that Foster-Gardner and Powerine I do not govern this policy because it incorporates the 1986 modifications to the standard CGL policy. They emphasize that the 1986 form now defines "suit" as being a "civil proceeding" including arbitrations. They reason that this definition "expands" the pre-1986 definition of suit to encompass administrative proceedings. They reach this conclusion as follows.
First, the 1986 form dropped the language differentiating between suits and claims, which formed the basis for the Foster-Gardner conclusion that the insurers intended to defend only lawsuits and pay claims in their discretion. And second, the 1986 form adds the pollution exclusion, which specifically excludes some, but not all, losses arising out of governmental requests or direction to test for, monitor, or clean up pollution. As to this point, plaintiffs urge that there would be no need to exclude certain governmental requests if governmental requests were not civil proceedings in the first instance. They bolster this point by citing AIU Ins. Co. v. Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d 807 [ 274 Cal.Rptr. 820, 799 P.2d 1253] ( AIU), where the court held that response costs (the cost of reimbursing government agencies and complying with injunctions ordering a cleanup) constituted damages under CGL policies, damages being a hallmark of a civil proceeding.
AIU distinguished between response costs where there has already been contamination and "prophylactic" costs to the extent that the latter would not constitute covered damages because such costs would not result from property damage. "We do agree that prophylactic costs — incurred to pay for measures taken in advance of any release of hazardous waste — are not incurred `because of property damage.' [Citations.] Until such damage has occurred, whether on the waste site itself or elsewhere, there can be no coverage under CGL policies. Beyond this limited circumstance, however, and because the agencies in this suit allege that the waste sites themselves and the water on and surrounding the sites have already been contaminated by hazardous waste, we conclude that the reimbursement and the costs of injunctive relief sought here at least in part constitute `damages because of property damage.'" ( AIU, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 843.)
Plaintiffs' fallback position is that the definition of "civil proceeding" is at least ambiguous and can be reasonably construed to encompass administrative proceedings, thereby making resolution of the question improper via demurrer.
We need not address this issue because, even if we agreed with plaintiffs, the pollution exclusion precludes coverage.
We repeat the analysis from our previous decision since Powerine II and Ace did not address the pollution exclusion. Plaintiffs reargue the point in their supplemental brief without permission. However, the Supreme Court's grant-hold-transfer procedure does not allow for reargument. Supplemental briefs after transfer from the Supreme Court "must be limited to matters arising after the previous Court of Appeal decision in the cause, unless the presiding justice permits briefing on other matters." (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 13(b)(2).)
"The pollution exclusion at issue here is known as an `absolute pollution exclusion.'" ( Legarra v. Federated Mutual Ins. Co. (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 1472, 1480 [ 42 Cal.Rptr.2d 101].) Section I, coverage A, paragraph 2(f)(2) of the policy clearly states that the insurance does not apply to "Any loss, cost, or expense arising out of any governmental direction or request that you test for . . . pollutants." There can be no question that the Board ordered plaintiffs to test for pollutants and plaintiffs seek reimbursement for the costs incurred to make the tests.
Plaintiffs make no convincing argument that the costs for which they seek reimbursement were not government-directed costs within the meaning of paragraph 2(f)(2). As alluded to earlier, plaintiffs urge that the pollution exclusion excludes some, but not all, losses arising out of governmental requests or direction. They apparently rely on the trial court's conclusion that the provision did not exclude "the cost of `responding to' or `assessing the effects of pollutants.'" They state that "a plain reading of the pollution exclusion does not include such activities as performing a site assessment and ascertaining potential sources of the contamination, including a determination of the relative risks and benefits of alternative responses, including doing nothing."
Plaintiffs are correct about what the exclusion does not say, but the point does not avail them. This follows because the language of the exclusion is nonspecific and all-encompassing ("Any loss, cost, or expense arising out of any governmental direction or request").
Plaintiffs mention in passing that the pollution-exclusion argument does not apply to TIG's policy because TIG did not raise the argument in its brief (nor did TIG join in or adopt by reference the relevant part of Great American's brief (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 13(a)(5)). We disagree. Our review is de novo, the TIG and Great American policies are identical, the argument was made, and plaintiffs responded. No purpose would be served by reversing as to TIG (if such were justified) only to compel TIG to move below for summary judgment. In any event, we are not precluded from addressing points even when the points are completely neglected by the parties. "The general rule is `that ordinarily where a party has neglected to present a point in his brief he may be precluded from insisting that the court consider the point when deciding the case. . . . However, we know of no hard-and-fast rule which prohibits the court from considering and deciding points of law which may not have been urged and argued in the briefs originally filed if it appears to the court that an important legal principle is necessarily involved in the newly discovered point and that a proper disposition of the case requires a discussion and decision of that point.' [Citations.]" ( Kurlan v. Columbia Broadcasting System (1953) 40 Cal.2d 799, 806 [ 256 P.2d 962].)
Travelers 1986 Umbrella Policy
The central insuring clause in the Travelers umbrella policy covers plaintiffs for "the ultimate net loss in excess of the applicable underlying limit which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages." The policy later defines "ultimate net loss" as "the sum actually paid or payable in cash in the settlement or satisfaction of any claim or suit for which the insured is liable either by adjudication or settlement with the written consent of the company."Plaintiffs urge that Foster-Gardner and Powerine I do not govern this policy because the policy indemnifies for "ultimate net loss," which broadens the coverage beyond "damages." They point out that "ultimate net loss" includes all expenses incurred by the insured in the investigation and defense of claims or suits seeking damages. They reason that the implication of the ultimate-net-loss definition is twofold: "that under this policy, as compared with the policies at issue in the Powerine I decision, it was specifically contemplated that there could be `claims' for `damages' (not merely lawsuits) and that the insurer would indemnify the insured for expenses incurred in connection with such claims, provided the claims sought damages potentially covered by the policy." (Original underscoring.) They conclude that "so long as the response costs . . . amount to `damages' (compensation for harm suffered under AIU) and are not `prophylactic' these umbrella policies must provide coverage."
Travelers poses that plaintiffs read the policies out of context. It points out that the coverage clause indemnifies for damages, which, under Powerine I, means a court-ordered loss ("pay . . . ultimate net loss . . . for damages"). It urges that an analysis of the ultimate-net-loss clause is therefore unnecessary.
Plaintiffs counter that "it is reasonable to conclude that the insurer not only agrees to indemnify for expenses incurred in defense of claims seeking damages, but also to indemnify for the sums the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as `damages' (interpreted in light of the fact that claims can seek damages under the definition of `ultimate net loss') whether or not the claim resolves in judgment or insurer approved settlement." Plaintiffs bolster this point by referring to the loss-payable clause, which provides for two ways in which an insured can make an indemnity claim under the policy, including one that does not require a judgment or insurer-approved settlement. This provision states: "The company's liability under this policy for ultimate net loss with respect to any occurrence shall not attach until the amount of the underlying limit has been paid by or on behalf of the Insured on account of such occurrence. The Insured shall make claim for any loss under this policy as soon as practicable after the Insured's obligation to pay such amounts shall have been finally determined either by judgment against the Insured after actual trial or by written agreement of the Insured, the claimant and the company."
We agree with Travelers.
The coverage clause imposing the duty to indemnify is clear in its limitation to court-rendered damages. It states: "The company will pay . . . the ultimate net loss . . . which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay . . . as damages." (Cf. Powerine I, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 961 ["In its language, especially `damages,' the provision imposing the duty to indemnify is clear in its limitation to money ordered by a court"].)
We disagree with plaintiffs that the phrase "ultimate net loss" in the coverage clause expands the definition of damages when the ultimate-net-loss definition clause is taken into consideration. The phrase in the coverage clause is used in reference to what amount the insurer will pay after the insurer becomes obligated to pay rather than as a trigger of the insurer's obligation to pay. In other words, the coverage clause reads that the insurer will pay ultimate net loss when that loss ripens into damages. It is unreasonable to interpret the clause to read that the insurer will pay an ultimate net loss when the insured incurs an expense that is defined as an ultimate net loss because such an interpretation ignores the (1) "for damages" qualifier in the coverage clause, and (2) implicit meaning of "ultimate" in "ultimate net loss," which suggests finality and, in context with the "for damages" qualifier, judgment finality.
It is not at all incongruous for the policy via the use of "ultimate net loss" in the coverage clause and the ultimate-net-loss definition clause to contemplate indemnity for expenses while limiting such indemnity to expenses included in a judgment or insurer-approved settlement. This concept was mentioned in passing in AIU, supra, 51 Cal.3d 807, as noted in Powerine I. In AIU, "we held to the effect that the duty to indemnify may embrace all money ordered by a court, including `money that the insured must give under law as compensation to third parties' and also `money that the insured must itself expend in equity in order to provide relief of the same sort.' [Citation.] We did not hold that the duty extends to any money in addition to that ordered by a court — including any expenses required by an administrative agency pursuant to an environmental statute. Indeed, we did not even consider the issue." ( Powerine I, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 966.)
We decline to consider whether the coverage clause might be construed in the way plaintiffs urge when the loss-payable clause is taken into consideration. A loss payable provision is a condition of coverage, not a limitation thereof, and cannot be read to limit or expand the coverage obligation. (Croskey et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Insurance Litigation (The Rutter Group 2002) ¶ 3:158, p. 3-42 (rev. #1 2001) ["As a general rule, conditions neither confer nor exclude coverage"].)
Our analysis is consistent with Powerine II and Ace.
In Powerine II, the umbrella policies' central insuring clauses indemnified "`for damages, direct or consequential and expenses, all as more fully defined by the term "ultimate net loss."'" ( Powerine II, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 395.) The policies then defined "ultimate net loss" as "`the total sum which the Insured, or any company as his insurer, or both, become obligated to pay . . . either through adjudication or compromise, and shall also include . . . all sums paid . . . for litigation, settlement, adjustment and investigation of claims and suits.'" ( Id. at pp. 395-396.)
In concluding that the literal wording of the insuring clauses extended indemnity coverage to response costs, the court pointed out that (1) the term "expenses" was expressly contained in the central insurance clauses ( Powerine II, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 396), and (2) the central insuring clauses expressly purported to "more fully define" "damages, direct or consequential and expenses" (ibid.) by incorporating the definition of "ultimate net loss" ( id. at p. 397).
In Ace, the umbrella policy's central insuring clause indemnified for "`all sums which [the insured] is obligated to pay by reason of liability imposed by law or assumed under contract or agreement' for `damages.'" ( Ace, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 416.) Its "limits of liability" provision then stated that liability under the policy would attach only after the insured had paid or become liable for the "ultimate net loss," defined, in turn, as "`the sum or sums which the assured shall become legally obligated to pay in settlement or satisfaction of claims, suits or judgements . . . includ[ing] all expenses from the investigation, negotiation and settlement of claims . . . and shall include legal costs.'" ( Id. at p. 418.)
In concluding that the literal wording of the insuring clause limited indemnity coverage to damages as defined in Powerine I, supra, 24 Cal.4th 945, the court pointed out that (1) the term "expenses" was not used in the central insuring clause ( Ace, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 419), and (2) the term "ultimate net loss" was " neither incorporated into, referenced, nor a part of the central insuring clause. . . ." ( Id. at p. 420.) As to this latter distinction, the court observed that the definition of "ultimate net loss" "merely serves to define the insured's total loss that will count toward [the] policy limits." ( Ibid.) "Nothing in the `limits of liability' provision of the Ace policy purports to expand Ace's indemnification obligation, once triggered, to anything other than `damages.'" ( Ibid.)
Here, the central insuring clause does not use the term "expenses" and it expressly indemnifies for "damages." Though the central insuring clause uses the term "ultimate net loss," the phrase is not used to broaden the coverage beyond that provided by the word, "damages." As we have pointed out, the phrase is used in reference to what amount the insurer will pay after the insurer becomes obligated to pay rather than as a trigger of the insurer's obligation to pay. Nothing in the central insuring clause of Traveler's policy purports to expand Traveler's indemnification obligation beyond "damages."
In sum, the insuring language of the standard CGL policy discussed in Powerine I and the insuring clause of Traveler's umbrella liability policy are substantively the same. "The central insuring provision in [Traveler's] policy, like the policy considered in Powerine I, contains only the `damages' limitation standing alone, makes no express reference to `expenses,' and does not purport to further define the scope of indemnity coverage set forth in the insuring provision by reference to the definition of `ultimate net loss,' as was the case with the nine excess/umbrella policies scrutinized in Powerine II." (Ace, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 421.) Powerine I's definition of damages therefore controls.
We do not ignore the fact that plaintiffs' payment of the response costs in this case might have obviated the necessity of a lawsuit or insurer-approved settlement and plaintiff's concomitant ability to obtain insurance reimbursement. But "[i]n arriving at our conclusion, we decline to rewrite the provision imposing the duty to indemnify in order to remove its limitation to money ordered by a court. We will not do so for the insured itself, in order to shift to the insurer some or all of the potentially substantial costs that might be imposed on the insured as the outcome of a proceeding conducted before an administrative agency pursuant to an environmental statute. Neither will we do so for considerations of public policy, in order, perhaps, to promote the outcome itself through such a shifting of costs — for example, to advance the cleanup of a contaminated site and the abatement of the contamination's effects by calling in the insurer's resources in supplement to those of an insured that is prosperous or in place of those of an insured that is not. Our reason is that we do not rewrite any provision of any contract, including the standard policy underlying any individual policy, for any purpose. [Citation.] To do so with regard to the standard policy, with which we are here concerned, might have untoward effects generally on individual insurers and individual insureds and also on society itself. Through the standard policy, individual insurers made promises, and individual insureds paid premiums, against the risk of loss. To rewrite the provision imposing the duty to indemnify in order to remove its limitation to money ordered by a court might compel insurers to give more than they promised and might allow insureds to get more than they paid for, thereby denying their `general free[dom] to contract as they please' of any effect in the matter. [Citations.] It is conceivable that to rewrite the provision thus might result in providing society itself with benefits that might outweigh any costs that it might impose on individual insurers and individual insureds. It is conceivable. But unknown. Knowledge `depend[s] in large part on' what we are ill suited for, that is, the `amassing and analyzing of complex and extensive empirical data.' [Citation.] Without such knowledge, we could not proceed." ( Powerine I, supra, 24 Cal.4th at pp. 967-968.)
CDM'S THIRD-PARTY LAWSUIT
Shortly after the Board's order, plaintiff CDM sued its former tenants under CERCLA in federal court. The third amended complaint in this case alleges that (1) plaintiffs sued the tenants to apportion liability for the response costs, and (2) the tenants raised affirmative defenses seeking to apportion responsibility to plaintiffs. Plaintiffs conclude that the affirmative defenses are the functional equivalent of a counterclaim and that defendants had a duty to defend them as to those affirmative defenses. From this, plaintiffs bootstrap coverage for the response costs by characterizing the affirmative defenses as a suit seeking damages. Plaintiffs detail their theory as follows.
Under this theory, the TIG 1989 primary policy would not be implicated given that the pollution exclusion applies. The Travelers 1986 umbrella policy does not contain a duty to defend but is implicated under plaintiffs' theory to the extent that the policy indemnifies for damages.
"[U]nder CERCLA, the affirmative defenses raised by the tenants, including that [CDM] was negligently responsible for the contamination gave the federal court jurisdiction to apportion response costs under . . . CERCLA among the defendants and [CDM] and to specifically find [CDM] jointly and severally liable for the response costs to the tenants. [Citation.] Under CERCLA, and the federal court's interpretation of its jurisdiction . . ., the tenants did not need to file a counterclaim for apportionment in order to give the court the requisite jurisdiction to actually assess liability for response costs to the plaintiff. Apportionment of liability among all potentially responsible parties, including plaintiff, and apportionment of contribution rights among the parties is per se within the jurisdiction of the court under [CERCLA]. Thus, the `tenant action' filed in federal court, which was tendered to [defendants] for defense and indemnity, raised the potentiality of a judgment for declaratory relief and damages imposing joint and several liability for response costs and contribution to CDM, and enforceable against CDM by the tenants."
We disagree with plaintiffs' analysis. In 3250 Wilshire Boulevard Bldg. v. Employers Ins. of Wausau (1995) 39 Cal.App.4th 1277 [ 46 Cal.Rptr.2d 399] ( Wilshire), the plaintiff sued a tenant for breaches of the lease, including failure to pay rent. The defendant counterclaimed for damages for breach of the lease, and his answer contained similar allegations as defenses. The plaintiff tendered the defense of the counterclaim to its business liability insurer, which accepted the tender and eventually settled the counterclaim by paying the defendant $50,000. The plaintiff then demanded that the insurer provide it with a defense to the defendant's defenses. The insurer refused. The plaintiff then prosecuted its claims against the defendant to a successful conclusion, incurring legal fees in the process. The plaintiff then sued the insurer, alleging that its refusal to defend against the defendant's defenses was a breach of the duty to defend ("`duty to defend any "suit" seeking those damages'"). ( Id. at p. 1280.) The insurer demurred, contending that the liability policy did not obligate it to furnish legal services for the plaintiff's prosecution of its action against the defendant because the defendant's defenses had no potential to result in a judgment holding the plaintiff liable to pay damages to the defendant. The trial court agreed, sustained the demurrer without leave to amend, and dismissed the plaintiff's action. On appeal, the court affirmed. It reasoned that, under the policy, the insurer had the duty to defend any suit seeking damages because of bodily injury, property damage, personal injury or advertising injury. "This provision did not obligate [the insurer] to prosecute plaintiff's claims against [the defendant], because neither the prosecution of plaintiff's prima facie case nor the defeat of [the defendant's] defenses thereto could be considered the defense of a suit seeking damages." ( Ibid.)
We again repeat our previous analysis since Powerine II and Ace do not involve the issue raised here.
We glean from Wilshire the principle that, under ordinary duty-to-defend language, an insurer has no duty to defend an affirmative defense asserted against the insured in an insured-initiated action.
The Supreme Court has modified this principle in Construction-Protective Services, Inc. v. TIG Specialty Ins. Co. (2002) 29 Cal.4th 189 [ 126 Cal.Rptr.2d 908, 57 P.3d 372] ( TIG Specialty). There, the plaintiff sued the defendant for nonpayment of security services. The defendant answered and asserted as a setoff the affirmative defense that the plaintiff was responsible for fire damage on the defendant's property. The plaintiff tendered the defense of the setoff claim to its insurer, the insurer refused the tender, and the plaintiff sued the insurer. The trial court sustained the insurer's demurrer after concluding that an insurer does not have a duty to defend against affirmative defenses raised in response to an insured's complaint against another party. The Supreme Court agreed that "a defendant may not obtain an award of affirmative relief against a plaintiff by way of [Code of Civil Procedure] section 431.70 [affirmative relief may not be claimed in an answer]; rather, the defendant may only assert the setoff defensively to defeat the plaintiff's claim in whole or in part." ( Id. at p. 198.) But it nevertheless affirmed the Court of Appeal judgment reversing the trial court. It explained as follows.
"This interpretation of the Code of Civil Procedure does not, however, resolve the question whether a setoff claim constitutes a suit seeking damages for purposes of a comprehensive general liability insurance policy. Though a defendant may not obtain affirmative relief by way of a setoff claim, the defendant does reduce the claim to a monetary value by successfully asserting it as payment for the liability the plaintiff is alleging in its complaint. And this point brings us back to the heart of [plaintiff's] argument. If not for the [security services] debt [the defendant] owed to [plaintiff], [the defendant's] fire damages claim against [plaintiff], if asserted in a court of law, would unquestionably have been a suit for damages. But because of its debt to [plaintiff], [the defendant] could allege the claim as a setoff rather than by way of complaint. For accounting purposes, however, the effect was no less a monetary recovery than would be a damages award. In these circumstances, [plaintiff] argues we should treat the setoff claim as a suit for damages. [¶] We decline to decide this question in a case like this one where the precise terms of the insurance policy are not before us. Nevertheless, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal. [Plaintiff's] complaint adequately stated a prima facie right to relief, and therefore the Court of Appeal was correct to reverse the trial court's order sustaining the demurrer. In an action based on a written contract, a plaintiff may plead the legal effect of the contract rather than its precise language. [Citation.] [Plaintiff] has chosen to proceed in this manner, and though the complaint could have been clearer, it satisfactorily alleged (1) that the insurance policy obligated TIG Insurance to defend and indemnify [plaintiff] against suits seeking damages, and (2) that under the terms of the policy, [the defendant's] setoff claim fell within the scope of that contractual obligation. Whether [plaintiff] can prove these allegations (that is, whether its interpretation of the applicable contractual language is correct in light of what we have said here) remains to be seen, but the allegations are sufficient to establish a prima facie right to relief. TIG Insurance may move for judgment on the pleadings or summary judgment, raising the same arguments it raised in its demurrer, and in support of its motion it may provide the court with a copy of the insurance policy in question." ( TIG Specialty, supra, 29 Cal.4th at pp. 198-199.)
We glean from TIG Specialty that a setoff affirmative defense could constitute a suit seeking damages for purposes of a CGL policy if the affirmative defense (1) would unquestionably have been a suit for damages if asserted in a court of law, and (2) fell within the scope of the contractual obligation. Plaintiffs' allegations, however, fail to make out a cause of action because they fail to satisfy the above first prong.
Here, plaintiffs' tenants had no independent suit against CDM that they sought to reduce to a monetary value by asserting it as a setoff payment for the liability that CDM was alleging against them. They had no claim whatsoever and could not have sued CDM for anything. Regardless of plaintiffs' characterization of a CERCLA proceeding as an action to apportion liability, the reality of CDM's CERCLA case is that CDM sued the tenants for indemnity as to an obligation imposed upon it by the Board and the tenants countered with an indemnity claim against CDM. In this posture, the tenants' indemnity claim was purely defensive — it sought and functioned only to reimpose upon CDM what CDM was already legally obligated for. It therefore cannot be characterized as the functional equivalent of an allegation seeking affirmative relief that could have been asserted as a suit for damages, which, in turn, might constitute a suit for damages within the meaning of the usual CGL policy duty-to-defend provision.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.Bamattre-Manoukian, J., and Duffy, J., concurred.
Appellants' petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied August 16, 2006, S144722. Kennard, J., was of the opinion that the petition should be granted.