Opinion
Docket No. 144046.
Submitted November 3, 1993, at Detroit.
Decided January 19, 1994, at 9:20 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
UAW-GM Legal Services Plan (by Orene Bryant), for the plaintiff.
Hayduk, Andrews Hypnar, P.C. (by Elizabeth M. Malone), for the defendant.
Harry Bourne filed suit against Farmers Insurance Exchange, his no-fault automobile insurer, for failure to compensate him for physical injuries sustained when he was assaulted during the theft of his car. The trial court granted defendant's motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) and denied defendant's motion for costs and attorney fees. We reverse the grant of summary disposition and affirm the denial of costs and attorney fees.
The facts of this case are not in dispute. On June 26, 1989, plaintiff was about to get into his parked car when he noticed two men seated in the rear of the car. The men forced plaintiff at gunpoint to drive to a location about a mile away. They then ordered him to get out of the car. As plaintiff was doing so, one of the men hit him in the face and threw him to the ground. Plaintiff sustained injuries for which he was later treated at a hospital. The men took plaintiff's car keys, his wallet, and his car.
Plaintiff filed a claim with defendant for compensation for both the theft of the car and his personal injuries. Defendant compensated plaintiff for the theft, but denied compensation for the injuries.
Plaintiff filed this lawsuit on May 30, 1990, arguing that his injuries were compensable under the no-fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq.; MSA 24.13101 et seq. Defendant filed a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) (no genuine issue of material fact). The court granted the motion, but denied defendant's motion for costs and attorney fees pursuant to MCR 2.625 and MCR 2.114. Plaintiff appeals from the grant of summary disposition, and defendant cross appeals from the denial of costs and attorney fees.
The issue on appeal is whether the physical injuries plaintiff sustained are compensable under MCL 500.3105(1); MSA 24.13105(1). That section provides that an insurer is liable to pay personal protection insurance benefits "for accidental bodily injury arising out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle. . . ." Id.; Marzonie v Auto Club Ins Ass'n, 441 Mich. 522, 527; 495 N.W.2d 788 (1992). The involvement of a vehicle in the injury must be directly related to its character as a motor vehicle, and be more than incidental, fortuitous, or "but for." Therefore, the first consideration must be the relationship between the injury and the use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle. Id. at 529-530.
Both this Court and our Supreme Court have denied compensation under the no-fault act in cases of personal assault where the assault was not foreseeably identifiable with the use of a motor vehicle. See, e.g., Marzonie, supra (plaintiff shot during the course of an argument); Thornton v Allstate Ins Co, 425 Mich. 643; 391 N.W.2d 320 (1986) (plaintiff taxi driver injured during armed robbery by passenger); Mueller v Auto Club Ins Ass'n, 203 Mich. App. 86; 512 N.W.2d 46 (1993) (plaintiff driver accidentally shot in the head by hunter aiming at deer); Auto-Owners Ins Co v Rucker, 188 Mich. App. 125; 469 N.W.2d 1 (1991) (decedent killed in drive-by shooting); O'Key v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co, 89 Mich. App. 526; 280 N.W.2d 583 (1979) (plaintiff shot by unknown assailant while sitting in stationary car).
On the other hand, where the injury suffered is foreseeably identifiable with the use of an automobile, compensation has been allowed. See, e.g., Gajewski v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 414 Mich. 968; 326 N.W.2d 825 (1982) (explosive device attached to ignition of motor vehicle); Saunders v Detroit Automobile Inter-Ins Exchange, 123 Mich. App. 570; 332 N.W.2d 613 (1983) (passenger in moving automobile injured by projectile that flew in through open window); Mann v Detroit Automobile Inter-Ins Exchange, 111 Mich. App. 637; 314 N.W.2d 719 (1981) (stone dropped on plaintiff's vehicle by unknown person from freeway overpass).
We believe that there is a direct causal relationship between the use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle and injuries sustained during a so-called carjacking. The physical assault only occurs because the assailants wish to take possession of the vehicle. Unfortunately, such incidents are nowadays within the ordinary risks of driving a motor vehicle. Marzonie, supra at 534. Therefore, defendant's motion for summary disposition was improperly granted.
With respect to defendant's issue on cross appeal, in light of our conclusion that the motion for summary disposition was improperly granted, it is clear that plaintiff's claim was not without merit. Accordingly, the trial court properly denied defendant's motion for costs and attorney fees.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.