Summary
stating that plaintiff’s burden of establishing causation is showing that "the defendant was motivated at least in part by an impermissible motive" (quoting Brightman, 970 N.Y.S.2d at 789 )
Summary of this case from Rinsky v. Cushman & Wakefield, Inc.Opinion
2014-02-14
Dawn CALHOUN, Plaintiff–Appellant, v. COUNTY OF HERKIMER, Herkimer County Department of Social Services, Herkimer County Office of Employment and Training Administration, Karin Zipko, in her individual and Official Capacity, Jeff Whittemore, in his individual and Official Capacity, Steven Billings, in his individual and Official Capacity, Defendants–Respondents, et al., Defendants.
Bosman Law Firm, L.L.C., Rome (A.J. Bosman of Counsel), for Plaintiff–Appellant. Lemire Johnson, LLC, Malta (Gregg T. Johnson of Counsel), for Defendants–Respondents.
Bosman Law Firm, L.L.C., Rome (A.J. Bosman of Counsel), for Plaintiff–Appellant. Lemire Johnson, LLC, Malta (Gregg T. Johnson of Counsel), for Defendants–Respondents.
PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., PERADOTTO, CARNI, SCONIERS, and WHALEN, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
This retaliation action arises from plaintiff's employment with defendant Herkimer County Office of Employment and Training Administration (Employment and Training Office) pursuant to a contract between the Employment and Training Office and a nonprofit service agency. Plaintiff worked for defendant County of Herkimer (County) in the Employment and Training Office for approximately six years. Defendant Steven Billings, who was then the County's Director of Employment and Training, was plaintiff's supervisor. In 2005, Billings's wife (Mrs. Billings), a special education teacher, was assigned to work with plaintiff's son, who had been classified as learning disabled. Beginning in October 2005, plaintiff expressed dissatisfaction with the special education services provided to her son by the school district generally and Mrs. Billings in particular. In March 2006, plaintiff and her husband attended a contentious meeting at the school with various parties, including Mrs. Billings. According to plaintiff, less than a week after that meeting, Billings advised plaintiff that her contract might not be renewed upon its expiration in April 2006 because of impending federal funding cuts. In a follow-up email to the school principal and a subsequent telephone conference with the principal and Mrs. Billings, plaintiff continued to object to the alleged failure of Mrs. Billings to provide services to plaintiff's son in accordance with his individualized education plan. Shortly thereafter, Billings notified plaintiff that her contract would not be renewed.
Plaintiff subsequently commenced this action alleging, inter alia, that defendants subjected her to unlawful retaliation based upon her advocacy on behalf of her son, alleging violations of, inter alia, the Americans with Disabilities Act (42 USC § 12101 et seq.) and the Human Rights Law (Executive Law § 290 et seq.). Defendants moved for summary judgment dismissing the amended complaint, and Supreme Court granted the motion. We note at the outset that plaintiff abandoned any claims not related to retaliation by failing to advance any contentions with respect to the merits thereof in her brief on appeal ( see Inter–Community Mem. Hosp. of Newfane v. Hamilton Wharton Group, Inc., 93 A.D.3d 1176, 1177, 941 N.Y.S.2d 360;Davis v. School Dist. of City of Niagara Falls, 4 A.D.3d 866, 867, 772 N.Y.S.2d 180). We conclude, however, that the court erred in granting that part of the motion with respect to plaintiff's retaliation claims, and we therefore modify the order and judgment accordingly.
In order to make out a claim for unlawful retaliation under state or federal law, a plaintiff must show that “(1) she has engaged in protected activity, (2) her employer was aware that she participated in such activity, (3) she suffered an adverse employment action based upon her activity, and (4) there is a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse action” ( Forrest v. Jewish Guild for the Blind, 3 N.Y.3d 295, 313, 786 N.Y.S.2d 382, 819 N.E.2d 998;see Adeniran v. State of New York, 106 A.D.3d 844, 844–845, 965 N.Y.S.2d 163;see also Treglia v. Town of Manlius, 313 F.3d 713, 719).
In order to establish entitlement to summary judgment in a retaliation case, a defendant may “demonstrate that the plaintiff cannot make out a prima facie claim of retaliation” or, alternatively, a defendant may “offer legitimate, nonretaliatory reasons for the challenged actions,” and show that there are “no triable issue[s] of fact ... whether the ... [reasons are] pretextual” ( Delrio v. City of New York, 91 A.D.3d 900, 901, 938 N.Y.S.2d 149;see generally Forrest, 3 N.Y.3d at 305, 786 N.Y.S.2d 382, 819 N.E.2d 998). Here, although we agree with the court that defendants met their initial burden on the motion under the first of the two tests set forth in Delrio by submitting evidence that they were not aware of plaintiff's protected activity and that, in any event, there was no causal connection between her protected activity and the failure to renew her contract ( see Brightman v. Prison Health Serv., Inc., 108 A.D.3d 739, 741, 970 N.Y.S.2d 789), we conclude that plaintiff raised an issue of fact with respect to each of those two elements of her prima facie case ( cf. id. at 742, 970 N.Y.S.2d 789).
With respect to the element of defendants' awareness of plaintiff's protected activity, plaintiff submitted Billings's deposition testimony, in which Billings acknowledged that, during the course of plaintiff's employment, he became aware that plaintiff's son was a student of his wife and that plaintiff was “not happy with things that were happening at the school.” Billings further acknowledged that, at some point, he specifically learned that “there was an issue” between plaintiff and his wife concerning plaintiff's son. Plaintiff also submitted her own deposition testimony, in which she testified that, after the dispute with the school escalated, “all of a sudden [Billings] started making little comments” to her that suggested that he had discussed plaintiff's son with his wife. On one occasion, for example, plaintiff told Billings that she had a meeting at the school, and Billings made a comment to the effect of “going up to fight with the school again[?]” or “[g]o get them.” Plaintiff's husband similarly testified at his deposition that, after the March 2006 meeting at the school, Billings became “very hostile” toward him and told him that, “by pursuing this, [plaintiff] made it really uncomfortable for [Billings's] wife.” We thus conclude that plaintiff set forth sufficient circumstantial evidence from which a trier of fact could reasonably infer that Billings was aware of plaintiff's advocacy on behalf of her son ( see generally Gordon v. New York City Bd. of Educ., 232 F.3d 111, 117).
With respect to the element of a causal connection, we note that such element “may be established either ‘indirectly by showing that the protected activity was followed closely by [retaliatory] treatment, ... or directly through evidence of retaliatory animus directed against a plaintiff by the defendant’ ” ( Johnson v. Palma, 931 F.2d 203, 207, quoting DeCintio v. Westchester County Med. Ctr., 821 F.2d 111, 115,cert. denied484 U.S. 965, 108 S.Ct. 455, 98 L.Ed.2d 395;see Gordon, 232 F.3d at 117;Sumner v. U.S. Postal Serv., 899 F.2d 203, 209). Here, plaintiff's submissions raise an issue of fact relative to causal connection both indirectly and directly. Plaintiff established a causal connection indirectly by submitting evidence that her protected activity was followed closely, i.e., within a few days or weeks, by Billings's decision to terminate her contract, thus raising an issue of fact based upon temporal proximity ( see Cioffi v. Averill Park Cent. Sch. Dist. Bd. of Ed., 444 F.3d 158, 168,cert. denied549 U.S. 953, 127 S.Ct. 382, 166 L.Ed.2d 270;cf. Matter of Pace Univ. v. New York City Commn. on Human Rights, 85 N.Y.2d 125, 129, 623 N.Y.S.2d 765, 647 N.E.2d 1273). In addition, plaintiff established a causal connection directly by submitting evidence of retaliatory animus on the part of Billings through her own testimony and that of her husband ( see DeCintio, 821 F.2d at 115).
Defendants also established their entitlement to summary judgment under the second of the two tests set forth in Delrio, by articulating legitimate, nonretaliatory reasons for the challenged employment action. The burden thereby shifted to plaintiff to produce evidence that the reasons put forth by defendants were merely pretextual or that, “regardless of any legitimate motivations the defendant may have had, the defendant was motivated at least in part by an impermissible motive” ( Brightman, 108 A.D.3d at 741, 970 N.Y.S.2d 789;see Treglia, 313 F.3d at 721;Johnson, 931 F.2d at 207;see generally Gordon, 232 F.3d at 118;Sumner, 899 F.2d at 208–209). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, as we must, we conclude that “a reasonable jury could find that the [nonretaliatory] reasons given by [defendants] were pretextual explanations meant to hide [their] unlawful motive” ( Treglia, 313 F.3d at 721;see Cioffi, 444 F.3d at 168). Although defendants assert that they did not renew plaintiff's contract for financial reasons, i.e., anticipated federal budget cuts, plaintiff presented evidence that her position was funded in substantial part by defendant Herkimer County Department of Social Services, which did not reduce its funding for the position; that the actual funding cuts were much lower than anticipated, i.e., 14% compared to 28%; and that she was the only person affected by the funding cuts. Even if the loss of federal funding were one of the reasons for the decision not to renew plaintiff's contract, we conclude that the timing and circumstances of the nonrenewal suggest that impermissible retaliation may have played a part in the decision ( see Gordon, 232 F.3d at 117–118;Sumner, 899 F.2d at 208–209;Brightman, 108 A.D.3d at 741, 970 N.Y.S.2d 789). Although the possibility of federal funding cuts loomed as early as January 2006, plaintiff testified that Billings had always assured her that, if funding were lost, the County would find a place for her. It was not until shortly after the situation at the school escalated in March 2006 that Billings informed plaintiff that her contract might not be renewed. Billings ultimately advised plaintiff that her contract had been terminated shortly after she participated in a tense telephone conference with Mrs. Billings and the school principal. We thus conclude that plaintiff set forth sufficient evidence of pretext or mixed motives to survive defendants' motion for summary judgment ( see Sandiford v. City of N.Y. Dept. of Educ., 22 N.Y.3d 914, 916, 977 N.Y.S.2d 699, 999 N.E.2d 1144), and that “[i]t is the province of a jury to weigh the evidence, assess credibility, and ultimately determine whether defendants' actions were retaliatory” ( Asabor v. Archdiocese of N.Y., 102 A.D.3d 524, 529, 961 N.Y.S.2d 17).
It is hereby ORDERED that the order and judgment so appealed from is unanimously modified on the law by denying that part of the motion seeking to dismiss the retaliation claims and reinstating those claims, and as modified the order and judgment is affirmed without costs.