Opinion
No. 53632.
September 22, 1981.
Appeal from the District Court of Tulsa County; Richard Comfort, District Judge.
Faultless plaintiff awarded $17,500.00 judgment. Jury found one defendant 70% negligent and a second defendant 30% negligent. Plaintiff was barred recovery against one defendant by reason of Workers' Compensation Act. Trial court applied rule of severability in Laubach v. Morgan. Plaintiff appealed.
REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.
C. Rabon Martin, Martin Silva, Tulsa, for appellant.
Gibbon, Gladd, Taylor, Smith, Hickman, P.A. by John A. Gladd and Brad Smith, Tulsa, for appellee.
Today we are requested to either overrule or modify Laubach v. Morgan. We are posed the following questions: (1) Did the State Legislature in effect overrule Laubach when it established a right of contribution among tort-feasors in 12 O.S.Supp. 1979 § 832[ 12-832]? (2) Should the several liability rule apply to a pure, or faultless, plaintiff?
588 P.2d 1071 (Okla. 1980); also see "Judicial Elimination of Joint and Several Liability Because of Comparative Negligence — A Puzzling Choice" by William J. McNichols, 32 Oklahoma Law Review, p. 1 (1979); "Multiple Party Litigation under Comparative Negligence in Oklahoma — Laubach v. Morgan," 13 Tulsa Law Review 266.
I
Plaintiff was a passenger in a city-owned garbage truck which was involved in a traffic accident with another vehicle. Plaintiff sued the driver of the other vehicle (Driver 2), that driver's employer and that employer's insurance company. After Laubach was announced, shortly before trial, the insurance company impleaded as third party the driver of plaintiff's garbage truck (Driver 1) and the City of Tulsa even though plaintiff's cause of action against his fellow employee and employer was barred by reason of the Workers' Compensation statute. The jury found Driver 1 70% negligent and Driver 2 30% negligent, and fixed total damages to plaintiff at $17,500.00. The trial court, apparently looking to Laubach as a guide, reduced plaintiff's damage award by 70% or $12,250.00, awarding plaintiff $5,250.00. Plaintiff accepted the $5,250.00 and appeals for the remainder.
85 O.S.Supp. 1978 § 44[ 85-44](a).
II
Plaintiff argues that Laubach's holding of several liability applies only to comparative negligence cases, e.g. when plaintiff is not free of negligence but in fact bears some of the liability for the injury sued upon. That being the case, Laubach should not apply to him because he was without fault.
He finds support in our recent case of Boyles v. Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., 619 P.2d 613 (Okla. 1980), in which we held that " Laubach does not apply to tort litigation in which the injured party is not a negligent co-actor."
Driver 2 distinguishes Boyles by noting that the plaintiff was not alleged to have been negligent, while in the case at bar the defendants alleged plaintiff was negligent in not warning the Driver 1 of the approaching danger.
We find such distinction irrelevant to the issue and hold that Boyles does indeed control the outcome of this appeal:
"The common-law negligence liability concept may be described as `all or nothing' to the plaintiff. If he be blame-free `all' is due him; if he be at fault, however slightly, `nothing is his due.' The statutory comparative negligence approach allows the victim at fault to secure some, but not all, of his damages. The raison d'etre and rationale of comparative negligence are tied, hand-and-foot, to the narrow parameters of a blameworthy plaintiff's claim. We hold that neither the rationale nor the holding of Laubach applied to that class of negligence litigation in which the plaintiff is not one among several negligent co-actors." (Citations omitted). 619 P.2d 616.
Oklahoma's Comparative negligence statute (23 O.S.Supp. 1979 § 13[ 23-13]) has no application. Driver 2 as a joint tort-feasor is responsible for all injuries derived from his negligence as found by the jury. Merryweather v. Nixon, 8 TR 186, 101 Eng.Reprint 1337 (1799); Cain v. Quannah Light Ice Co., 131 Okla. 25, 267 P. 641 (1928) and Best v. Yerkes, 247 Iowa 800, 77 N.W.2d 23, 60 A.L.R.2d 1354 (1956).
III
Plaintiff asks us to hold that the State Legislature effectively overruled Laubach when it enacted the rule of contribution among tort-feasors in 1980, 12 O.S.Supp. 1980 § 832[ 12-832].
§ 832: Joint tort-feasors — Contribution — Indemnity — Exemptions — Release, covenant not to sue, etc. — A. When two or more persons become jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to person or property or for the same wrongful death, there is a right of contribution among them even though judgment has not been recovered against all or any of them except as provided in this section.
B. The right of contribution exists only in favor of a tort-feasor who has paid more than his pro rata share of the common liability, and his total recovery is limited to the amount paid by him in excess of his pro rata share. No tort-feasor is compelled to make contribution beyond his own pro rata share of the entire liability.
C. . . .
"Contribution" under the new statute would occur only when a tort-feasor "has paid more than his pro rata share of the common liability . . .," section 832(B). Here the plaintiff has been found by the jury to be 0% negligent, therefore there is no liability of plaintiff to either driver. There is no need to remand for new trial. The trial judge, after adversary hearing, found there was no evidence of negligence on behalf of the plaintiff; there is no record on appeal to indicate otherwise. In fact the designation of the record fails to include or demand any evidence or transcript of the proceedings. There can be no need for reduction of plaintiff's award as detailed in Laubach. Even a leading critic of the Laubach decision concedes this point.
See footnote 1, 32 Oklahoma Law Review at pp. 19-20.
Further, section 832 does not mandate joint and several liability in comparative negligence cases; it simply provides for contribution among tort-feasors in cases "when two or more persons become jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury . . . ." We found in Laubach that several liability is dictated by the comparative negligence statute; we find nothing in section 832, or in this case, to reverse the theory of Laubach, several liability.
Section 832(A).
IRWIN, C.J., and HODGES, J., dissent.
IV
As a peripheral side issue the question is raised as to whether plaintiff may accept part of a judgment and appeal the remainder.
The general rule was stated in Marshall v. Marshall, 364 P.2d 891 (Okla. 1961):
"It is conceded that the general rule is, that a litigant who has voluntarily and with knowledge of all material facts, accepted the benefits of an order, decree or judgment of a court, cannot thereafter take or prosecute an appeal to reverse it. However, there is an exception to this general rule where the reversal of that part of the judgment appealed from cannot possibly affect the appellant's rights to the benefits secured or vested under that part of the judgment which was allowed to become final."
Marshall cites as authority for the exception in In re Fife's Estate, 154 Okla. 7, 6 P.2d 821; In re Reid's Estate, Okla., 294 P.2d 544. Marshall has been followed in Gifford v. Lawton, 453 P.2d 1010 (Okla. 1969). We hold plaintiff clearly fell within the exception of Marshall, supra.
CONCLUSION
We hold plaintiff, as a pure or blameless plaintiff, may collect his entire judgment from Driver No. 2, under the holding of Boyles v. Oklahoma Natural Gas, supra. We note this case was not available to the trial court when the decision was made that resulted in this appeal
REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS to enter judgment for plaintiff against defendant Empire Indemnity Insurance Company and Joe Brown Company, Inc. in the amount of $17,500.00 plus costs.
BARNES, V.C.J., and LAVENDER, HARGRAVE and OPALA, JJ., concur.
SIMMS, J., concurs in result.