Opinion
Docket Nos. 16848, 18908.
Decided March 24, 1975. Leave to appeal applied for.
Appeal from Wayne, Benjamin D. Burdick, J. Submitted Division 1 February 5, 1975, at Detroit. (Docket Nos. 16848, 18908.) Decided March 24, 1975. Leave to appeal applied for.
Complaint by Frank Becker against Pension Fund, Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas, for pension benefits. Judgment for plaintiff. Defendant appeals. Plaintiff's motion in Court of Appeals for leave to file a motion to amend judgment in circuit court granted. Plaintiff's motion in circuit court denied. Plaintiff appeals from denial of that motion. Affirmed.
Foster, Meadows Ballard, for plaintiff.
Hoffa, Chodak Robiner (by Gerald E. Title) and Goldberg, Previant Uelmen (by Alan M. Levy), for defendant.
Before: McGREGOR, P.J., and J.H. GILLIS and QUINN, JJ.
Plaintiff applied for, but was denied, pension benefits from defendant. Defendant denied plaintiff's eligibility for the benefits for the reason that he had not been employed for the requisite 20 years. The matter proceeded to trial and a jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff. Judgment, inclusive of "statutory interest", MCLA 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013, was entered on March 23, 1973. Defendant appealed this decision to this Court. Plaintiff filed with this Court a motion for leave to file a motion to amend the circuit court judgment to add pre-complaint interest, which motion was granted. The circuit court, however, denied plaintiff's motion, and plaintiff appeals.
The paramount issue on appeal, as well as at trial, is whether plaintiff was an employee, as defined by the Teamsters Union Pension Fund, for the requisite 20 years, as determined by the jury.
The following is a chronological breakdown of plaintiff's employment career:
(1) 1908-1914 — employed aboard various vessels on the Great Lakes, as buoy tender and porter, among other classifications.
(2) 1914 (6 months) — at Tower Creamery, delivering by wagon, bulk milk.
(3) 1914-1923 — employed at different jobs in various factories.
(4) 1923-1947 — employed in the Sanitation Department for the City of Detroit. Duties included the "handling of garbage", classified as a foreman, although he had no authority in hiring or firing of employees or control of the hours the employees worked. Defendant admits "all I did was supervise".
(5) 1947-1967 — operated a tugboat business, the Frank Becker Towing Company, which was incorporated in 1955, at which time he joined the Teamsters' Union.
Dave Johnson, secretary-treasurer of Teamster Local 299, negotiated the pension plan into plaintiff's first Teamster contract. Although plaintiff indicated that he thought he was too old to retire and receive benefits from the plan, Johnson allegedly told him:
"Frank, you've been in transportation all your life. You are past 57 or 67. I believe you can go out in the Teamsters Union."
Pension payments were made directly to the Local's office by the company's bookkeeper, plaintiff's wife. Plaintiff never drew a salary, before or after the incorporation of his towing company.
Upon reaching retirement age, plaintiff applied for pension benefits to the Plan's Trustees, giving his employment as a tugboat captain from 1946 until 1967. Federal Social Security records show no reported wages until 1956. The Trustees accorded plaintiff only 11-1/2 years' credit toward the requisite 20 years for pension benefits. The basis of such credit were only those years of employment subsequent to plaintiff's incorporation of his company.
The first issue raised for our consideration is whether there is any evidence to support the jury's verdict that defendant's denial of pension benefits to the plaintiff was arbitrary or capricious.
This Court has held that, if the jury's verdict is supported by evidence presented at trial, i.e., if it was within the range of the proofs, the same will not be disturbed on appeal. Jamison v Lloyd, 51 Mich. App. 570, 577; 215 N.W.2d 763 (1974). The trial judge related the defendant's theory of the case to the jury in his instructions, stating that, if the Trustees' decision was not arbitrary, capricious or fraudulent at the time of their decision, their denial of benefits to the plaintiff must be sustained.
When dealing with such a conflict, the arbitrary or capricious standard is implemented. See Zdero v Briggs Manufacturing Co, 338 Mich. 549; 61 N.W.2d 615 (1953). Tobin v General Motors Corp, 17 Mich. App. 475; 169 N.W.2d 644 (1969). It has been held that the express terms of the Pension Trust may not be rewritten by the courts. Borngesser v United Dairy Workers Pension Fund Committee, 375 Mich. 697, 703; 135 N.W.2d 381 (1965), Green v Copco Steel Engineering Co, 22 Mich. App. 16, 18; 176 N.W.2d 690 (1970).
According to foreign authority, defendant's theory is correct. It has been held that, before the court's discretion may be substituted for that of the Pension Board under the plan, it must be affirmatively shown that the Board's determination is arbitrary, fraudulent, or in bad faith. Matthews v Swift Company, 465 F.2d 814, 820 (CA 5, 1972), Gitelson v DuPont, et al., 17 N.Y.2d 46; 268 N.Y.S.2d 11; 215 N.E.2d 336 (1966), Food Fair Stores, Inc v Greeley, 264 Md. 105; 285 A.2d 632 (1972). Moreover, pension plans are to be construed in favor of the employees. Frietzsche v First Western Bank Trust Co, 168 Cal.App.2d 705; 336 P.2d 589 (1959).
Defendant's pension requirements are that the employee must work for 20 years in a traditional teamster employment industry, to become eligible for pension benefits. Prior to the effective date of coverage of the Pension Plan, the employee is accorded credit for "[e]mployment in the same classification of work in which employed after the effective date under a Teamster contract" and for "employment requiring the usual Teamster skills in traditional Teamster industries at the time of such employment". (Emphasis added.)
The Administrator of the Pension Benefit Department conceded that "if he [the plaintiff] was a driver for the City of Detroit Garbage Department * * * we would have given him credit because that is a usual Teamster industry". Defendant's counsel agreed that from 1908 to 1918, plaintiff is entitled to credit, because it makes no difference whether the employee entering the Pension Plan is "a sailor or * * * tugboat captain or whatever, he gets all that credit". As to plaintiff's employment with the City of Detroit, it was the Administrator's position that the type of work performed by the plaintiff was not within the classification found in a Teamster contract. He did agree, however, that a "driver" is within such classification; also inclusive are those employees who "drove a team of horses and * * * milk wagons".
It appears to this Court that the evidence is supportive of the jury's conclusion that the Trustees' action was arbitrary or capricious, in that (1) the Trustees arbitrarily accorded the plaintiff credit for 11-1/2 years after his company became incorporated, while denying him credit prior to the incorporation, notwithstanding the plaintiff's failure to draw a salary after his incorporation, and (2) the Trustees arbitrarily denied any credit for the plaintiff's employment on the various vessels on the Great Lakes from 1908 through 1914.
This Court now comes to the question of the validity of the trial court's denial of the defendant's motion for a directed verdict. In considering a motion for directed verdict, a trial court "must view all the evidence and testimony adduced at trial in the light most favorable * * * to * * * the party against whom * * * made". Kupkowski v Avis Ford, Inc, 51 Mich. App. 668, 670; 215 N.W.2d 767 (1974). If reasonable minds can differ on the particular question involved, the same was properly left for the jury's determination. Price v Manistique Area Public Schools, 54 Mich. App. 127, 135; 220 N.W.2d 325 (1974), Kupkowski v Avis Ford, Inc, supra.
It is difficult for this Court to determine how the defendant admittedly treated the plaintiff as an employee in the operation of the Frank Becker Towing Company, subsequent to the incorporation of this company, while at the same time it claimed that prior to the incorporation, he was self-employed. This inconsistency is further compounded by the fact that plaintiff never once was paid a salary, either before or after incorporation. At the time the Trustees denied plaintiff's claim for pension payments, the "totality of the file". i.e., defendant's exhibits L through AA in other documents, such as Social Security records, was before them. It is manifestly and totally illogical that the legal act of incorporation, coupled with plaintiff's failure to draw a salary, transforms plaintiff's status from an employer to an employee.
The trial court's jury instruction defining a supervisor is similar to that found in the Taft-Hartley Act:
"I charge you that the definition of a supervisor is any individual having authority in the interest of the employer to hire, transfer, suspend, lay-off, recall, promote, discharge, assign, reward or discipline other employees, or responsibility to direct them or to adjust their grievances, or effectively to recommend such action, if in connection with the foregoing the exercise of such authority is not of a merely routine or clerical nature, but requires the use of independent judgment. Now that is the definition of a supervisor."
Although it appears that the plaintiff may in fact be a supervisor, that question was properly one for the jury.
"In the final analysis it is a question of fact in every case as to whether the individual is merely a superior worker who exercises the control of a skilled worker over less capable employees, or is a supervisor who shares the power of management." Mossberg v Standard Oil of New Jersey, 98 N.J. Super. 393, 404; 237 A.2d 508 (1967).
The question of whether plaintiff is a supervisor is a question of fact properly left for the jury and is closely analogous to the situation where an agency issue is before the court. In the latter instance, even though the testimony is undisputed, the question is whether those facts establish the relationship and is therefore left for the jury's determination. See Head v Benjamin Rich Realty Co, 55 Mich. App. 348, 357; 222 N.W.2d 237 (1974).
Next for our consideration is whether the jury instruction pertaining to the existence of an agency relationship between Dave Johnson (secretary-treasurer of Teamster Local 299) and the defendant is plainly erroneous.
Pursuant to the plaintiff's agency theory, the trial judge rendered the following instruction:
"If you believe that Dave Johnson, having the right to speak for the defendant, told Frank Becker he should join the Plan and would be covered, the defendant is estopped to deny Frank Becker's eligibility for pension at this time."
Absent objection, reversible error has not been committed unless the instruction is plainly erroneous.
It is clear from the parties' discussion with the trial judge concerning the above charge, that it was intended that the jury determine whether Dave Johnson had actual authority to speak for the defendant. If Johnson was accorded such authority, the fact that he was unauthorized to speak as to any interpretation of the Pension Plan is irrelevant, since, given the general authority to speak, the principal is bound.
"Where the facts are either admitted or undisputed as to the existence of the principal agent's relationship and as to the scope of the agent's authority, the lower court may properly instruct the jury that the principal, as a matter of law, is responsible for the acts of the agent." Renda v International Union, U.A.W., 366 Mich. 58, 94; 114 N.W.2d 343 (1962). (Emphasis added.)
There is no question that local union representatives, such as Dave Johnson, are defendant's agents for various purposes, to collect delinquent pension payments from employees, bargain with the employer as to whether the union contract will include the defendant's pension plan although the Trustees determine whether to approve the same, give copies of the Pension Plan to members of the Union, inform them of the prerequisites for the disbursement of retirement benefits, and to assist the Trustees in gathering information relating to the employees seeking such benefits. However, the local unions were specifically informed that only the Trustees were to interpret the Pension Plan.
Pursuant to Bleam v Sterling Insurance Co, 360 Mich. 208, 213; 103 N.W.2d 466 (1960), defendant's directive instructing the local union that only the Trustees could interpret the Pension Plan, is inoperative against the third party, i.e., Dave Johnson's mistaken interpretation is charged against the defendant, regardless of Johnson's authority.
"Their mistakes are the mistakes of the corporation * * * If it be not a case of mistake but fraud on the part of the agent committed in the course of his employment, defendant, as his principal, is chargeable therewith, even though the principal was ignorant thereof and the agent, in so doing, exceeded his authority or acted in violation of his principal's instructions." Bleam, supra, p 213. (Emphasis added.)
The last question posed for this Court's consideration is whether GCR 1963, 528.3(1) empowers the trial court to amend judgment notwithstanding the running of the 20-day limitation found in GCR 1963, 527.5.
The rule, GCR 1963, 528.3, is intended to accord a party a remedy if the particular ground for setting aside or modifying the judgment arose subsequent to the expiration of the 20-day period, provided for in GCR 1963, 527.5. The formal rule itself provides that a judgment may not be set aside for newly discovered evidence unless, by due diligence, such evidence "could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial under sub-rule 527.2". This seems to be the only reasonable interpretation in reading the two rules:
"Since the provisions of sub-rule 528.3 are adequate to give relief for any reason that legitimately develops after the 20 day period, the 20 day limitation will operate as an absolute bar only in those cases where the basis for the relief sought should have been known to the party at the time the judgment was entered — that is, when relief is sought on grounds that the verdict is excessive, inadequate, or against the great weight of the evidence, or on the basis of some procedural irregularity, misconduct, or erroneous ruling in the course of the proceedings." 3 Honigman Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 120.
"However, the motion for relief from judgment under sub-rule 528.3 should not be permitted as a substitute for the motion for a new trial under Rule 527 when the circumstances constituting mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect would have been available in time to support a motion for a new trial. In other words, one cannot urge his failure to move for a new trial as inadvertence or neglect justifying relief under sub-rule 528.3(1). To get relief under the latter provision, he must show circumstances justifying or excusing his failure to make a timely motion for a new trial as well as showing grounds which would have entitled him to relief if such motion had been made." at pp 182, 183.
Prior to the trial judge's charge to the jury, plaintiff was aware of his right to an "interest on damages" instruction. Hence, the subsequent agreement between the parties and the breach thereof seems to be irrelevant insofar as plaintiff failed to file with this Court a motion for leave to file a motion to amend circuit court judgment within the 20-day period. Such motion was filed on June 27, 1973, three months subsequent to entry of judgment. The motion was necessary, since this Court had already been vested with jurisdiction. GCR 1963, 802.1, 802.2.
Judgment affirmed.