Summary
recognizing that prisoners who were convicted under criminal statutes in the Virgin Islands and then incarcerated in federal prisons may state valid right of access claims because they lacked appropriate legal materials of the territory
Summary of this case from Stotts v. SalasOpinion
Civ. Nos. 1983/246, 1983/266.
May 13, 1986.
Keith Benjamin, pro se.
Kenneth Brown, pro se.
Alston Lambertis, pro se.
Antonio Rosado, pro se.
Joyce Glason O'Reilly, Asst. Atty. Gen., Dept. of Law, Christiansted, St. Croix, V.I., for defendants Potter, Schrader, Lawrence and Samuel.
Bruce Marshack, Spec. Asst. U.S. Atty., Christiansted, St. Croix, V.I., for defendants Carlson and Johnson.
Cornelius Evans, Asst. Atty. Gen., Dept. of Law, Christiansted, St. Croix, V.I., for defendant Potter.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
These civil rights cases require us to define the perimeters of a prisoner's right of access to Virgin Islands legal research materials and then fashion a remedy for its violation. The former issue entails a well-settled principle of constitutional law and is readily resolved. But we will defer the latter question, in the first instance, to the Government.
I. FACTS
The plaintiffs are prisoners convicted under the criminal statutes of the Virgin Islands and incarcerated in federal prisons. We have consolidated these suits because they present the same question: whether the failure of prison authorities to provide the plaintiffs with the legal research materials of the territory violates their civil rights.
The transfer of Virgin Islands convicts to the federal prison system is authorized by 18 U.S.C. § 5003, which provides in pertinent part:
II. DISCUSSION
Before addressing this issue, several threshold matters must first be resolved. In Civ. No. 83-266, the United States is a named defendant and now moves to dismiss the complaint against it on the grounds that no cognizable claim has been stated. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). We will grant this motion.
It is well established that a local prison authority remains responsible for the maintenance of its prisoners after they have been sent to a federal facility, and this responsibility includes access to the locality's law books. See e.g., Brown v. Smith, 580 F. Supp. 1576, 1577-78 (M.D.Pa. 1984). See also Corgain v. Miller, 708 F.2d 1241 (7th Cir. 1983); Rich v. Zitnay, 644 F.2d 41 (1st Cir. 1981). Consequently, the United States is dismissed from this action because if a claim is stated its sole target is the Government of the Virgin Islands.
The plaintiffs in Civ. No. 86-266 allege that federal imprisonment violates their civil rights. This claim is meritless. The Third Circuit has explicitly held that the site of a territorial prisoner's incarceration is a matter left solely to the discretion of the Director of the Bureau of Corrections. Bradshaw v. Carlson, 682 F.2d 1050, 1055 (3d Cir. 1981) [interpreting 5 V.I.C. § 4503(g)]; Ali v. Gibson, 631 F.2d 1126, 1134 (3d Cir. 1980) cert. denied 449 U.S. 1129, 101 S.Ct. 951, 67 L.Ed.2d 117 (1981).
The same plaintiffs also bring this suit as a class action. Because they appear pro se, we are bound to liberally construe their complaint when considering a Rule 12(b)(6) attack. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106, 97 S.Ct. 285, 292, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976); Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21, 92 S.Ct. 594, 598, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972); Conly v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 101-02, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957). Similarly, we will not require them to strictly adhere to the class action provisions of Rule 23 because the issues here concern every Virgin Islands convict imprisoned in a federal penitentiary. Finally, under the authority of this rule, we will also view both suits as presenting the issue as a motion for summary judgment even though only plaintiff Benjamin has moved accordingly.
Turning now to the merits of these claims, we note preliminarily that the inaccessibility of legal resources implicates the prisoners' fundamental right to meaningful access to the courts. E.g., Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 821, 97 S.Ct. 1491, 1494, 52 L.Ed.2d 72 (1976); Younger v. Gilmore, 404 U.S. 15, 92 S.Ct. 250, 30 L.Ed.2d 142 (1971) affirming Gilmore v. Lynch, 319 F. Supp. 105 (N.D.Cal. 1970); Ex parte Hull, 312 U.S. 546, 548-49, 61 S.Ct. 640, 641, 85 L.Ed. 1034 (1941). Indeed, the governing rule is that:
". . . the fundamental constitutional right of access to the courts requires prison authorities to assist inmates in the preparation and filing of meaningful legal papers by providing prisoners with adequate law libraries or adequate assistance from persons trained in the law."Bounds, supra 430 U.S. at 828, 97 S.Ct. at 1498.
Bounds clearly forecloses any claim by the Virgin Islands that it has no duty to facilitate these prisoners' access to the courts. But Bounds also makes clear that this obligation may be fulfilled in a number of ways, of which actually providing research materials is but one. Bounds, supra at 828, 97 S.Ct. at 1498; Gilmore v. Lynch, supra at 110-11.
For example, access may be effectuated by expanding the duties of the local public defender to include researching the claims of prisoners. See e.g., Gilmore v. Lynch, supra at 110-11. Accord Spates v. Manson, 619 F.2d 204, 210 (2d Cir. 1980). Private counsel could then be appointed to pursue the meritorious ones.
In recognition of the serious right at stake here, we will grant summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs.
At this time, however, we are reluctant to impose a remedy upon the Government but we stress that this reluctance is temporary. To this date, the Government has maintained a highly cavalier attitude towards these proceedings. In fact, it declined to brief the issue we decide today in derogation of this Court's order of February 6, 1986.
Nevertheless, the Government must be given a last chance to formulate a workable solution within the means of its already sorely stretched resources. Consequently, we will grant the Government 90 days to submit a proposal remedying the substantial hurdle that these prisoners currently face when researching a possible cause of action under Virgin Islands law. If a timely response is not received, we will fashion the solution to this problem.
CONCLUSION
Prisoners have a fundamental right to access to the laws underlying their convictions. A violation of this right, however, invites innovative remedies which we allow the Government an opportunity to propose.