Opinion
S.F. No. 4348.
March 19, 1908.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of the City and County of San Francisco granting a new trial. Frank H. Kerrigan, Judge.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Stafford Stafford, for Appellant.
Nonsuit should not be granted unless the conclusion of the plaintiff's negligence is irresistible. It should be the exception, and not the rule. (Herbert v. Southern Pacific Co., 121 Cal. 227, 228, 53 P. 651; Schierhold v. North Beach R.R. Co., 40 Cal. 447; Van Praag v. Gale, 107 Cal. 438, 443, 40 P. 555; McKune v. Santa Clara M. Co., 110 Cal. 480, 484, 42 P. 980; Smith v. Occidental S. Co., 99 Cal. 467, 34 P. 84; Ingerman v. Moore, 90 Cal. 424, 25 Am. St. Rep. 138, 27 P. 306; Orcutt v. Pacific Coast R. Co., 85 Cal. 291, 24 P. 661; Whalen v. Arcata R.R., 92 Cal. 669, 28 P. 833; Davies v. Oceanic S.S. Co., 89 Cal. 280, 26 P. 827; Redington v. Pacific P.T. Co., 107 Cal. 317, 48 Am. St. Rep. 132, 40 P. 432; Martin v. Cal. C.R., 94 Cal. 326, 29 P. 645; Magee v. North Pac. R.R. Co., 78 Cal. 435, 12 Am. St. Rep. 69, 21 P. 114.) Temporary forgetfulness of danger raises a question of fact for the jury, and does not preclude a recovery. (Labat on Master and Servant, sec. 350; Johnson v. Bruner, 61 Pa. St. 58, 61, 62, 100 Am. Dec. 613; Van Praag v. Gale, 107 Cal. 538, 40 P. 555; Giraudi v. Electric Imp. Co., 107 Cal. 120, 126, 48 Am. St. Rep. 114, 40 P. 108; Snow v. Housatonic R.R., 8 Allen, 441, 85 Am. Dec. 720; Plank v. New York etc. R.R. Co., 60 N.Y. 607; Austin v. Fitchburg R. Co., 172 Mass. 484, 52 N.E. 527; Kane v. N.C.R.R. Co., 128 U. 95, 9 Sup. Ct. 16; Boyle v. Construction Co., 47 App. Div. 311, 61 N.Y. Supp. 1043; Basset v. Fish, 75 N.Y. 303; Frye v. Bath Gas Co., 94 Me. 17, 46 A. 804; Viohl v. North Pac. Lumber Co., 46 Or. 297, 80 P. 112, and cases cited; Wallace v. Cent. V.R., 138 N.Y. 302, 33 N.E. 1069.)
Chickering Gregory, for Respondents.
The employer is not bound to insure his servants against accidents, and his duty is fulfilled when he exercises ordinary care to that end. (Thompson v. California Construction Co., 148 Cal. 35, 82 P. 367; Corletti v. Southern Pac. Co., 136 Cal. 645, 69 P. 422.) If the servant, with ordinary prudence, accepts the employment with the appliances furnished, it cannot be said that the master has neglected his duty. (Rush v. Mo. Pac. R.R., 36 Kan. 129, 12 P. 582; Kupp v. Rummell, 199 Pa. 90, 48 A. 679; Baker v. Empire Wire Co., 102 App. Div. 125, 92 N.Y. Supp. 355.) The plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence, notwithstanding his inattention, due to a want of ordinary care to avoid a known danger. (Kenna v. Cent. Pacific R.R., 101 Cal. 26, 35 P. 332; Davis v. Cal. St. Cable Ry., 105 Cal. 131, 38 P. 647; Martin v. Cal. Cent. Ry., 94 Cal. 326, 29 P. 645; Dutchowski v. Handy Things Co., 141 Mich. 11, 104 N.W. 358, 360; Reeve v. Colusa Gas Electric Co., 151 Cal. 29, 91 P. 802.) The plaintiff assumed the risk of all known dangers attending his employment of which he made no complaint. (Limberg v. Glenwood Lumber Co., 127 Cal. 598, 602, 60 P. 176; Beeson v. Green Mt. Gold Mining Co., 57 Cal. 20; Kauffman v. Maier, 94 Cal. 269, 29 P. 481; Smith v. Occidental Steamship Co., 99 Cal. 462, 34 P. 84; Labat on Master and Servant, sec. 350; McGlynn v. Brodie, 31 Cal. 377, 380; Cincinnati etc. R.R. Co. v. Robertson, 139 Fed. 519, 522, 75 C.C.A. 335; Denver Tramway Co. v. Nesbitt, 22 Colo. 409, 45 P. 406; Wanamaker v. Burke, 111 Pa. St. 423, 2 A. 500; Wood v. Heiges, 83 Md. 257, 34 A. 872, 873; Anthony v. Leeret, 105 N.Y. 591, 12 N.E. 561; Gibson v. Erie R.R. Co., 63 N.Y. 449, 20 Am. Rep. 552; De Forest v. Jewett, 88 N.Y. 264; Sweeney v. Berlin and J. Envelope Co., 101 N.Y. 520, 54 Am. St. Rep. 722, 5 N.E. 358; Whatley v. Block, 95 Ga. 15, 21 S.E. 985; Balle v. Detroit Leather Co., 73 Mich. 158, 41 N.W. 216, 218; Nealand v. Lynn Boston R.R. Co., 173 Mass. 42, 53 N.E. 137; Feely v. Pearson Cordage Co., 161 Mass. 426, 37 N.E. 368; Kennedy v. Manhattan R.R., 145 N.Y. 288, 39 N.E. 956; Ragon v. Toledo etc. R.R., 97 Mich. 265, 37 Am. St. Rep. 336, 56 N.W. 612, 614, 615; Crown v. Orr, 140 N.Y. 450, 35 N.E. 648.)
This is an action for damages. After trial and verdict for plaintiff the court granted defendants' motion for a new trial and plaintiff appeals.
The court ordered a new trial "on the ground that the motion for nonsuit should have been granted, and order denied on all other grounds." It is contended by appellant that this limits the consideration of this court to the one proposition. The question is not of consequence in this case for, upon the ground indicated, the court was correct in its ruling. However, the position of appellant in this matter is contrary to the well-settled rule. (Kauffman v. Maier, 94 Cal. 269, [29 P. 481]; Thompson v. California Construction Co., 148 Cal. 35, [ 82 P. 367]; Weisser v. Southern Pacific Co., 148 Cal. 426, [ 83 P. 439].)
The action was for personal injuries alleged to have been occasioned to plaintiff, an employee of defendant, through the negligence of the latter. The negligence charged consisted in maintaining, in an unguarded condition, upon the second floor of its tannery building, a hole in the floor through which passed a leather belt. The accident to plaintiff occurred by his stepping with his right leg into the unguarded hole, whereby his leg was mangled by the moving belt. The undisputed facts disclosed by the evidence at the time when plaintiff rested his case and a motion for a nonsuit was interposed are the following: Plaintiff was an adult laborer in the employ of the defendant. For seven weeks prior to the accident he was engaged in hauling sides of sole leather upon a truck from the rolling room to the drying room. The truck was loaded upon one floor, wheeled into the elevator, thus carried to the second floor — the drying room — where the truck was wheeled out of the elevator to some convenient place in the room for the purpose of drying the hides. About nine inches to the right of the entrance to the elevator and slightly in front of that entrance was the hole, 26 by 14 inches, through which the belt from the ceiling of the second floor ran to the first floor. This belt operated the elevator. Plaintiff was perfectly familiar with the condition, knew of the existence of the hole, which was unguarded, and at the time of the accident the room was so light that every object therein could be distinguished clearly and without difficulty. Plaintiff could have seen the hole had he looked for it. On the afternoon of the accident plaintiff with an assistant, Price, was pushing a truck loaded with leather off the elevator at the second floor. Plaintiff was guiding the truck and accidentally twisted the tongue, as he says, by reason of the fact that Price leaned against it. Because of this the direction of the truck was swerved and its rear wheels struck an elevation or "rise" in the floor. To guide the truck along its proper course it became necessary to back it off this elevation, and in doing so plaintiff stepped into the open hole. Plaintiff was perfectly familiar with the conditions at the time of the accident and they had not been changed. He had passed the spot of the accident at least four or five times a day for seven weeks. He knew of the hole and that it was unguarded and had made no complaint of its condition. The truck which he was handling at the time of the accident was a light one, was easily turned, and there was a light load upon it. The hole did not interfere with his route of travel to and from the elevator but was to one side of it. He backed into it. In pulling the truck off from the "rise" he stepped back three or four steps before putting his leg into the hole. He could have stepped back into the elevator, but did not want to do so lest somebody should lower it while he was there.
To summarize, an adult employee, perfectly familiar with his work and with the conditions and environment in which he is performing it, through the act of a fellow employee, pushes the light truck which they are wheeling against an obstruction so that it is necessary to back it off. In doing this the employee takes three or four steps backward, and without looking for or thinking of a hole, with the existence, place, and purpose of which he is perfectly familiar, steps into it and is injured.
The law, in justly requiring that an employer shall furnish reasonably safe appliances and a reasonably safe place for the performance of his work, does not make him an insurer of his employees against all accidents. It does not require the employer to provide safeguards against every possible chance of accident. Nor, having furnished a reasonably safe place, does it hold him responsible if an accident has happened which could have been avoided had the employer used extraordinary precautions to prevent it. The requirement that the place of employment shall be reasonably safe is itself always to be considered in connection with the rule of law as to the assumption by the employee of known and understood risks. But, aside from the consideration as to whether under these circumstances negligence in failing to provide a safe place for work may be imputed to the employer in this case, it is indisputable that the accident was occasioned through the negligent failure of the plaintiff himself to use ordinary prudence for his own protection. Plaintiff, perfectly familiar with the condition of the premises, inadvertently walking backward, steps into a hole which he knew was there, and which, had he looked, he could readily have seen. This inadvertence and forgetfulness is sought to be excused by appellant upon the proposition that plaintiff was so engrossed in the performance of his duties at the time of the accident that his forgetfulness was not negligence, or at least that it was for the jury to say whether it was or not. It is recognized that there are cases where preoccupation or forgetfulness on the part of the employee does not bar a recovery. These cases, from the nature of things, are exceptional. They have to do with abnormal risks and with the performance of duties under the high tension of emergency, and where in the doing of one necessary thing under the stress of immediate action an employee shall not be held guilty of contributory negligence because he has omitted or forgotten another. Thus it is said in Labat on Master and Servant: "This doctrine may be referred to the general principle that the failure of an employee to perform a duty will not constitute contributory negligence where such failure results from the necessary observance of a duty of equal importance and equally binding upon him, the neglected duty in this instance being that of keeping a vigilant lookout." But these exceptional cases are in no way subversive of the long-established rule that "the law demands that one who is working in a place where he is exposed to danger shall himself exercise his faculties for his own protection, and does not permit a recovery for damages resulting from a neglect of this rule." (Kenna v. Central Pacific R.R., 101 Cal. 26, [35 P. 332].) In Davis v. California Street Cable Co., 105 Cal. 131, [38 P. 647], defendant had placed an iron rail to be used in the construction of its street-railway track in front of the house in which plaintiff lived. It had remained there about four weeks. An alarm of fire having been sounded in the night-time, plaintiff came out of her house and started across the sidewalk to discover the whereabouts of the fire. She forgot the presence of the rail, tripped, fell, and was injured. This court said: "We quite agree with counsel for appellant that previous knowledge or familiarity with the dangerous place or obstruction on the highway was not per se conclusive evidence of contributory negligence in failing to avoid it. In this case if plaintiff's house had been falling, rendering great haste in escaping from imminent danger necessary, the haste, excitement, and fear might reasonably be held sufficient to obliterate all memory or thought of the presence of the obstruction on the sidewalk. But that is not this case. No danger could have been apprehended by Mrs. Davis from the fire after she reached the sidewalk, but mere curiosity induced her to start to go down the street to see where the fire was. That she forgot the presence of the rail is not disputed in the evidence, but that the circumstances justified her forgetfulness and consequent want of care, cannot be conceded." In Van Praag v. Gale, 107 Cal. 438, [40 P. 555], plaintiff had recovered judgment for injuries occasioned by falling through an open and unguarded trap-door in the sidewalk. This trap-door was sometimes open and sometimes closed and plaintiff was familiar with these facts. It was held merely that his knowledge that it was sometimes open did not bar his right of recovery because he inadvertently stepped into it, and Davis v. California Street Cable Co. is distinguished, this court saying: "There was a known and fixed object, namely, an iron or steel rail adjacent to a street lamp, over which plaintiff fell. In the present case the object of danger was only occasionally presented, and was not usually existent as a menace, and it was proper in such case to submit the question of plaintiff's negligence to a jury." So, also, in Martin v. California Central Ry. Co., 94 Cal. 326, [29 P. 645], it is said, discussing an instruction given to the jury: "In effect the instruction told the jury that notwithstanding the deceased was engaged in a dangerous business requiring constant and watchful care upon his part to save himself from injury, still, if he did not always bear these things in mind, and act upon them, and by reason thereof was injured, he could recover. An injury received under such circumstances would be the direct result of contributory negligence upon the part of the party injured, and would defeat a recovery." Giraudi v. Electric Improvement Co., 107 Cal. 120, [48 Am. St. Rep. 114, 40 P. 108], is not in conflict with these views. It is there declared that the general rule is that if one is aware of a fact which should have put him on his guard, he cannot rebut the presumption of contributory negligence by showing that he momentarily forgot. The court then proceeds to note the exceptions to the application of this general rule, the exceptions being those cases where temporary forgetfulness is not negligence as a matter of law unless it shows a want of ordinary care, and the question then becomes a question for the jury. In the case at bar there was no sudden emergency, no stress of peril, no haste in the performance of the work. The case does not belong to the exceptional class which we have been considering. It is the ordinary one of an employee heedlessly failing to take ordinary care and use ordinary precautions for his own safety. These facts were, as has been said, clearly established by the testimony introduced on behalf of plaintiff himself. It follows therefore that the court erred in denying the motion for a nonsuit and its order granting a new trial is therefore affirmed.
Henshaw, J., and Lorigan, J., concurred.
Hearing in Bank denied.