Opinion
Docket No. 20762.
Decided January 26, 1976. Leave to appeal applied for.
Appeal from Wayne, Dunbar Davis, J. Submitted October 9, 1975, at Detroit. (Docket No. 20762.) Decided January 26, 1976. Leave to appeal applied for.
Complaint by Laydell Bates against the City of Detroit for damages for injuries resulting from a tractor accident. Judgment for plaintiff. Defendant appeals. Affirmed.
Barbara, Wisok, Ruby Domol, P.C., for plaintiffs.
Lewis, White, Lee, Clay Graves, P.C., for defendant.
Before: J.H. GILLIS, P.J., and BRONSON and T.M. BURNS, JJ.
Defendant, City of Detroit, appeals a jury verdict of $350,000 issued March 13, 1974 in the Wayne County Circuit Court in favor of plaintiff. Defendant claims ten prejudicial and reversible errors were committed by the trial court during the eight days of proceedings. We have reviewed the entire record and conclude that the trial was fair. We affirm.
In this negligence action, plaintiff claimed that while working as an inmate at the Detroit House of Corrections farm his right hand was mutilated when a tractor lurched backward as he was manually connecting a plow. Plaintiff claimed that the lurching of the tractor was attributable to its faulty brake and/or its faulty clutch; the disrepair of the tractor was, in turn, attributable to the City of Detroit's failure to maintain the equipment.
Most of defendant's claims allege abuses of discretion by the trial judge. An appellate court will not reverse a verdict if the trial judge properly exercised his discretion; we give the trial judge broad latitude in conducting the trial. E.g., Van Oordt v Metzler, 375 Mich. 526; 134 N.W.2d 609 (1965).
In particular, we feel that the judge in this case did not abuse his discretion in allowing plaintiff to amend the ad damnum clause, Jones v Morgan, 58 Mich. App. 455, 464; 228 N.W.2d 419 (1975); did not abuse his discretion in allowing one of plaintiff's witnesses to testify as an expert, Auto-Ion Chemicals, Inc v Gates Rubber Co, 33 Mich. App. 574, 577; 190 N.W.2d 357 (1971); and did not abuse his discretion by issuing a curative instruction, rather than declare a mistrial, after plaintiff's attorney misstated a fact. Koepel v St. Joseph Hospital, 381 Mich. 440; 163 N.W.2d 222 (1968).
The trial judge exercised sound discretion in allowing rebuttal testimony to be taken in plaintiff's hospital room following unforeseen kidney surgery during the trial. We have previously held that a trial judge may allow the jury to leave the courtroom to view a thing or place involved in an accident. Torongo v Miriani, 14 Mich. App. 701; 166 N.W.2d 30 (1968). We feel that a judge may similarly allow the jury to leave the courtroom, when necessary, to hear testimony. A judge, sitting without a jury, may leave court to visit a witness. Mettetal v Hall, 288 Mich. 200; 284 N.W. 698 (1939) (visit to incompetent in suit brought by guardian). There should be little difference in the trial judge's discretion in making the decision to leave the courthouse when there is a jury. Jamens v Shelby Township, 41 Mich. App. 461, 466; 200 N.W.2d 479 (1972).
The judge acted properly in refusing to grant a mistrial following the display of plaintiff's injured hand during the voir dire. Our reading of the transcript does not, and probably could not, indicate any aura of sensationalism. If the trial judge did not find the display overly prejudicial, we are reluctant to do so on appeal. The latitude of voir dire examination is largely within the discretion of the trial judge. E.g., Corbin v Hittle, 34 Mich. App. 631, 634; 192 N.W.2d 38 (1971). We note, by analogy, that during the course of the trial, a trial judge has considerable discretion in permitting the plaintiff to display physical injuries. Barfoot v White Star Line, 170 Mich. 349; 136 N.W. 437 (1912), Gleason v Hanafin, 308 Mich. 31; 13 N.W.2d 196 (1944). While the purpose of voir dire is not evidentiary, the analogy to the Barfoot doctrine can be made nonetheless, because the conduct of voir dire, like the conduct of the trial, involves the judge's assessment of prejudice. If a trial judge can properly conclude that the evidentiary display of physical injuries is not overly prejudicial, the trial judge can similarly conclude that the display of physical injuries during voir dire for determining possible juror biases is not overly prejudicial.
The defendant argues that it should have been granted a one-day continuance near the end of the trial. Defendant alleged that it needed additional time to secure a handwriting expert in order to verify the signature on an accident report of an important witness. The witness had denied the signature. We have no doubt that expert testimony would have been very helpful to the triers of fact. However, defendant, the sponsor of the document, should have been continually prepared to vouch for the authenticity of the report. The judge's refusal to halt the trial when it was near completion was not an abuse of discretion, given defendant's inexcusable lack of foreseeability and inadequate preparation. See Johnkoski v Johnkoski, 50 Mich. App. 542, 545-547; 213 N.W.2d 856 (1973).
The trial judge properly denied defendant's request for a directed verdict on the grounds of plaintiff's contributory negligence. Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to plaintiff, there is no doubt that reasonable men could differ in resolving the question of plaintiff's contributory negligence. The question was properly for the jury. See, e.g., Wilhelm v The Detroit Edison Co, 56 Mich. App. 116, 126; 224 N.W.2d 289 (1974).
Defendant claims that the trial judge erred by refusing to issue a jury instruction offered by defendant concerning the negligence of a third person involved in the accident. We find this claim to be disingenuous, for the trial judge in fact issued the very instruction sought by defendant. Defendant cannot, on appeal, object to an instruction actively sought below.
Defendant argues that the trial court should not have allowed plaintiff's attorney to use visual aids during closing argument, setting forth the jury instructions to be given. We find that the use of visual aids in oral argument is, again, a matter of trial court discretion. Campbell v Menze Construction Co, 15 Mich. App. 407, 409; 166 N.W.2d 624 (1968). The Court's discretion should be more guarded when counsel seeks to argue what he believes to be the controlling law. Cf., Wallace v Pere Marquette Fiberglass Boat Co, Inc, 2 Mich. App. 605; 141 N.W.2d 383 (1966). Here, where the attorneys and the judge had previously negotiated acceptable jury instructions before closing argument, counsel could safely discuss and illustrate the instructions without usurping the court's function of determining the law. The trial judge exercised sound discretion by allowing counsel to use visual aids to illustrate the jury instructions; plaintiff's counsel did not abuse the permission granted, for he correctly stated the instructions and reminded the jury that the court was responsible for all matters of law.
Defendant's final and most substantial claim of error is the contention that the defendant was prejudiced by the trial court's refusal to allow defendant to amend its answer to plaintiff's second amended complaint. A chronological review of the pleadings is necessary. Plaintiff filed his original complaint alleging that the Detroit House of Corrections (DeHoCo) was a city penal institution operated by defendant City of Detroit. Defendant answered, denying that DeHoCo was a city penal institution. Plaintiff filed his first amended complaint, alleging again that DeHoCo was a city penal institution operated by the City of Detroit and, in addition, alleging that the tractor was owned and operated by the City of Detroit by itself or defendant's agent, DeHoCo. Defendant's answer denied only that DeHoCo was a city penal institution. Plaintiff filed a second amended complaint, containing the same two allegations above: DeHoCo was a city penal institution and the tractor was owned and operated by Detroit. Defendant responded by admitting that DeHoCo was a city penal institution operated by the city and admitting ownership and control of the tractor. Defendant later sought to amend this answer, contending that there was a typographical error — an omission of a crucial "not". The defendant sought to insert the "not" so that the answer to the second amended complaint would parallel previous answers by denying that DeHoCo was a city operated penal institution. The trial judge refused to allow the amendment.
We think that the trial judge abused his discretion in refusing the amendment. By court rule, GCR 1963, 118.1, leave to amend is to be "freely given". There would have been no prejudicial surprise to the plaintiff, for the defendant was only trying to reassert a defense twice pleaded. Absent prejudice to the plaintiff, justice required an allowance of the amendment. Ben P Fyke Sons v Gunter Co, 390 Mich. 649, 656-660; 213 N.W.2d 134 (1973).
However, even though the judge erred in denying the amendment, the defendant was not prejudiced. Of course, the city's inability to contest the question of its control over DeHoCo deprived it of its opportunity to argue that the state was in control of the institution and thus responsible for all torts to inmates. See Green v Department of Corrections, 386 Mich. 459; 192 N.W.2d 491 (1971).
It is possible that even if the city had been allowed to amend, its probable argument that the state was solely liable for tortious injuries to inmates might have failed. Green held the State Corrections Department liable for a tort to a DeHoCo inmate; it did not expressly rule out the city's liability. "[Corrections'] duty to him remains constant and may not be subjected to delegation; whether or not others are concurrently accountable for breach of the same or a corresponding legal duty." 386 Mich. 459, 465. (Emphasis added.)
Even if the city had been able to dispute its control over the penal institution, and been successful in denying liability on that ground, the city had admitted in its answer to plaintiff's second amended complaint that it owned and controlled the tractor. Defendant did not try to amend its answer that admitted ownership and control over the tractor. Defendant's appeal makes no mention of this admission. The admitted ownership and control of the tractor provides a basis for liability that would have existed even if the amendment had been allowed. Because there was an alternative viable basis for liability, the judge's erroneous refusal to allow the amendment is harmless.
Affirmed. Costs to appellee.
T.M. BURNS, J., concurred.
Although I agree with my Brothers' conclusion that the trial judge abused his discretion in refusing defendant permission to amend his answer, I disagree with their finding of no prejudice. If defendant had been permitted to deny ownership of DeHoCo, defendant could have argued that the state controlled DeHoCo and, consequently, shared responsibility for plaintiff's injury. Green v Department of Corrections, 386 Mich. 459; 192 N.W.2d 491 (1971), supports such an argument. The Green Court explained that the state retains the primary and nondelegable duty to insure the well-being of state-sentenced DeHoCo inmates. Also, plaintiff in his answer to defendant's motion for summary judgment conceded that under Green, supra, the state and city bore concurrent responsibility for plaintiff's injury.
If the trial judge had permitted defendant to amend its answer and argue that the state, too, was liable to plaintiff, the jury might have returned a different verdict. Thus, defendant was prejudiced by the trial judge's conduct. Consequently, I would reverse.