Opinion
Docket No. 149516. COA No. 312379.
06-10-2016
Bonnie BLACK, as Next Friend of Jessica Bitner, a Minor, Plaintiff–Appellee, v. William SHAFER, Mary Shafer, and Ian Gearhart, Defendants, and Anthony Shafer, Defendant–Appellant.
Order On order of the Court, leave to appeal having been granted, and the briefs and oral arguments of the parties having been considered by the Court, we REVERSE the March 25, 2014 judgment of the Court of Appeals, and we REINSTATE the June 8, 2012 order of the Wayne Circuit Court granting summary disposition in favor of defendant Anthony Shafer. “To establish a prima facie case of negligence, a plaintiff must introduce evidence sufficient to establish that (1) the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff, (2) the defendant breached that duty, (3) the defendant's breach was a proximate cause of the plaintiffs injuries, and (4) the plaintiff suffered damages.” Latham v. Nat'l Car Rental Sys., Inc., 239 Mich.App. 330, 340, 608 N.W.2d 66 (2000). Assuming that the defendant owed the plaintiff a legal duty and that duty was breached, the plaintiff's claim fails as a matter of law because the plaintiff cannot establish that any such breach constituted a proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries.
“ ‘Proximate cause’ is a legal term of art that incorporates both cause in fact and legal (or ‘proximate’) cause.” Craig v. Oakwood Hosp., 471 Mich. 67, 86, 684 N.W.2d 296 (2004). This Court has defined “proximate cause” as “that which in a natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any new, independent cause, produces the injury, without which such injury would not have occurred.” McMillian v. Vliet, 422 Mich. 570, 576, 374 N.W.2d 679 (1985). “An intervening cause breaks the chain of causation and constitutes a superseding cause which relieves the original actor of liability, unless it is found that the intervening act was ‘reasonably foreseeable.’ ” Id. If reasonable minds could not differ regarding the proximate cause of a plaintiff's injury, courts should decide the issue as a matter of law. Farmer v. Christensen, 229 Mich.App. 417, 424, 581 N.W.2d 807 (1998).
In the instant case, the defendant's conduct pertaining to the shotgun did not constitute a proximate cause of the plaintiff's injury, as Ian Gearhart's subsequent actions in picking up the shotgun again after he returned to the garage, cycling a shell in the chamber of the shotgun, and pulling the trigger constituted an intervening cause of the plaintiff's injury, which broke the chain of causation and relieved the defendant of any liability. Gearhart's intervening conduct with regard to the shotgun was not reasonably foreseeable. Thus, because reasonable minds could not differ that the plaintiff cannot establish causation under the specific circumstances of this case, her claim fails as a matter of law. In light of this disposition, we decline to address the remaining issues presented in our order granting leave to appeal.