Opinion
No. 229797.
September 3, 2002 at 9:00 a.m.
Appeal from Ingham Circuit Court, LC No. 95-079998-NO.
Butzel Long (by James E. Wynne) for the plaintiff.
Secrest, Wardle, Lynch, Hampton, Truex Morley (by Janet Callahan Barnes) for the defendant.
Before: Bandstra, P.J., and Hoekstra and O'Connell, JJ.
Defendant Horizon Cablevision, Inc., appeals by leave granted the trial court's order denying its motion for summary disposition. We reverse and remand.
The facts of this case are set forth in Candelaria v. B C General Contractors, Inc., 236 Mich. App. 67; 600 N.W.2d 348 (1999).
Defendant Horizon, a company in the business of providing cable television service, hired defendant BC, as an independent contractor, to install cable television service in certain areas of Ingham County. BC, in turn, hired Bob Rego, also as an independent contractor, to perform a portion of the work involving aerial construction. Rego employed plaintiff's decedent, Thomas Candelaria, Jr. (hereafter Candelaria). Part of Rego's job involved laying cable wire across the surface of state trunk line M-106 in Ingham County. On the day of the accident, Rego's foreman and Candelaria were the only workers at the site. When the foreman needed more cable to work with, he asked Candelaria to release some slack from the reel. Instead of pulling slack from the reel by hand, which was the standard procedure, Candelaria turned the reel on its side and began pushing it like a wheelbarrow. Because the foreman was concerned that Candelaria's action might tighten the cable rather than create slack, he ran to the reel and flipped it back to its usual position. Just as the foreman turned the reel, a passing car snagged a portion of the cable that had become elevated from the surface of the highway. This caused the reel to jerk forward into Candelaria, killing him instantly.
Plaintiff filed a wrongful death action against defendants, alleging that their negligence caused Candelaria's death. At the close of the proofs, plaintiff's theory with respect to BC was that it could be held liable in negligence on the basis of its retention of control over the work performed by Rego. Plaintiff's theory with respect to Horizon was that it could be held liable in negligence pursuant to a nondelegable duty arising by virtue of the fact that it had obtained a permit issued by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). Defendants moved for directed verdicts and their motions were denied. The trial court granted plaintiff's motion for a directed verdict against Horizon with regard to the issue of its negligence. The jury found (1) that Horizon's negligence was a proximate cause of the accident, (2) that BC was negligent and that its negligence was a proximate cause of the accident, and (3) that Candelaria himself was negligent, that his negligence was a proximate cause of the accident, and that he was fifty percent at fault. The final judgment entered against defendants was in the amount of $248,248.48. [ Id. at 70-71.]
In the prior appeal, this Court dismissed plaintiff's wrongful death claim against BC, and remanded his claim against Horizon for a new trial. Id. at 85. With regard to Horizon, this Court explained that plaintiff's theory was that Horizon owed Candelaria a nondelegable duty arising by virtue of the fact that Horizon had obtained the MDOT permit; however, this Court concluded that "[t]he MDOT could not create a nondelegable duty in tort owed by Horizon to Candelaria simply by including a nonassignability provision in the permit issued to Horizon." Id. at 79, 82. Rather, this Court concluded that
[t]he only conceivable basis for imposing a nondelegable duty on Horizon under which plaintiff could proceed in negligence is that described in § 428 of the Second Restatement of Torts:
An individual or a corporation carrying on an activity which can be lawfully carried on only under a franchise granted by public authority and which involves an unreasonable risk of harm to others, is subject to liability for physical harm caused to such others by the negligence of a contractor employed to do work in carrying on the activity. [2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 428, p. 420.] [ Id. at 79-80.]
This Court noted that in directing a verdict of negligence in plaintiff's favor, the trial court did not rule on the validity of plaintiff's argument, relying on Restatement Torts, 2d, § 428 (hereinafter § 428), that Horizon could be held liable under a nondelegable duty. Id. at 80-81, 83. Further, Horizon did not brief the issue. Id. at 83. Under these circumstances, this Court declined to address the merits of the § 428 argument, reversed the judgment against Horizon, remanded for a new trial, and offered "no opinion regarding the viability of that theory in Michigan or its applicability to the facts of this case." Id. at 83-85.
On remand, Horizon moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). Horizon argued that it is not liable under § 428 as a matter of law because even if Michigan recognized liability pursuant to § 428, undisputed evidence establishes that the activity in which Candelaria was engaged did not involve an unreasonable risk of harm to others. Horizon argued, alternatively, that § 428 does not apply because Candelaria was not a third person injured on the highway to which the "franchise" applied. After a hearing, the trial court found that there exists an unreasonable risk of harm in laying an "instrumentality" across a highway with a posted speed limit of fifty-five miles an hour or higher. The trial court determined that § 428 applies, and applies not only to third persons, but also to employees to ensure that appropriate safety measures are taken. The trial court denied defendant's motion for summary disposition and stayed further proceedings, desiring this Court to give an opinion on the applicability of § 428 before a new trial is conducted. This appeal ensued.
We review de novo a trial court's denial of summary disposition, Spiek v. Dep't of Transportation, 456 Mich. 331, 337; 572 N.W.2d 201 (1998), and the applicability in Michigan of the rule set forth in § 428, which is a question of law. James v. Alberts, 464 Mich. 12, 14; 626 N.W.2d 158 (2001). Because reference to evidence in the record is utilized in addressing this issue, our analysis is pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). In evaluating a motion for summary disposition brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10), we consider affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other evidence submitted by the parties, MCR 2.116(G)(5), in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion" to determine whether a genuine issue regarding any material fact exists. Maiden v. Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 120; 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999); Ritchie-Gamester v. City of Berkley, 461 Mich. 73, 76; 597 N.W.2d 517 (1999). If the nonmoving party fails to present evidentiary proofs showing a genuine issue of material fact for trial, summary disposition is properly granted. Smith v. Globe Life Ins. Co., 460 Mich. 446, 455-456, n. 2; 597 N.W.2d 28 (1999).
Generally, an employer of an independent contractor is not liable in negligence to third parties or employees of the independent contractor. Bosak v. Hutchinson, 422 Mich. 712, 724; 375 N.W.2d 333 (1985); Candelaria, supra at 72. Rather, the independent contractor is responsible for job safety. Candelaria, supra. However, Michigan courts recognize exceptions to the general rule, including where the employer has retained and exercised control over the contractor, Funk v. General Motors Corp., 392 Mich. 91, 101; 220 N.W.2d 641 (1974), overruled in part on other grounds, Hardy v. Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc., 414 Mich. 29; 323 N.W.2d 270 (1982); Candelaria, supra at 72-74, or where the work is inherently dangerous, Bosak, supra; Kubisz v. Cadillac Gage Textron, Inc., 236 Mich. App. 629, 633; 601 N.W.2d 160 (1999).
In the present appeal, plaintiff invites this Court to adopt another exception to the general rule, as set forth in § 428. Again, § 428 provides:
An individual or a corporation carrying on an activity which can be lawfully carried on only under a franchise granted by public authority and which involves an unreasonable risk of harm to others, is subject to liability for physical harm caused to such others by the negligence of a contractor employed to do work in carrying on the activity. [2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 428, p. 420; emphasis supplied.]
Here, however, we need not decide if § 428 is applicable in Michigan because, on the facts of this case, plaintiff is unable to meet a requirement of § 428, that being that the activity involves "an unreasonable risk of harm to others."
Plaintiff argues that putting the cable on the roadway violated MCL 247.186, which prohibits placing "wires, cables or other fixtures . . . at less height than fifteen [15] feet above any part of the traveled portion of the road." However, by its terms, the statute prohibits placing cables above the roadway, not on the roadway. Moreover, a separate provision of the same act explicitly contemplates that construction of a cable television line may occur " upon, or over or under a state trunk line highway" with the consent of the state highway commissioner. MCL 247.184 (emphasis added). Further, under the recognized exceptions to the general rule of non-liability for a contractor's negligence, our Supreme Court has refused to impose a nondelegable duty where the risk resulted from absence of safety measures or negligence of an employee, on the theory that to do so would "permit collateral negligence to elevate normal activity into inherently dangerous activity." Bosak, supra at 730. Similar to the analysis in Bosak, supra at 726-730, we believe that an unreasonable risk of harm does not arise from activity that is fairly routine and when the employer has no reason to anticipate a new risk created by the negligent performance of the activity. In this case, plaintiff fails to convince us that reasonable minds would conclude that laying a cable across a roadway poses an unreasonable risk of harm to others, especially when proper safety precautions may reduce any risk. See Funk, supra at 109-110. Accordingly, even if § 428 were applicable in this state, a question we do not reach here, plaintiff would have been unable to establish that defendant owed a nondelegable duty under that rule. Therefore, the trial court erred in denying defendant's motion for summary disposition.
Reversed and remanded to the trial court for entry of an order dismissing the case. We do not retain jurisdiction.