Opinion
December 9, 1971.
March 24, 1972.
Divorce — Indignities to the person — Illness of wife — Mental or emotional condition which so affects her as to contribute significantly to offensive behavior — Adultery of wife — Knowledge of husband before marriage of emotional condition of wife.
1. A wife's conduct will be excusable, even though she is not psychotic, comprehends the meaning of her acts and her illness does not compel her to act in a certain manner, if she is affected by a mental or emotional disturbance which significantly contributes to her offensive behavior within the meaning of Fawcett v. Fawcett, 159 Pa. Super. 185, and other cases cited in the opinion of the instant case.
2. Where the husband claims that the wife has committed adultery, such conduct would be excused only by a showing that the wife suffers from a mental disturbance of far greater magnitude than would excuse her conduct if she had committed indignities.
3. Where a man marries a woman whom he knows is emotionally unstable and temperamental, he is charged with that knowledge, and the law requires of that husband even more patience and forbearance than would be the case where the husband did not initially deliberately choose such an emotionally and mentally frail woman as his wife.
4. Where the wife demonstrates (a) the existence of mental illness, (b) her husband's knowledge of her mental illness prior to the marriage, and (c) her husband's claim of indignities, as opposed to adultery, the trial court must give proper consideration to all these factors in resolving the question of support.
WRIGHT, P.J., would affirm on the opinion of the court below.
Argued December 9, 1971.
Before WRIGHT, P.J., WATKINS, MONTGOMERY, JACOBS, HOFFMAN, SPAULDING, and CERCONE, JJ.
Appeal, No. 1299, Oct. T., 1971, from order of Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County, Sept. T., 1970, No. 116, in case of Mary Louise Boggs v. Dr. Thomas R. Boggs, Jr. Case remanded to lower court with directions.
Nonsupport. Before GROSHENS, P.J.
Order entered dismissing petition by wife, plaintiff, for support. Plaintiff appealed.
Nochem S. Winnet, with him Sidney M. DeAngelis, and Bean, DeAngelis, Kaufman Giangiulio, for appellant.
Stephen A. Sheller, with him Paul C. Astor, Stephen G. Yusem, High, Swartz, Roberts Seidel, and Astor Weiss, for appellee.
This is an appeal from the order of the lower court denying the wife-appellant support from her estranged husband.
In December, 1969, the husband-appellee married the appellant. This was the second marriage for both, and at the time of the marriage they were in their forties. Prior to the marriage, appellant was institutionalized in a mental hospital for a brief period of time and was considered to be emotionally unstable and mentally disordered by the various doctors who had attended to her. Appellee consulted with several psychiatrists and doctor friends who knew appellant to ascertain if he should marry her in light of her known psychiatric problems. Appellee was advised that he should, but he was warned that appellant suffered from "situational depression". After the marriage took place the relevant events, as set forth by the lower court, were as follows: "[i]n February of 1970, Mrs. Boggs decided that she wanted to go on a honeymoon. When her husband explained that he could not go at that time because he could not get coverage for his duties at the hospital (defendant is the head of the newborn pediatrics department at the University of Pennsylvania Hospital and also on the staff of Children's Hospital) she became bitter and petulant. She expressed her bitterness by three `suicide attempts'. It is noteworthy that during each attempt she was in close proximity to her husband and his medical expertise and consequently was never in any real danger. In fact, she berated her husband for taking her to a hospital on one occasion saying that he should have handled it himself. On another occasion she emerged from the bathroom and announced, `I have just taken twenty aspirin tablets, what are you going to do about that?' Mrs. Boggs subsequently admitted that this episode was a mere attempt to garner sympathy and attention and was not designed to be fatal. She also admitted that she had used false threats of suicide in the past, prior to her marriage to Dr. Boggs, to obtain money from her parents.
"Shortly thereafter, the prosecutrix decided that she wanted to go to Germany and again the defendant explained to her that his duties at the hospital precluded such a trip at that time. Mrs. Boggs resolved that she and two of her children would go anyway and requested her husband to procure for her a credit card to finance the journey. Defendant declined to do so and suggested that she use traveler's checks instead. Mrs. Boggs was enraged and, characteristically, stated that she would make the defendant's life miserable; she was true to her word. She stated that she would procure a credit card from another man — one with whom she had been intimate prior to her marriage to Dr. Boggs. She also asked the defendant if he would permit this man to visit her while she was in Germany. She threatened to expose what she conceived to be defendant's `fraudulent income tax return'. The prosecutrix did in fact go to Germany, returning on July 13, 1970. The cost of the trip, approximately $4,500.00, was charged on another man's credit card and ultimately paid by Dr. Boggs. While there is conflicting testimony on the point, it appears that Mrs. Boggs took her prophylactic diaphragm with her on the trip. Upon her return she told the defendant that she would continue to see other men as she wished [and] . . . her conduct became petty, nasty and brutish — in a word: feral.
"In August of 1970, the prosecutrix launched a campaign of harassment against Dr. Boggs and his daughter, Stephanie, that almost defies belief. Dr. Boggs testified that his wife told him that, `he would never see such harassment as she could give'. As we noted previously, she was true to her word. Mrs. Boggs ripped the defendant's decorative swords from the hall, broke a model ship, removed antiques from the home, and threatened to burn or sell pictures that had been painted by the defendant's deceased wife. She removed Stephanie's pictures from their frames and threatened to cut them to pieces. Dog excrement was piled on top of Stephanie's bed (by the prosecutrix or one of her children) and the cleaning woman was told not to remove it. In addition, Mrs. Boggs told Stephanie that placing flowers on her dead mother's grave was a `sick thing to do'.
"Nor was this all. Mrs. Boggs had her son David sleep in the defendant's bed or call the house late at night knowing that Dr. Boggs would have to answer because he was on call at the hospital. In addition, she prevented calls from being placed to Dr. Boggs from the hospital thereby endangering the lives of innocent infants. She also threatened to ruin her husband's reputation within the medical community in which he worked.
"Finally, the defendant, like his daughter before him, was forced to leave his home. On the evening of September 5, 1970, the prosecutrix had her daughter call the police and tell them that the defendant had assaulted her. The accusation was false. When the police arrived they suggested that one of the parties should leave the premises; Dr. Boggs left although he had to replace the air in his tire to do so.
"Unfortunately, however, the defendant's departure did not end the harassment. On several occasions the prosecutrix would call the defendant's mother and bother her. On one occasion she told the older Mrs. Boggs that, `I am going to be the biggest golddigger that ever happened; I am going to take this house bit by bit until it belongs to me'.
"At this point the prosecutrix and her brood began to systematically lay waste to the premises. Trees and shrubs were cut and burned in the driveway — to the great detriment of both. The swimming pool was filled and drained repeatedly generating a huge water bill. Flagstone steps were chipped and broken. Personal property was removed from the house and the locks changed. The defendant's clothing and personal effects were thrown over a neighbor's fence. Boarders were taken into the house without the defendant's knowledge or consent and allowed to use his personal effects."
Based on these findings, the trial court concluded that appellant's conduct as described would entitle appellee to a divorce on the grounds of indignities, and therefore, appellee had a defense to the support action. Commonwealth ex rel. Young v. Young, 213 Pa. Super. 515, 247 A.2d 659 (1968); and Commonwealth ex rel. McCuff v. McCuff, 196 Pa. Super. 320, 175 A.2d 124 (1961).
Appellant, however, contends that her conduct was induced by mental illness and is therefore excusable, so that her right to support cannot be defeated. Simons v. Simons, 196 Pa. Super. 650, 176 A.2d 105 (1961); and Fisher v. Fisher, 154 Pa. Super. 497, 36 A.2d 168 (1944).
At the hearing below, appellant called a psychiatrist who testified that throughout her marriage she suffered from an "acute depressive reaction" illness which "has certain characteristics having to do with sleep patterns". This illness, according to the psychiatrist, could cause elements of impulsivity and immaturity in her behavior, and would manifest itself in appellant "taking steps to attract [her] husband's attention".
The lower court, however, in analyzing this testimony, held that appellant's mental illness did not excuse her conduct: "[i]t seems certain that the prosecutrix is not schizophrenic or otherwise psychotic, i.e., she has not lost touch with reality and fully comprehends what she is doing when she does it. She is more prone to depression than the average individual. This could conceivably account for her predilection to `suicide attempts'. But, as we noted earlier, she has admitted that at least one of these episodes was an attention-getting device and she has admitted employing this tactic in the past. In no event could her other outrageous conduct be ascribed to her depression. There was nothing delusional about this behavior. Her own statements: `You will never see such harassment as I can give; I am going to be the biggest golddigger that ever happened; I am going to take this house bit by bit until it belongs to me' — belie any suggestion that she was unaware of the nature of her conduct or its purpose."
It has been stated that "conduct which springs from mental ill health, whatever its nature or severity, should be regarded as unintentional and lacking the spirit of hate, estrangement, and malevolence, which is the heart of the charge of indignities." Stewart v. Stewart, 171 Pa. Super. 218, 90 A.2d 402 (1952). In order for this standard to be applied, the meaning of "conduct which springs from mental ill-health" must be understood. Literal definitions are, however, not helpful. In excusing conduct which has some relationship to mental illness we have variously described the conduct as exusable because it is "involuntary", or because it is "caused" by, "resulted" from, "explained" by, or is "attributable" to emotional or mental imbalance or because in the alternative such imbalance was "responsible" for the conduct.
Duchossois v. Duchossois, 139 Pa. Super. 1, 10 A.2d 824 (1940).
Manley v. Manley, 193 Pa. Super. 252, 265, 164 A.2d 113 (1960).
Crock v. Crock, 96 Pa. Super. 377, 383 (1929); Moyer v. Moyer, 181 Pa. Super. 400, 413, 124 A.2d 632 (1956); Glass v. Glass, 164 Pa. Super. 118, 123, 63 A.2d 696 (1949); and Albrecht v. Albrecht, 176 Pa. Super. 626, 633, 109 A.2d 209 (1954).
Albrecht v. Albrecht, supra; and Fawcett v. Fawcett, 159 Pa. Super. 185, 187, 48 A.2d 23 (1946).
Benjeski v. Benjeski, 150 Pa. Super. 57, 60, 27 A.2d 266 (1942).
Castner v. Castner, 159 Pa. Super. 387, 48 A.2d 117 (1946).
However described, the degree of emotional and mental disturbance which excuses conduct, which would constitute indignities if performed by a non-disturbed person, has been set forth in the cases cited in footnotes 1-6, above. These cases involved a variety of fact situations. It is clear from a review of these authorities that a person need not be "insane" in order for his conduct to be excused. Stewart v. Stewart, supra. Such conduct may be excused even if more offensive than that of the wife in the instant case. See Crock v. Crock, supra.
It is sufficient to excuse such conduct if the person performing the conduct suffers from "a hysterical and neurotic condition" which makes her "ill and nervous". Fawcett v. Fawcett, supra. This, in Fawcett we reversed the finding of the lower court that the wife had committed indignities. We held instead that even if she did not suffer from a psychosis or an illness which compel her to act in a certain manner, she may still have a mental or emotional condition which so affects her as to contribute significantly to her offensive behavior. In such circumstances a wife has a defense to the husband's claim that her conduct on its face constitutes grounds for divorce and bars her right to support.
This is particularly the case when, as here, the husband claims that the wife has committed indignities as opposed to committing adultery. Where the husband claims that the wife has committed adultery, such conduct would be excused only by a showing that the wife suffers from a mental disturbance of far greater magnitude than would excuse her conduct if she had committed indignities. As we said in Manley v. Manley, 193 Pa. Super. 252, 265, 164 A.2d 113 (1960). "[c]are must be taken not to confuse the mental or physical ill health which we have held to be a defense to indignities, with the insanity which has been held in other states, and which we here hold to be a defense to adultery. A wife's neglect of her home and her husband have been listed among indignities recognized in Pennsylvania, but if she fails to cook her husband's meals, and wash his clothes and clean his house, and if she neglects him generally because she is physically or mentally unable to do otherwise, of course, the neglect does not constitute an indignity. Furthermore, a person because of a physical or a mental condition may be irritable and may spontaneously say and do mean and contemptible things. If this conduct is caused by the physical or mental condition of a wife-defendant in a divorce action, she is excused from them on the theory that such conduct lacks the spirit of hate, estrangement and malevolence which is the heart of the charge of indignities." (Emphasis in original.)
Further, where "a man marries a woman whom he knows is emotionally unstable and temperamental," he is charged with that knowledge and the law requires of that husband even more "patience and forbearance" than would be the case where the husband did not initially "deliberately [choose]" such an emotionally and mentally frail woman as his wife. Fawcett v. Fawcett, supra, at 187.
The lower court, therefore, should have made more extensive findings in connection with the impact of appellant's emotional and mental state upon her conduct, both as it was understood by the husband at the inception of the marriage and as it appeared during the marriage. In this regard it is important to note that the lower court during the course of the hearings in this case stated with respect to the husband that "I think he knew he was marrying a sick woman and maybe thought he could cure her, . . . I have seen something about her and I am satisfied she has psychiatric problems. She had them long before she married this man. This man married her with the knowledge that he was marrying into an area where there was emotional instability. He was a doctor. He was not any callow youth with a lot of hot blood. He is a mature, educated man. And he went into it with his eyes open."
The lower court, in considering the admittedly delicate and complex issues presented in this case, placed stress on the fact that the wife was not psychotic and "has not lost touch with reality and fully comprehends what she is doing when she does it." However, a wife's conduct will be excusable, even though she is not psychotic and does comprehend the meaning of her acts, if she is affected by a mental or emotional disturbance which significantly contributes to her offensive behavior within the meaning of Fawcett and the other cases cited above.
Where the wife demonstrates (1) the existence of mental illness, (2) her husband's knowledge of her mental illness prior to the marriage, and (3) her husband's claim of indignities, as opposed to adultery, the trial court must give proper consideration to all these factors in resolving the question of support.
For the above reasons the case is remanded to the lower court for additional findings of fact and a determination of liability for support consistent with the principles set forth in this opinion.
It should be noted that where a wife has raised a prima facie basis for excusing her conduct, as in the instant case, the burden is upon the husband to establish by "clear and convincing" evidence that the wife's conduct was independent of her mental illness and emotional instability. See Glass v. Glass, supra, at 126.
WRIGHT, P.J., would affirm on the opinion of the court below.