Opinion
No. 115
07-01-2015
Robert R. BURTON et al., Appellants, v. NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF TAXATION AND FINANCE et al., Respondents.
Hutton & Solomon LLP, New York City (Kenneth I. Moore, Stephen L. Solomon and Roger S. Blane of counsel), for appellants. Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, New York City (Judith N. Vale, Barbara D. Underwood and Cecelia C. Chang of counsel), for respondents.
Hutton & Solomon LLP, New York City (Kenneth I. Moore, Stephen L. Solomon and Roger S. Blane of counsel), for appellants.
Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, New York City (Judith N. Vale, Barbara D. Underwood and Cecelia C. Chang of counsel), for respondents.
OPINION OF THE COURT
RIVERA, J. Plaintiffs, nonresident shareholders in an S corporation, challenge under New York Constitution, article XVI, § 3 a tax imposed on their pro rata share of gains from the sale of the corporation's stock. We conclude that there is no constitutional bar to taxation of a nonresident's New York-source income earned from a stock sale, and therefore affirm. I.
The facts are not in dispute. Plaintiffs are several nonresident former owners and shareholders of JBS Sports, Inc., a Tennessee business organized as an S corporation for federal and New York State tax purposes. An S corporation is structured so that its corporate income, losses, deductions, and credits pass through to its shareholders, based on their individual percentage ownership in the corporation (26 USC § 1366 ; Tax Law §§ 617[a] ; 632[a] [2]; 2 Jerome R. Hellerstein & Walter Hellerstein, State Taxation ¶ 20.08[2] [a][iii] [3d ed 1998] ). The shareholders, in turn, report their pro rata share of the income and losses on their personal income tax returns in accordance with federal and state tax laws, and are assessed taxes at their individual tax rates (see 26 USC § 1366 ; Tax Law §§ 617[a] ; 632[a] [2] ). Thus, the corporation does not pay corporate income taxes and avoids double taxation on both the corporation and the shareholders (see Matter of Smathers, 19 Misc.3d 337, 343, 852 N.Y.S.2d 718 [Sur.Ct., Westchester County 2008] ). Hence, the terms “pass through” and “flow through” income are used to describe the income itself, as well as the movement of income from the corporation to shareholders for tax purposes (see e.g. 26 USC § 1366 ).
In 2007, plaintiffs sold their JBS stock to Yahoo, Inc., and JBS and Yahoo decided to treat this transaction as a “deemed
asset sale” for tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code (see 26 USC § 338 [h][10] ). Deemed asset treatment is not automatic or mandated by statute, but instead requires a voluntary election by both the seller and purchaser, respectively JBS and Yahoo, to treat the transaction as an asset sale (see 26 USC § 338 [h][10]; 26 CFR 1.338[h][10]–1 [c][3]; James A. Amdur, Annotation, State Tax Consequences of Election Under § 338 of Internal Revenue Code [26 U.S.C.A. § 338], 26 ALR6th 219, § 2). Thus, plaintiffs freely chose to proceed with the JBS stock transfer as a deemed asset single-transaction sale, presumptively aware of the tax consequences of their choice.
A deemed asset sale provides counterbalanced advantages and disadvantages for purchaser and seller. On one side of the equation, the deemed asset sale makes possible significant future tax benefits to the purchaser because the assets are treated as sold at fair market value and the assets obtain a “stepped up,” rather than a carryover, basis for the purchaser's future depreciation and amortization deductions (see 26 ALR6th 219, § 2; 26 USC § 338 [h][10] ). On the other side, the deemed asset sale may result in negative tax consequences for the corporate seller shareholders, who are responsible for personal taxes on their share of the gains. However, even this can be offset by an agreement to a higher purchase price (see Heather M. Field, Binding Choices: Tax Elections & Federal/State Conformity, 32 Va. Tax Rev. 527, 583 [2013] ).
As a result of the JBS stock transaction, JBS realized over $88 million in gains. The JBS earnings then passed through to plaintiffs as shareholders (see 26 USC § 1366 [b]; Tax Law §§ 617[a], [b] ; 632[e][2]; 660). JBS reported these corporate gains and the amount passed to plaintiffs as part of its federal tax return, but excluded the amount distributed to plaintiffs from its 2007 New York S corporation franchise tax return. For their part, plaintiffs reported and paid federal taxes for the 2007 tax year on their respective shares of the asset sale income, as required by federal law (see 26 USC § 1366 ), but did not report or pay any New York State taxes associated with the sale. Based on the results of a subsequent audit, defendant New York State Department of Taxation and Finance assessed $167,000 in state income taxes on plaintiffs' JBS transaction gains, relying on Tax Law § 632(a)(2), which was amended in 2010 to provide, in relevant part, that “any gain recognized on [a] deemed asset sale for federal income tax purposes will be
treated as New York source income.” Plaintiffs paid the taxes and thereafter demanded refunds, claiming that their corporate-derived income was obtained from the sale of JBS stock, which is considered intangible personal property and nontaxable.
After defendant rejected the refund demands, plaintiffs filed the instant declaratory judgment action against defendant and the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance, challenging the tax as unconstitutional. Supreme Court denied plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, granted defendants' motion for summary judgment, and declared that the statute “is constitutional” (see Burton v. New York State Dept. of Taxation & Fin., 43 Misc.3d 316, 319, 978 N.Y.S.2d 653 [Sup.Ct., Albany County 2014] ). Supreme Court noted that plaintiffs could not complain because they had elected to treat the JBS transaction as a deemed asset sale under federal income tax law (see id. at 318–319, 978 N.Y.S.2d 653 ). We retained jurisdiction over plaintiffs' direct appeal under CPLR 5601(b)(2), and now affirm.
During the pendency of the matter before Supreme Court plaintiffs abandoned their challenge to the retroactive application of Tax Law § 632(a)(2). We reject just such a challenge and uphold the retroactivity of the statute in Caprio v. New York State Dept. of Taxation & Fin., 25 N.Y.3d 744, 16 N.Y.S.3d 204, 37 N.E.3d 707 (2015) [decided herewith].
Under CPLR 5601(b)(2) “[a]n appeal may be taken to the court of appeals as of right ... from a judgment of a court of record of original instance which finally determines an action where the only question involved on the appeal is the validity of a statutory provision of the state or of the United States under the constitution of the state or of the United States.”
II.
Plaintiffs allege that article XVI, § 3 of the New York Constitution absolutely precludes taxation of gains from the sale of a nonresident's intangible personal property, in this case JBS stock. Plaintiffs therefore contend that as nonresident shareholders they are immune from income taxation on their pass-through pro rata shares of the JBS transaction earnings. Hence, plaintiffs argue that Tax Law § 632(a)(2), as amended in 2010, is unconstitutional to the extent it directly permits taxation of nonresidents' income derived from the Internal Revenue Code (26 USC) § 338(h)(10) deemed asset sale.
Defendants respond that article XVI, § 3 does not apply to plaintiffs' flow-through income realized from the sale of JBS corporate assets because the constitutional prohibition relied upon by plaintiffs applies to location-based taxes on intangible
personal property domiciled outside of New York State. Alternatively, defendants alleged that plaintiffs waived any challenge to the tax by electing to treat the transaction as a deemed asset sale under Internal Revenue Code (26 USC) § 338(h)(10).
As a preliminary matter, there is no question that New York State's Tax Law, including Tax Law § 632(a)(2), as amended in 2010, contemplates the taxes that defendants assessed on the New York-source portion of plaintiffs' deemed asset sale gains. That conclusion is obvious from the applicable state and federal statutes, and is not seriously disputed by the parties. Turning to the constitutionality of the assessment, we first recognize as a foundational tenet of our state tax law that New York seeks to achieve a certain amount of parallel treatment of state and federal taxation (see Tax Law §§ 617[b] ; 632[e][2]; 660[a] ). New York S corporation shareholders must report for state income tax purposes the same “income, loss, deduction and reductions ... which are taken into account for federal income tax purposes” (Tax Law § 660[a] ). Furthermore, under federal and state law, deemed asset flow-through income is taxed based on the character of the income when earned by the corporation, meaning the income is treated as coming from the same source as received by the corporation (26 USC § 1366 [b]; Tax Law §§ 617[a], [b] ; 632[e][2]; see Hellerstein, State Taxation ¶ 20.08 [2][b] [iii] [“the source of a shareholder's pro rata share of S corporation income is first characterized by reference to corporate income-producing activities under Section 1366(b) of the Internal Revenue Code, and then, as characterized, is sourced to locations according to the rule that applies to that type of income”], citing Valentino v. Franchise Tax Bd., 87 Cal.App.4th 1284, 1291, 105 Cal.Rptr.2d 304, 309 [4th Dist.2001] ). Gains passed to the S corporation shareholders retain “the same character” for state income tax purposes as held for federal income tax purposes (Tax Law §§ 617[b] ; 632[e] [2] ). Thus, if the corporation's income source is located in New York, it is taxable to the extent allowed under New York law. For example, a nonresident's pass-through income is taxed based on the percentage of the income “derived from or connected with New York sources” (Tax Law § 631[a][1] ). In contrast, the entirety of a New York resident's pass-through income is taxable (Tax Law § 617[a] ).
Section 631 (a)(1)(B) further provides that nonresidents are subject to tax on income “derived from or connected with New
York sources,” such as income derived from an S corporation (Tax Law § 631[a][1][B] ). Moreover, New York source income includes “dividends, interest, and gains from the disposition of intangible personal property” only if that intangible property is “employed in a business ... carried on in this state” (Tax Law § 631[b] [2] ).
Tax Law § 632(a)(2), as amended in 2010, includes as New York source income any gains from a deemed asset sale under Internal Revenue Code (26 USC) § 338(h)(10). That section provides, in relevant part:
“[I]f the shareholders of the S corporation have made an election under section 338(h)(10) of the Internal Revenue Code, then any gain recognized on the deemed asset sale for federal income tax purposes will be treated as New York source income allocated in a manner consistent with the applicable methods and rules for allocation under article nine-A of this chapter in the year that the shareholder made the section 338(h)(10) election” (Tax Law § 632[a] [2] [footnote omitted] ).
In accordance with these provisions, defendants treated plaintiffs' gains from the JBS deemed asset sale as New York-source income, and assessed taxes in proportion to the JBS income derived from New York sources, which defendants calculated to be 13% of its total corporate income (see Tax Law §§ 617[a] ; 631[a][1][B]; 632[a][2] ). This assessment is wholly in line with the statutory scheme, and absent a superior legal restriction on our State's taxation of plaintiffs' pass-through income, plaintiffs are without grounds to demand a refund.
Plaintiffs claim that a constitutional bar to the tax is found in article XVI, § 3 of the New York Constitution. That provisions states,
“Moneys, credits, securities and other intangible personal property within the state not employed in carrying on any business therein by the owner shall be deemed to be located at the domicile of the owner for purposes of taxation, and, if held in trust, shall not be deemed to be located in this state for purposes of taxation because of the trustee being domiciled in this state, provided that if no other state has jurisdiction to subject such property held in trust to death taxation, it may be deemed property having a taxable situs within this state for purposes of death taxation. Intangible personal property shall not be taxed ad valorem nor shall any excise tax be levied solely because of the ownership or possession thereof, except that the income therefrom may be taken into consideration in computing any excise tax measured by income generally. Undistributed profits shall not be taxed ” (N.Y. Const., art. XVI, § 3 [emphasis added] ).
“In construing the language of the Constitution[,] as in construing the language of a statute, the courts ... give to the language used its ordinary meaning” (Matter of Carey v. Morton, 297 N.Y. 361, 366, 79 N.E.2d 442 [1948], citing Matter of Sherrill v. O'Brien, 188 N.Y. 185, 207, 81 N.E. 124 [1907] ). As is obvious from the language of article XVI, § 3, there is no express prohibition on income taxation of a nonresident's intangible personal property. Nevertheless, plaintiffs contend such a prohibition is the logical consequence of the situs-rule adopted in the first sentence of section 3. In other words, plaintiffs argue that defendants must treat any income generated by the stock as nontaxable because New York's constitution requires a nonresident's intangible personal property, not employed in carrying on business in New York, to be treated as domiciled outside of the state.
This view is unsupported by the plain language of article XVI, § 3, and misconstrues the constitutional prohibition. Plaintiffs assume that according an out-of-state domicile to a nonresident's intangible property, such as stocks, insulates the nonresident shareholder from all types of taxes for all purposes. There is no textual support for such an expansive interpretation of article XVI, § 3. In fact, this Court has been careful to avoid overextending the application of section 3 beyond the obvious meaning of its text, purpose and history (see Ampco Print.–Advertisers' Offset Corp. v. City of New York, 14 N.Y.2d 11, 22–23, 247 N.Y.S.2d 865, 197 N.E.2d 285 [1964] [New York City commercial rent or occupancy tax is neither an ad valorem nor excise tax, nor tax applicable to intangible property encompassed within article XVI, § 3 ] ). Moreover, we reject plaintiffs' proposed constitutional analysis that we find to be grounded in an atomized reading of section 3's component parts, but lacking in the necessary consideration of those parts' interconnectedness and relationship to the tax system. Plaintiffs simply ignore that the component sentences work in harmony to proscribe physical location-based taxes on nonresidents' intangible personal property.
The first sentence of section 3 states that the domicile of a nonresidents' intangible personal property, not employed in business in New York, is the domicile of the owner of the property. This ensures that intangible personal property without an in-state business connection is treated as out-of-state property, even though the property is physically located within New York.
The second sentence of section 3 is a specific interdiction on ad valorem taxes, which are taxes assessed based on ownership and imposed according to the property's value. When determining the coverage of this proscription, this Court has previously adopted the general understanding that “[a]n ad valorem property tax is always based upon ownership of property and is payable regardless of whether the property is used or not” (Ampco, 14 N.Y.2d at 22, 247 N.Y.S.2d 865, 197 N.E.2d 285, citing Matter of Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am. v. Chapman, 302 N.Y. 226, 238–239, 97 N.E.2d 877 [1951], Powell v. Gleason, 50 Ariz. 542, 547–548, 74 P.2d 47, 50 [1937], and City of Walla Walla v. State, 197 Wash. 357, 362, 85 P.2d 676, 678 [1938] ). The second sentence of section 3 also prohibits excise taxes “levied solely because of the ownership or possession [of the intangible property].” Together these clauses preclude taxation based on physical ownership, possession, or presence in New York State.
The text of section 3 makes no mention and provides no language supporting extending the prohibition on ad valorem and ownership/property-based excise taxes to income taxes. There is simply no language in article XVI, § 3 that expressly or implicitly constrains the State from imposing any other non-location-based taxes. We have rejected a prior effort to interpret the prohibition broadly to encompass other categories of taxes. Thus, in Ampco this Court declined to treat the New York City Commercial Rent or Occupancy Tax Law as within the ambit of article XVI, § 3 because the City's tax had none of the characteristics of an ad valorem tax. It was “not based merely upon ownership or possession regardless of whether the property is used or not; there [was] no provision for the determination or assessment of the value of the property; nor [was] the tax imposed according to the property's value” (Ampco, 14 N.Y.2d at 22, 247 N.Y.S.2d 865, 197 N.E.2d 285 ). The same is true of the income tax at issue here.
The third sentence in section 3 declares that undistributed profits shall not be taxed. This prohibition, however, is not implicated by the facts and legal issues involved in this appeal, and the plaintiffs do not suggest that it supports their reading of the constitutional text.
As should be clear from this analysis, we need look no further than the text of section 3 to reject plaintiffs' argument. Nonetheless, because the history of article XVI, § 3 so clearly establishes that the plaintiffs' interpretation is at variance with the intended purpose of this section, we think the historical documents and the matters debated as revealed in these documents deserve brief mention.
At the time of section 3's adoption, the drafters intended to “write into the Constitution a well-settled rule of domicile with respect to taxation,” which generally treated the situs of intangible property as the owner's domicile (see 2 Rev. Rec., 1938 N.Y. Constitutional Convention at 1113). This rule, based on the doctrine of mobilia sequuntur personam, meaning the “movables follow the person,” (see Matter of Brown, 274 N.Y. 10, 17, 8 N.E.2d 42 [1937], op. mod. on denial of rearg. 274 N.Y. 634, 10 N.E.2d 587 [1937], revd. sub nom. Graves v. Elliott, 307 U.S. 383, 59 S.Ct. 913, 83 L.Ed. 1356 [1939] ), is unambiguously reflected in the first sentence of section 3.
The other concern addressed by the drafters in section 3 was the impact of taxation of securities and stocks based solely on presence in New York State. The drafters desired to attract and retain in the state monies and securities of nonresidents. In order to make the state attractive the drafters constitutionally prohibited taxation of intangibles “until [the holders] employ them in business in the State,” believing that this “tends to develop the financial supremacy of the City of New York” (see 2 Rev. Rec., 1938 N.Y. Constitutional Convention at 1113).
The drafters further prohibited ad valorem taxes of intangibles, seeking to ensure the end of those property taxes because that system had “utterly failed” (id. ), leading to its replacement in 1919 with an income tax (see L. 1919, ch. 627). The drafters' intent to attract stocks and securities is also evident from the prohibition on excise taxes solely based on possession and ownership. This prohibition was included to prohibit taxation based on presence in the state until such time as the property was employed in business, or was transferred.
In response to questions about the anticipated coverage of section 3 as applied to the stock transfer tax, the Chair of the Committee on Taxation, which sponsored section 3's addition to the Constitution in 1938, stated that
“[t]he stock transfer tax is an excise tax upon the transfer, and those are the very taxes which I submit ... we are going to reap the benefit from, because if we can increase this intangible wealth from the other states you will be able to impose the transfer taxes which will bring you substantial revenues that you never calculated” (see 2 Rev Rec, 1938 N.Y. Constitutional Convention at 1114).
He further added,
“we want to make it impossible for the Legislature itself, or for the Legislature to delegate the right, to levy an excise tax on the mere possession of the property. In other words, the property may enjoy that privilege or it may be used for some purpose, and then you can levy an excise tax on it if and when it is used” (id. at 1115).
The interpretation advocated by plaintiffs is not merely rejected by this original history from the 1938 Constitutional Convention, but is also counter to the general understanding of section 3 publicized during the 1967 Constitutional Convention. According to the report on state finance submitted by the Temporary State Commission on the Constitutional Convention, section 3 was understood to provide that “[a]d valorem taxes or excises on the ownership or possession of intangible personal property are prohibited. However, income from such property may be taxed” (1967 Rep. of Temp. St Commn. on Constitutional Convention, Rep. No. 8, State Finance at 37 [emphasis omitted] ).
The 1938 and 1967 Constitutional Convention Committee and Commission statements reveal that the intent of section 3 is to prohibit taxation of intangible assets based merely on their physical presence within the state, and to ensure a proscription on the ad valorem taxation system as applied to intangible personal property. This was necessary to encourage the importation and retention of nonresident wealth in the form of intangibles such as stocks. However, the prohibition does not eliminate all taxation, as illustrated by the excise tax and transfer tax explicitly referenced approvingly by the drafters, and as further recognized by the comprehensive review conducted by the 1968 Commission of section 3 and other provisions.
Here, defendants assessed an income tax on the gains realized by plaintiffs from the JBS deemed asset sale. It is not an
ad valorem tax by definition or application, or an excise tax levied solely because of ownership or possession (Ampco, 14 N.Y.2d at 22, 247 N.Y.S.2d 865, 197 N.E.2d 285 ). Instead, the tax is based on income generated by those intangibles which are derived from New York sources. Therefore, the subject tax does not fall within the prohibition contained in section 3. To the extent plaintiffs argue that the deemed asset sale is a fiction of federal law, suggesting there are no real consequences associated with such fiction, that is simply a convenient but inaccurate characterization of the JBS transaction. In reality “the [section 338(h)(10) ] ‘fiction’ ... simply allowed the parties to change the means by which the gain was realized and by whom” (General Mills, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue, 440 Mass. 154, 170, 795 N.E.2d 552, 567 [2003] ). Nothing changes the fact that plaintiffs sold something of value and reaped the benefits from that sale. Article XVI, § 3 in no way supports plaintiffs' attempts to avoid paying state taxes on those gains.
Accordingly, the order and judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
Chief Judge LIPPMAN and Judges READ, PIGOTT, ABDUS–SALAAM, STEIN and FAHEY concur.
Order and judgment affirmed, with costs.