Summary
In Brooks v. Town Country Mutual Insurance Co., 294 Ark. 173, 741 S.W.2d 264 (1987), the plaintiff was the beneficiary of an insurance policy that covered the loss of her house in the event of fire.
Summary of this case from Patterson v. Liberty Nat. Life Ins. Co.Opinion
No. 87-176
Opinion delivered December 21, 1987
1. PLEADING — AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES MUST BE EXPRESSLY PLED. — Rule 8(c), Arkansas Rules of Civil Procedure, requires that affirmative defenses shall be expressly pled in response to a complaint. 2. PLEADING — AMENDMENT MAY BE NECESSARY TO CAUSE PLEADINGS TO CONFORM TO THE EVIDENCE. — Rule 15(b), Arkansas Rules of Civil Procedure, also provides that such amendment of the pleadings as may be necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence, and to raise these issues, may be made upon motion of any party at any time. 3. PLEADING — NO MOTION TO CONFORM — NO IMPLIED ACQUIESCENCE IN ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE — JUDGMENT CANNOT REST ON UNPLED AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE. — Where the record reflects neither a motion to conform nor any basis for a determination that the evidence itself was impliedly acquiesced in, the judgment cannot rest upon an unpled affirmative defense. 4. INSURANCE — MATERIAL MISREPRESENTATION — BURDEN OF PROOF. — The insurance company had the burden of showing that had it known of the earlier loss of its insured, the circumstances were such that it would not have issued the present coverage.
Appeal from Prairie Circuit Court, Southern District; Cecil A. Tedder, Judge; reversed and remanded.
Randall L. Gammill, and Wright, Lindsey Jennings, for appellant.
Randall Templeton, for appellee.
Eva Brooks (appellant) insured her home in De Valls Bluff for $25,000 with Town Country Mutual Insurance Company (appellee) against loss by fire. In May 1985 the dwelling was totally destroyed by fire. Town Country denied the claim and Mrs. Brooks filed suit. Town Country pled affirmatively that the fire was intentionally set and that the dwelling had remained unoccupied for more than sixty days without the written permission of Town Country which terminated coverage under the policy.
The parties waived a jury and the issues were tried to the Court, which found the proof insufficient to support either of the defenses pled by Town Country. However, the Court found a material misrepresentation of fact in that Mrs. Brooks had experienced an earlier fire which she failed to disclose when applying for coverage with Town Country. On that basis judgment was entered for Town Country.
Mrs. Brooks has appealed upon three points of error: 1) The court erred in finding for Town Country on the basis of an affirmative defense that was not pled; 2) the court erred in not requiring proof that any misrepresentation of fact was intentional in order to defeat the claim; and 3) the Court erred in finding a material misrepresentation of fact in the absence of any proof as to materiality.
Town Country cross-appealed from the court's denial of its arson and nonoccupancy defenses. it was not necessary to cross-appeal from the denial of these defenses. A cross-appeal is required only when the appellee seeks affirmative relief that he failed to obtain in the trial court, not when he won the case below and merely asks that the judgment be affirmed. Moose v. Gregory, 267 Ark. 86. 590 S.W.2d 669 (1979).
Affirmative Defense Issue
We agree that Town Country neither pled material misrepresentation of fact nor introduced evidence to sustain a finding of material misrepresentation and, accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial on all issues.
Rule 8(c), Arkansas Rules of Civil Procedure, requires that affirmative defenses shall be expressly pled in response to a complaint. That material misrepresentation is an affirmative defense is not subject to doubt. American Family Life Assurance Company v. Reeves, 248 Ark. 1303, 455 S.W.2d 932 (1970); Continental Casualty Company v. Campbell, 242 Ark. 654, 414 S.W.2d 872 (1967); 44 Am.Jur.2d, Insurance, 1918. Town and Country does not contend otherwise, rather it urges that under ARCP Rule 15(b) issues not set forth in the pleadings may be raised by express or implied consent of the parties and thereby treated in all respects as though they had been pled. The flaw in that argument is that we find nothing in the record to suggest that the issue of material misrepresentation became an issue in trial by either the implied or the express consent of the parties. When Mrs. Brooks was asked on cross-examination about a prior loss by fire her counsel immediately argued that that was a collateral issue and objected to further questions along that line. The trial court overruled the objection and some additional inquiry occurred, but certainly it cannot be inferred that this evidence was introduced with the implied consent of the plaintiff.
[2, 3] Rule 15(b) also provides that such amendment of the pleadings as may be necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence, and to raise these issues, may be made upon motion of any party at any time. However, we find no motion to amend throughout the trial or afterwards, and while the court has discretion in the allowance of motions to amend the pleadings, where the record reflects neither a motion to conform nor any basis for a determination that the evidence itself was impliedly acquiesced in, it seems clear that the judgment cannot rest upon an unpled affirmative defense.
Material Misrepresentation Issue
Even if it could be said the issue of material misrepresentation was impliedly introduced, we find no proof of materiality. All the record reflects is that Mrs. Brooks had a previous fire loss which was not mentioned when she and her husband applied for and obtained their coverage with Town Country. The extent of the fire is not revealed, nor whether there were any suspicious circumstances. For all we know it may have been of unquestionable origin. Under the law Town Country had the burden of showing that had it known of the earlier loss, the circumstances were such that it would not have issued the present coverage. Motors Insurance Corporation v. Tinkle, 253 Ark. 620, 488 S.W.2d 23 (1972); Old Republic Insurance Company v. Alexander, 245 Ark. 1029, 436 S.W.2d 289 (1969). That proof was wholly lacking.
Reversed and remanded.
PURTLE, J., dissents.
I agree with the majority opinion that the trial court improperly considered the appellee's affirmative defense of material representation. However, I would reach a different result because I find that the appellee's failure to amend its pleadings prior to entry of the judgment bars consideration of any affirmative defense which appellee has not pled.
The appellee pled two affirmative defenses which the trial court, sitting as a jury, found unsupported by the evidence. So far as I am concerned, these factual findings were settled as well as those matters which were required to be pled. Both the law of the case and res judicata appear to me to bar a retrial of these matters of fact. Therefore, I would reverse and remand with directions to enter a judgment for the appellant in the amount of the policy limits, interest, costs, and attorney's fees.