Summary
In Burns v. City of Philadelphia, 350 Pa. Super. 615, 504 A.2d 1321 (1986), the Superior Court recognized that the design of a street feature, although deliberately planned, could nevertheless be a defect related to injury causation, that is, a dangerous condition.
Summary of this case from Dorsch et al. v. Butler A. Sch. D. et alOpinion
Argued March 6, 1985.
Filed February 18, 1986.
Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas, Trial Division, Civil Section, Philadelphia County, October Term, 1979, No. 591, Prattis, J.
Michael Tolcott, Philadelphia, for appellant.
Peter C. Gardner, Philadelphia, for appellees.
OPINION OF THE COURT
Appellee, Rita Burns, was injured when she stepped into a "tree well" located on a walkway at Veteran's Stadium in the City of Philadelphia. Mrs. Burns and her husband filed an action in trespass against the City to recover damages for her injuries. The trial judge, sitting without a jury, found the City negligent. In order for the tree well to be able to retain a sufficient amount of water for the tree, the surface level of the soil in the well was kept several inches below that of the surrounding walkway. Specifically, the court concluded that the well constituted a danger to person's traveling on the walkway, and was the proximate cause of the injuries sustained by Mrs. Burns. The City of Philadelphia appeals from the judgment entered on the verdict in favor of plaintiffs-appellees, Rita and Joseph Burns.
In arriving at its decision, the trial court did not make specific findings of fact; these references are taken from the opinion filed subsequently.
By a per curiam order of this Court, the judgment was affirmed because the original record certified on appeal did not include appellant's exceptions to the trial court's decision, and the docket entries showed that appellant's exceptions were filed eleven days late. Appellant filed an application for reconsideration or reargument asserting that it had timely filed its exceptions with the "post-trial motions clerk" of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas pursuant to Philadelphia Civil Rule 240, and the timely filing of its exceptions was noted on the docket maintained by the post-trial motions clerk. However, no such exceptions and docket entries, as indicated, were transmitted to the Superior Court with the original record when the appeal was filed. Reargument was denied, but reconsideration was granted, and the per curiam order and accompanying memorandum affirming the judgment were withdrawn. Both parties were directed to file briefs addressing the issue of the practice and procedure under Philadelphia Civil Rule 240 as well as its relationship to the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil and Appellate Procedure.
Despite these specific instructions regarding the subject of the briefs, neither party addressed the issue of whether Philadelphia Civil Rule 240 conflicts with the Supreme Court Rules. The briefs are addressed solely to the practice with regard to Rule 240 and appellant's compliance with it.
I.
Philadelphia Civil Rule 240(C) provides:
(C) Filing Procedure
(1) All exceptions and post-trial motions shall be filed in triplicate with the Post-Trial Motion Clerk and shall contain the telephone numbers of all counsel involved in the trial of the case. In addition, said motions and exceptions shall contain a Certification of Service on all counsel named therein, and, if desired, should be accompanied by a written request for argument of the exceptions or motions before a court en banc. Any request by opposing counsel for argument before a court en banc shall be filed in writing within five (5) days of the service of the exceptions or motions.
(2) Under the direction of the Court Administrator, the Post-Trial Motion Clerk shall maintain an Individual Court Docket for each Judge of the Common Pleas Court.
The Post-Trial Motion Clerk shall docket exceptions and post-trial motions in the Individual Docket of the Trial Judge and in the General Appearance Docket and forward copies of same to the Trial Judge and to the court stenographer who was assigned to the trial of the case. The Trial Judge shall, upon receipt of the exceptions or motions, indicate to the Post-Trial Motion Clerk whether or not he desires the exceptions or motions to be heard by a court en banc by entering an order indicating such. The Post-Trial Motion Clerk will promptly forward a copy of the order to all interested counsel.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702 provides where documents are to be filed as follows:
Where jurisdiction of any matter is by law vested in a court of common pleas or in the Philadelphia Municipal Court, all applications for relief or other documents relating to the matter shall be filed in or transferred to the office of the clerk of the court of common pleas and handled by the appropriate office specified by or pursuant to this chapter.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2736 states:
All matters or documents required or authorized to be filed in the office of the clerk of the court of common pleas shall be filed in the office of the prothonotary. . . . (Emphasis added.)
Pa.R.A.P. 1921 describes the composition of the record on appeal and states:
The original papers and exhibits filed in the lower court, the transcript of proceedings, if any, and a certified copy of the docket entries prepared by the clerk of the lower court shall constitute the record on appeal in all cases.
There is no apparent inconsistency among Philadelphia Civil Rule 240, Pa.R.A.P. 1921 and 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702 and 2736. Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas has the authority to promulgate rules for the efficient administration of its courts provided they do not conflict with rules of procedure promulgated by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Presumably, it is administratively more convenient for Philadelphia to have all post-trial motions filed and docketed in one place which is separate from the place for filing and docketing of all other matters relating to a case. Apparently, in Philadelphia, the post-trial motions clerk has an office separate from the Prothonotary, maintains separate files and keeps separate dockets and indexes. Thus, in Philadelphia, there are two (2) files for each case, maintained in separate offices with two (2) different dockets and indexes. Some documents and proceedings relative to a case are kept and recorded in one office (the Prothonotary), while other matters relative to the same case are kept in a separate office (the post-trial motions clerk). There is no single file, docket, index or office where all of the papers and proceedings relating to a case are kept and recorded.
In practice, with increasing frequency, when an original record is certified to this Court on appeal from Philadelphia, we have been furnished with an incomplete record. That is, the record from the Prothonotary's office which is certified does not include the documents and proceedings kept and recorded in the office of the post-trial motions clerk. Thus, although there is no apparent inconsistency between the local rule and the Supreme Court's rules, the fact is, that in practice, such an inconsistency exists.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702 mandates that where the court of common pleas has jurisdiction of a matter, all documents relating to the matter shall be either filed in or transferred to the clerk of the court of common pleas. Thus, in Philadelphia, the post-trial motions can be filed separately with the post-trial motions clerk, but if jurisdiction of the matter to which they relate is vested in the court of common pleas, the documents must then be transferred to the clerk of the court of common pleas, i.e., the Prothonotary. Furthermore, the fact that the post-trial motions filed with the post-trial motions clerk are filed at the same term and number as the other documents relating to the same matter which are filed with the clerk of the court of common pleas, demonstrates that they constitute "original papers" which, pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1921, comprise the record on appeal and therefore must be transmitted to the Superior Court as part of the original record.
What occurred in the instant case is just one of many instances which demonstrate that in practice, the Philadelphia rule is inconsistent with the state rule. In this case, the exceptions were filed with the post-trial motions clerk on February 16, 1983 and docketed therein pursuant to Philadelphia Civil Rule 240. The exceptions were not transferred, in accordance with 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702, to the clerk of the court of common pleas which had jurisdiction of the matter (Prothonotary), and they were not transmitted to the Superior Court with the original record as required by Pa.R.A.P. 1921 even though they were original papers filed in the trial court. The filing of the exceptions was not noted in the docket of the prothonotary until March 2, 1983, well past the filing deadline. Because certified docket entries from only the prothonotary and not the post-trial motions clerk were included in the original record transmitted to the Superior Court, the Superior Court did not have the exceptions themselves nor a docket entry showing that they had been timely filed.
This established practice under Philadelphia Civil Rule 240, does not comport with 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702 and 2736 and Pa.R.A.P. 1921, and results in both time-consuming and expensive appeals because the Superior Court does not receive all the documents and docket entries before reviewing the appeal. Consequently, after the Superior Court affirms the judgment or dismisses the appeal because no issues have been preserved or because the record is inadequate, the parties must petition for reconsideration and belatedly explain why the entire record was not transmitted originally. Only after the Superior Court receives the whole record can it address the merits of the appeal. The instant case is only one of many such situations where such a protracted course has been necessary for proper disposition of a case. We hold that adherence to this established practice under Philadelphia Civil Rule 240 is in violation of 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702 and 2736 and Pa.R.A.P. 1921.
We expect that the Philadelphia trial court will remedy the practice under rule 240 so that documents filed somewhere other than with the clerk of the court of common pleas will be transferred thereto in accordance with 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702, and so that when an appeal is taken from a judgment or order of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, all matters which have been filed and which relate thereto, regardless of where they have been filed, shall be transmitted to the Superior Court as the original record in accordance with Pa.R.A.P. 1921. All appeals filed subsequent to the date of this opinion must include in the original record certified to this Court all documents filed in the trial court with regard to the matter in issue and a certified copy of all docket entries relating thereto regardless of the office in which they were filed and docketed. Because appellant followed the standard practice under Philadelphia Civil Rule 240, however, which only today are we holding to be violative of the Judicial Code and the Supreme Court Rules, we will not penalize it, but will consider the merits of the appeal.
II.
Appellant raises four issues on appeal: 1) the trial court erred in not granting appellant's motion for compulsory non-suit; 2) no cause of action lies against a municipality for providing insufficient artificial lighting; 3) if the tree well was defective, it was a trivial defect and does not constitute negligence; and 4) plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law and her negligence was greater than that of appellant; therefore, she is barred from any recovery under the Comparative Negligence Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 7102 The second of these four issues we need not address because, not having been raised in appellant's post-trial motions, it has been waived. Central Pennsylvania Savings Association v. Carpenters of Pennsylvania, Inc., 502 Pa. 17, 463 A.2d 414 (1983). We will consider, therefore, only the remaining three (3) issues presented by appellant.
A.
Appellant, in its first issue, contends that the trial court should have granted its motion for compulsory non-suit for three reasons: 1) appellee presented no expert testimony regarding the design of the tree well; 2) as a matter of law, the design of the tree well was not defective; and 3) the condition of the tree well was forseeable. A compulsory nonsuit can be granted only at the close of plaintiff's case and before the defendant presents any evidence. If the defendant elects to proceed, the non-suit stage is over and the correctness of the court's ruling is moot. F.W. Wise Gas Co., Inc. v. Beech Creek RR. Co., 437 Pa. 389, 392, 263 A.2d 313, 315 (1970). Appellant elected to proceed and placed its entire case into evidence after appellees rested. Therefore, we do not rule on the correctness of the denial of the motion for compulsory non-suit as such. However, in considering appellant's argument on this issue it appears to be made in support of its motion for judgment n.o.v. We will, therefore, consider the argument.
A judgment n.o.v. should be entered only in a clear case, and any doubts should be resolved in favor of the verdict winner. Atkins v. Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh, 489 Pa. 344, 414 A.2d 100 (1980). When the trial court, sitting without a jury, makes only general findings of liability, as here, and does not make specific findings of fact or conclusions of law, the trial court's decision must be viewed by the same standards and accorded the same deference as a general verdict returned by a jury. Merion Spring Co. v. Muelles Hnos. Garcia Torres, 315 Pa. Super. 469, 462 A.2d 686 (1983). Therefore, our review is limited to reviewing the evidence and assessing its weight to determine whether the trial court committed clear error or abused its discretion. Id., 315 Pa. Super. at 480, 462 A.2d at 692.
Appellant argues, that in the absence of architectural expert testimony, the City could not be negligent for the defective design of the tree well. Where the matter in dispute is so simple and the lack of skill or want of care is so obvious as to be within the range of ordinary experience of non-professional persons, expert testimony is not necessary to prove negligence. Chandler v. Cook, 438 Pa. 447, 451*, 265 A.2d 794, 796* (1970). In this case, lack of care in having a recessed tree well six feet square on a walkway could be determined by a person untrained in architectural design. A trier of fact knowing the size, location, and depth of the tree wells could determine whether the wells were negligently designed. Therefore, failure of appellee to present expert testimony did not preclude the court's finding of negligence and did not warrant the granting of judgment n.o.v.
Appellees argue that the theory of their case was not defective design but a dangerous condition. Plaintiff's Complaint, ¶ 3, recites that the injuries were caused by the negligence of the city's workmen in the scope of their employment in maintaining the parking lot areas in a dangerous and defective condition. The trial court's opinion recites that the "condition of the walkway constituted a danger. . . ." (Trial court opinion at 3.) Whether the wells were the result of a design or if they were simply a condition existing as a result of the placement of trees in the walkways is immaterial because, in this case, negligence in either design or maintenance of a condition was so apparent as to be determinable by a lay person.
Next, appellant argues: "It is clear as a matter of substantive law that a deliberately designed and properly maintained drop in level does not constitute a defect." (Brief of appellant, at 16.) This is erroneous. As authority for its assertion, appellant cites Wecksler v. City of Philadelphia, 178 Pa. Super. 496, 115 A.2d 898 (1955). In Wecksler, the plaintiff fell when she stepped from the sidewalk into a driveway apron which was several inches lower than the sidewalk. She did not see the difference in elevation because cars parked in the driveway forcing her to walk near the curb were obstructing the light from the street-light. Appellant sued on the theory that the city's practice of allowing vehicles to park on the sidewalk created the semi-dark condition which resulted in her not perceiving the change in elevation and falling. Plaintiff did not contend that the change in elevation between the sidewalk and the driveway apron was a physical defect. Judgment n.o.v. in favor of the defendant was entered because a city is not liable for negligence in the regulation of the use of its streets. There was no issue of whether the drop in level between the sidewalk and driveway constituted a defect as a matter of law. Because it is not true that as a matter of law a deliberately designed and maintained drop in level is not defective, the trial court did not err for refusing to grant judgment n.o.v. for this reason.
Appellant also argues that the existence of the tree well, which was recessed several inches, was foreseeable, and therefore, the city owed no duty to protect its invitees from the condition. Carrender v. Fitterer, 503 Pa. 178, 469 A.2d 120 (1983). We agree that landowners are not subject to liability for conditions that are obvious. However, considering the testimony of appellee that at the time she fell, it was nearly dark, raining, and the area was not well lighted, whether the existence of the tree well was obvious was a question of fact for the court to determine. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, we cannot conclude that the defect was clearly obvious and that the trial court should have granted judgment n.o.v. because appellant owed no duty to appellee.
B.
In its third issue, appellant argues that if the tree well was defective, it was only a trivial defect from which there was no duty to protect appellee. Bosack v. Pittsburgh Railways Co., 410 Pa. 558, 189 A.2d 877 (1963). In Bosack, the defect which the court held to be trivial was several cobblestones which had sunk one and one-half to two inches. Similarly, in Bullick v. City of Scranton, 224 Pa. Super. 173, 302 A.2d 849 (1973), the court found a hole in the street three feet long, one inch wide, and one-half inch deep to be trivial. Appellant contends that the tree well in the case before us is trivial too.
The facts in the instant case are not capable of comparison to Bosack and Bullick. The size of the defective or dangerous area is far larger than the defect in Bosack and Bullick, and the mere fact that the tree well in the instant case has a smooth, regular parameter does not render the recess of the tree well trivial. The trial court did not err in determining that the six foot square tree well recessed several inches in the middle of an area specifically constructed as a pedestrian thorofare was not a trivial defect.
C.
Appellant's fourth and final argument is that the court erred in determining that appellee's contributory negligence was less than appellant's. Under the Comparative Negligence Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 7102, where a plaintiff's negligence is greater than that of the defendant, plaintiff is entitled to no recovery. The standard for reviewing an apportionment of negligence was enunciated in Thompson v. City of Philadelphia, 320 Pa. Super. 124, 466 A.2d 1349 (1983). There, the appellant alleged that the trial court erred by granting a new trial on the issue of apportionment of negligence. The Superior Court agreed with appellant stating that when reviewing a jury's apportionment of negligence under the Comparative Negligence Act, the standard to be applied is not whether the court would have come to a different conclusion, but whether there are "evidentiary circumstances or incontrovertible facts of such weight as to convince the court that an injustice has been done." Id., 320 Pa. Super. at 134, 466 A.2d at 1354 (citations omitted). Similarly, where the trial court is the trier of fact in a non-jury trial, its apportionment of negligence should be accorded the same deference as a jury's determination.
In the instant case, there is evidence of sufficient weight to support the court's determination that appellee was only one-third negligent. Although appellee admitted that she did not look at the ground after perceiving the tree before she fell, it had been raining so there was little difference in color between the wet concrete and the dirt in the tree well. Appellee also testified that it was nearly dark when she fell, and the area was not well lighted. Thus, the court could conclude that although appellee was negligent in not looking where she was walking, her negligence was only one-third of the cause of the accident. The trial court did not cause an injustice by finding appellee only one-third negligent.
Judgment in favor of plaintiffs-appellees is affirmed.
Reports of cases decided by the Superior Court in which the order, decree, judgment or decision of the court below was affirmed or otherwise disposed of without opinion or without extended opinion.
Notice to the Bar
The Superior Court of Pennsylvania, commencing with cases heard or submitted during the March 1979 session, adopted a practice whereby some cases are affirmed per curiam, without a published opinion. However, a memorandum opinion has been prepared and filed by the Superior Court in most of these cases and copies of the memorandum opinion have been forwarded to the chief counsel for the parties and to the lower court. These memorandum opinions contain the rationale of the Superior Court in reaching its decision. Copies of these memorandum opinions may be procured by members of the Bar or any member of the public at the prothonotary's office of the Superior Court in the district in which the case arose. These memorandum opinions are not to be considered as precedent and cannot be cited for any purpose.
503 A.2d 453-461
DOCKET TITLE NUMBER DATE DISPOSITION
Aigner v. Aigner ................... 01524PGH83 09/20/85 Affirmed; Reversed and Remanded
Petition for allowance of appeal granted June 16, 1986
Andrews v. City of Pittsburgh ......................... 00636PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Baker v. Baker ....................... 01160PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Booher v. Grove ...................... 00369HBG84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Brunwasser v. McLone ................ 00768PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed and Modified
Petition for reargument denied December 6, 1985
Cantor v. Wonderland, Inc. .......... 02867PHL83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied December 9, 1985
Chautauqua Man. v. Campagna ......................... 00779PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 23, 1986
Com. v. Acrie ........................ 01344PGH82 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Adams, C ..................... 01632PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Adams, G ..................... 00212PGH84 09/13/85 Vacated and Remanded
Com. v. Albertson .................... 00428PHL85 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Alexy ........................ 01858PHL84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Allison ...................... 02562PHL83 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Anderson ..................... 00494PGH82 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Artis ........................ 00854PGH82 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Atkinson ..................... 01534PGH83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Austin ....................... 01473PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Ayala ........................ 00579PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Banks ........................ 00076PGH82 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Barksdale .................... 00951PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Baynes ..................... 01238PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied May 7, 1986
Com. v. Bennett ...................... 03025PHL84 09/18/85 Vacated and Remanded
Com. v. Benton ....................... 00961PHL82 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Blackwell .................... 0868PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Bland ........................ 01850PHL83 09/20/85 Retained
Com. v. Boyd ......................... 00514HBG84 09/06/85 Affirmed in part; Reversed in part
Com. v. Bradley ...................... 02419PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Branch ....................... 00583PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Broda ........................ 00292HBG84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Brown, L ..................... 01406PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Brown, T ..................... 00398HBG84 09/20/85 Reversed and Remanded
Com. v. Buhl ........................ 01586PHL84 09/18/85 Vacated and Remanded
Petition for reargument denied November 8, 1985
Com. v. Button ....................... 01247PGH83 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Byrd ......................... 01976PHL84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Carey ........................ 00168HBG85 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Carter ....................... 00831PHL84 09/06/85 Reversed
Com. v. Caswell ...................... 02276PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Cheatham ................... 02844PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 17, 1986
Com. v. Childs ..................... 00610PHL85 09/18/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 31, 1986
Com. v. Chung ........................ 00414HBG84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Clay ........................ 02377PHL84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied November 13, 1985
Com. v. Connor ....................... 01086PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Cook ......................... 00665PHL85 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Cooper ....................... 01418PHL82 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Crafton ...................... 01529PHL84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Cupp ......................... 00012PHL85 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Davis, D ..................... 00636PHL85 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Davis, M ................... 01254PGH82 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 10, 1986
Com. v. DeDionisio ................... 00219PGH83 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Deem ......................... 00164HBG85 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Demby ...................... 01843PHL84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 21, 1986
Com. v. Dirikson ..................... 02335PHL84 09/27/85 Remanded
Com. v. Dooleyfn3b ..................... 00893PHL82 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Doswell ...................... 01557PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Drake ........................ 00468HBG84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Dunn ....................... 00309HBG84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied July 17, 1986
Com. v. Dziedzic ..................... 01210PGH83 09/20/85 Vacated and Remanded
Com. v. Easley ....................... 01069PHL84 09/06/85 Reversed and Remanded
Com. v. Edwards, J ................... 00408PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Edwards, W ................. 01077PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied May 16, 1986
Com. v. Elmore ....................... 00028PGH82 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Estrada ...................... 03316PHL83 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Evans ........................ 01204PGH82 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Everett ...................... 02211PHL83 09/06/85 Reversed and Remanded
Com. v. Fava ......................... 02962PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Febo ....................... 02995PHL83 09/18/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 6, 1986
Com. v. Flory ........................ 00310HBG84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Flowers ...................... 00492HBG84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Forehand ..................... 00918PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Frame ........................ 02206PHL83 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Frank ........................ 00982PGH84 09/27/85 Remanded
Com. v. Frazier ...................... 02820PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Furbee ....................... 01651PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Gaerttner .................... 01171PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Gerenser ..................... 00459PHL85 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Gindraw .................... 03221PHL83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 31, 1986
Com. v. Gogginsfn4f .................... 00353PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Gonzalez ..................... 02845PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Grabfelder ................... 02467PHL83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Graves ....................... 01594PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Green, C ..................... 00036PHL84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Green, L ..................... 01729PHL83 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Grossman ..................... 00546PHL85 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Hackett ...................... 01799PHL83 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Haile ........................ 01829PHL83 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Hailstock .................... 00500PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Hall ......................... 03353PHL83 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Heinzman ..................... 00828PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Hightower .................... 01515PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Holland ...................... 00379PHL83 09/27/85 Vacated and Remanded
Com. v. Hoopsick ................... 01344PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 2, 1986
Com. v. Horgan ....................... 01411PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Hudson ....................... 03253PHL81 09/18/85 Quashed
Com. v. Humphrey ................... 00094PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 25, 1986
Com. v. Hunter ....................... 01330PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Hutchinson ................... 00917PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Isaacs ..................... 00382PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 6, 1986
Com. v. Jackson, L ................... 00306HBG84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Jackson, T ................. 00227PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 23, 1986
Com. v. Jackson, W ................... 02355PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. James ...................... 01414PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 7, 1986
Com. v. Jenkins ...................... 00493HBG84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Jeter ...................... 00455PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied May 21, 1986
Com. v. Johnson ...................... 00443PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Jones, D ..................... 00066HBG83 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Jones, F ..................... 00763PHL85 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Jones, H ..................... 00624PHL85 09/27/85 Remanded
Com. v. Jones, M ..................... 00157PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Jones, W ..................... 02906PHL81 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Kaihani ...................... 02881PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Kale ......................... 00175HBG84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Kitchen ...................... 02345PHL82 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Klinger ...................... 00428HBG84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Kronk ...................... 01242PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied May 9, 1986
Com. v. Kulb ....................... 01027PHL83 09/18/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied May 8, 1986
Com. v. Land, G ..................... 01873PHL83 09/18/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied November 8, 1985
Com. v. Land, G ..................... 01693PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied November 8, 1985
Com. v. Laskaris ..................... 00287PGH83 09/06/85 Quashed and Affirmed
Com. v. Lattieri ..................... 00599PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Lawrence ..................... 00129HBG85 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Lawson ....................... 03113PHL84 09/20/85 Vacated
Com. v. Lehman ....................... 01073PGH83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Lowe ....................... 00954PGH83 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 31, 1986
Com. v. Lowry ........................ 01416PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Maines ....................... 00427PGH83 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Margo ...................... 00114HBG84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied May 7, 1986
Com. v. Martin ....................... 03186PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Mayer ...................... 01697PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 10, 1986
Com. v. McCastle ..................... 00300HBG84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. McCray ..................... 02823PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 21, 1986
Com. v. McCune ....................... 02559PHL83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. McGuire ...................... 00582PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. McIntosh ..................... 01346PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. McLaughlin ................... 00412PHL85 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. McPherson .................... 02041PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. McStay ....................... 01256PGH84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Means ........................ 01197PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Merenda ...................... 00143PHL85 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Miles ....................... 01543PHL84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied November 15, 1985; Petition for allowance of appeal denied June 4, 1986
Com. v. Mitchell ..................... 01406PHL83 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Moore, B ..................... 01242PHL84 09/27/85 Vacated and Remanded
Com. v. Moore, J ..................... 02182PHL84 09/27/85 Vacated and Affirmed
Com. v. Mora ....................... 03250PHL84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 7, 1986
Com. v. Mueller ...................... 00020PGH83 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Murgerson .................... 00367PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Nichelson .................... 01545PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Nixon ........................ 00465PHL85 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Nolden ....................... 00503HBG84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Nulph ........................ 00236HBG84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Oetzel ..................... 03214PHL83 09/06/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 6, 1986
Com. v. Pagan ...................... 00871PHL83 09/06/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 31, 1986
Com. v. Perry ........................ 03160PHL82 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Piergrossi ................. 00673PHL85 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 25, 1986
Com. v. Pizza ........................ 01716PHL83 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Popp ......................... 01863PHL83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Posse ........................ 00839PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Powell ....................... 03137PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Reed ......................... 01255PHL83 09/27/85 Vacated and Remanded
Com. v. Rittenhouse .................. 01401PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Roberts ...................... 00326HBG84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Roscoefn6d ..................... 01343PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Rotherforth .................. 02880PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Rugg ......................... 00754PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. St. Clair .................... 01300PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Sanderson ................... 00309HBG83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied December 6, 1985
Com. v. Schoolcraft .................. 00139HBG85 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Scola ........................ 02401PHL83 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Seltzer .................... 01269PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 6, 1986
Com. v. Sharkey ...................... 00826PHL85 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Sharp, W ................... 00016PGH85 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 25, 1986
Com. v. Sharp, Wfn8b ................... 00020PGH85 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Shiver ....................... 03419PHL83 09/13/85 Reversed and Remanded
Com. v. Silar ...................... 00130HBG84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 10, 1986
Com. v. Silva ........................ 01265PHL83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Silvis ....................... 00111PGH85 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Simpson ...................... 01562PGH84 09/27/85 Remanded
Com. v. Singley ...................... 01915PHL84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Smith, A .................... 01387PGH83 09/20/85 Reversed and Remanded
Petition for reargument denied November 13, 1985
Com. v. Smith, C ................... 01514PHL83 09/18/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied June 20, 1986
Com. v. Smith, P ..................... 00397PHL85 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Smith, R ..................... 00795PGH83 09/27/85 Quashed
Com. v. Smith, R ..................... 02611PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Snyder ....................... 00312HBG84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Stephany ................... 02304PHL84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied June 26, 1986
Com. v. Stevens .................... 01173PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 18, 1986
Com. v. Stewart ...................... 01340PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Stiver ....................... 00514PGH84 09/20/85 Vacated and Remanded
Com. v. Stone ........................ 00298HBG84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Styles ....................... 01982PHL82 09/18/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Sugarmann .................... 00039PGH84 09/27/85 Dismissed and Affirmed
Com. v. Sutton ....................... 00427PHL85 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Swinnie-Bey ................ 02791PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 27, 1986
Com. v. Taylor ....................... 00429PHL85 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Thomas, S .................... 00427HBG84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Thomas, S .................... 03055PHL83 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Tiffin ....................... 03503PHL83 09/18/85 Reversed and Affirmed
Com. v. Tinsley .................... 02538PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 2, 1986
Com. v. Tiscavitch ................... 02909PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Two Elec. Poker Game ............................. 00607PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied November 20, 1985
Com. v. Torres ....................... 00047PHL85 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Vargas ....................... 02085PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Villa ........................ 02086PHL84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Wallace, J ................... 01141PHL83 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Wallace, J ................ 00170HBG85 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 17, 1986
Com. v. Wallace, M ................ 02048PHL84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 21, 1986
Com. v. Walton ....................... 01522PHL84 09/18/85 Vacated and Remanded
Com. v. Watson ....................... 01192PHL83 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Werner ....................... 00981PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Whitaker ..................... 00002HBG84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Com. v. White ........................ 00114PHL85 09/27/85 Reversed
Com. v. William ...................... 01283PHL83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Wills ........................ 01778PHL83 09/06/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Wright, R .................... 01014PGH84 09/27/85 Remanded
Com. v. Wright, R .................... 00544PHL85 09/27/85 Affirmed
Com. v. Yoder ..................... 00385HBG84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 22, 1986
Com. v. Zack ...................... 01099PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied May 8, 1986
Com. v. Zellous ...................... 01006PGH84 09/27/85 Remanded
Cook v. Allegheny Clarklift .......... 00942PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Corning Glass v. Amer. Motor. ........................... 01446PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied December 2, 1985; Petition for allowance of appeal denied July 14, 1986
D.L.D.J., Inc. v. United Food ............................... 00899PGH84 09/20/85 Dismissed
Engleman v. Engleman ................. 00052HBG85 09/20/85 Affirmed
Eskra v. Com. Depart. of Trans .............................. 00357HBG84 09/27/85 Transferred
Fierst v. Com. Land Title Ins. ....................... 01267PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied November 26, 1985
First Nat'l v. Gary .................. 02349PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Flam v. Smith ........................ 01499PGH84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Fostor v. PA Assigned Claims ............................. 02683PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Geckle v. Don's Auto Parts ........................... 00489HBG84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied May 5, 1986
George Shadie v. Erie ................ 03374PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Grosik v. John Matz Truck ............ 00992PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed in part; Reversed in part; and Remanded
Harry Morales v. KDM Co. ............. 02566PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Hickey v. Casework Systems ......................... 00561PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied April 10, 1986
Holmes v. Milton S. Hershey .......................... 00501HBG84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied October 30, 1985; Petition for allowance of appeal denied June 10, 1986
In Re: Adopt of M.T.P.M., Jr ......... 02563PHL84 09/06/85 Vacated and Remanded
In Re: Estate of Rider ............... 00496HBG84 09/27/85 Affirmed
In Re: M.L.L. ........................ 00483PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
In Re: Pet. of Douglas ............... 00527HBG84 09/06/85 Affirmed
In Re: Pvt. Lic. of Shannon .......... 00419HBG84 09/27/85 Remanded
Irey v. Silverster ................. 01329PGH84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied November 6, 1985; Petition for allowance of appeal denied May 21, 1986
In the Interest of Alford ............ 00663PHL85 09/18/85 Affirmed
Kerschbaumer v. Hartung .............. 01105PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Kertis v. Westinghouse Elec. ......... 01276PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Lovell v. Sam's Consulting ........... 01587PGH84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Mangrum v. Wilson .................... 01817PHL84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Marcus v. PA Nat'l Mut. .............. 00672PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Marion v. Marion ..................... 03193PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Mattei v. Equitable .................. 01580PHL84 09/18/85 Reversed
Miller v. Miller ..................... 01420PGH84 09/13/85 Quashed
Molloy v. Molloy ..................... 00409PHL85 09/13/85 Quashed
Morgan v. Porretti ................... 01373PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Nat'l Dealer v. Davis ................ 00255PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Nat'l Recovery v. Martorella ......... 00381PGH82 09/20/85 Affirmed
North/South Shenango v. Eaton .............................. 00428PGH84 09/27/85 Quashed
Occhuizzo v. Occhuizzo ............... 01497PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Pfeiffer v. Pfeiffer ................. 02528PHL83 09/20/85 Affirmed
Potter v. Potter ..................... 00163HBG84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Ruzowicz v. Ruzowicz ................. 02628PHL84 09/06/85 Vacated and Remanded
Sakelson v. Romeo .................... 00558PHL84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Scullion v. St. Francis Hosp. ........................... 01414PGH83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal granted May 7, 1986
Seibel v. Aetna Casualty ............. 00242HBG84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Sneed v. Raystown .................... 00228HBG84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Stanko v. Stanko .................. 01377PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 17, 1986
Stein v. Roth ........................ 00232PGH84 09/20/85 Reversed and Remanded
Stowe v. Stradford ................... 03212PHL84 09/18/85 Affirmed
Strickler v. DeSalve .............. 01018PGH83 09/27/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied June 4, 1986
Sugar Hill v. Gearhart ............... 01358PGH84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Susquehanna v. Susquehanna ........... 00452HBG84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Swain v. Sharon Tube ................. 01075PGH84 09/13/85 Affirmed
Talley v. Zelonka .................. 00149PGH83 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied November 26, 1985; Petition for allowance of appeal denied July 2, 1986
Tanner v. Tanner ..................... 01428PGH83 09/06/85 Affirmed
The Pen Bk. v. Bender ................ 00441PHL85 09/27/85 Affirmed
T M v. U.S. Fidelity ............... 00472HBG84 09/20/85 Quashed
Toye v. Mercy Catholic ............... 00098PHL85 09/06/85 Affirmed
Wheeling-Pitts. v. Delbert .......................... 01526PGH83 09/13/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied November 20, 1985; Petition for allowance of appeal denied July 20, 1986
Wickersham v. Kushner .............. 00703PHL84 09/20/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied December 2, 1985
Wimer v. Nationwide ............... 00948PGH84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Petition for allowance of appeal denied March 25, 1986
Wolfe v. Gibbs ....................... 00470HBG84 09/27/85 Affirmed
Zygmont v. Zygmont ................. 00993PHL84 09/06/85 Affirmed
Petition for reargument denied November 8, 1985